{ "name": "vns-evidence", "records": 1340, "version": "2.0.0", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "data": [ { "slug": "kong-2018-treating-depression", "title": "Treating Depression with Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation: State of the Art and Future Perspectives", "authors": "Kong et al.", "authorsFull": "Kong Jian; Fang Jiliang; Park Joel; Li Shaoyuan; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00020", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29459836/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous auricular VNS shows promise as a non-invasive treatment for depression, with evidence of antidepressant effects through modulation of brain networks including the default mode network.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "handforth-1998-therapy-partial", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation therapy for partial-onset seizures: a randomized active-control trial", "authors": "Handforth et al.", "authorsFull": "Handforth A.; DeGiorgio C. M.; Schachter S. C.; Uthman B. M.; Naritoku D. K.; Tecoma E. S.; Henry T. R.; Collins S. D.; Vaughn B. V.; Gilmartin R. C.; Labar D. R.; Morris G. L.; Salinsky M. C.; Osorio I.; Ristanovic R. K.; Labiner D. M.; Jones J. C.; Murphy J. V.; Ney G. C.; Wheless J. W.", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 1998, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.51.1.48", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9674777/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 254, "keyFinding": "High-stimulation VNS produced a significantly greater reduction in seizure frequency (28%) compared to low-stimulation controls (15%) in drug-resistant epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rong-2016-major-depressive", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on major depressive disorder: a nonrandomized controlled pilot study", "authors": "Rong et al.", "authorsFull": "Rong Peijing; Liu Jun; Wang Liping; Liu Rupeng; Fang Jiliang; Zhao Jingjun; Zhao Yufeng; Wang Honghong; Vangel Mark; Sun Sharon; Ben Hui; Park Joel; Li Shaoyuan; Meng Hong; Zhu Bing; Kong Jian", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.031", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26896810/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 160, "keyFinding": "Four weeks of taVNS significantly reduced Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores compared to sham, with a response rate of 37.5% versus 12.5% in controls.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tassorelli-2018-acute-therapy", "title": "Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation as acute therapy for migraine: the randomized PRESTO study", "authors": "Tassorelli et al.", "authorsFull": "Tassorelli Cristina; Grazzi Licia; de Tommaso Marina; Pierangeli Giulia; Martelletti Paolo; Rainero Innocenzo; Dorlas Stefanie; Geppetti Pierangelo; Ambrosini Anna; Sarchielli Paola; Liebler Eric; Barbanti Piero; Tassorelli Cristina; Bitetto Vito; De Icco Roberto; Martinelli Daniele; Sances Grazia; Bianchi Monica; Grazzi Licia; Padovan Anna Maria; de Tommaso Marina; Ricci Katia; Vecchio Eleonora; Cortelli Pietro; Cevoli Sabina; Pierangeli Giulia; Terlizzi Rossana; Martelletti Paolo; Negro Andrea; Chiariello Gabriella Addolorata; Rainero Innocenzo; De Martino Paola; Gai Annalisa; Govone Flora; Masuzzo Federica; Rubino Elisa; Torrieri Maria Claudia; Vacca Alessandro; Geppetti Pierangelo; Chiarugi Alberto; De Cesaris Francesco; Puma Simone Li; Lupi Chiara; Marone Ilaria; Ambrosini Anna; Perrotta Armando; Sarchielli Paola; Bernetti Laura; Corbelli Ilenia; Romoli Michele; Simoni Simone; Verzina Angela; Barbanti Piero; Aurilia Cinzia; Egeo Gabriella; Fofi Luisa; Liebler Eric; Andersson Annelie; Spitzer Lia; Marin Juana; McClure Candace; Thackerey Lisa; Baldi Maria Giovanna; Di Maro Daniela", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005857", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29907608/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 248, "keyFinding": "Non-invasive cervical VNS was safe and well-tolerated for acute migraine treatment, though the primary endpoint of pain-free status at 2 hours did not reach significance versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "koopman-2016-inhibits-cytokine", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis", "authors": "Koopman et al.", "authorsFull": "Koopman Frieda A.; Chavan Sangeeta S.; Miljko Sanda; Grazio Simeon; Sokolovic Sekib; Schuurman P. Richard; Mehta Ashesh D.; Levine Yaakov A.; Faltys Michael; Zitnik Ralph; Tracey Kevin J.; Tak Paul P.", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605635113", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382171/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 17, "keyFinding": "Implanted VNS significantly inhibited TNF production and improved clinical signs in rheumatoid arthritis patients, providing direct evidence of the inflammatory reflex in humans.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kim-2022-safety", "title": "Safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS): a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Kim et al.", "authorsFull": "Kim Angela Yun; Marduy Anna; de Melo Paulo S.; Gianlorenco Anna Carolyna; Kim Chi Kyung; Choi Hyuk; Song Jae-Jun; Fregni Felipe", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25864-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36543841/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 6322, "keyFinding": "Across 177 studies and 6,322 subjects, taVNS was generally well-tolerated with mild and transient side effects. Serious adverse events were rare and not clearly attributable to stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jiao-2020-concha-insomnia", "title": "Effect of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation at Auricular Concha for Insomnia: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "authors": "Jiao et al.", "authorsFull": "Jiao Yue; Guo Xiao; Luo Man; Li Suxia; Liu Aihua; Zhao Yufeng; Zhao Bin; Wang Dequan; Li Zaifang; Zheng Xiaojiao; Wu Mozheng; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6049891", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32831871/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 72, "keyFinding": "Four weeks of taVNS significantly improved Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores and sleep efficiency in patients with chronic insomnia compared to sham stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "orosz-2014-drug-resistant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: a European long-term study up to 24 months in 347 children", "authors": "Orosz et al.", "authorsFull": "Orosz Iren; McCormick David; Zamponi Nelia; Varadkar Sophia; Feucht Martha; Parain Dominique; Griens Roger; Vallée Louis; Boon Paul; Rittey Christopher; Jayewardene Amara K.; Bunker Mark; Arzimanoglou Alexis; Lagae Lieven", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12762", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25231724/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 347, "keyFinding": "Long-term VNS in paediatric epilepsy showed progressive improvement over 24 months, with 32% of patients achieving at least 50% seizure reduction.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "fang-2016-modulates-default", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modulates Default Mode Network in Major Depressive Disorder", "authors": "Fang et al.", "authorsFull": "Fang Jiliang; Rong Peijing; Hong Yang; Fan Yangyang; Liu Jun; Wang Honghong; Zhang Guolei; Chen Xiaoyan; Shi Shan; Wang Liping; Liu Rupeng; Hwang Jiwon; Li Zhengjie; Tao Jing; Wang Yang; Zhu Bing; Kong Jian", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.025", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25963932/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 34, "keyFinding": "In a controlled trial of major-depression patients, one month of taVNS significantly reduced Hamilton Depression scores versus sham and shifted default-mode-network connectivity with the insula, precuneus and prefrontal cortex.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "dawson-2021-paired-rehabilitation", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for upper limb motor function after ischaemic stroke (VNS-REHAB): a randomised, blinded, pivotal, device trial", "authors": "Dawson et al.", "authorsFull": "Dawson Jesse; Liu Charles Y; Francisco Gerard E; Cramer Steven C; Wolf Steven L; Dixit Anand; Alexander Jen; Ali Rushna; Brown Benjamin L; Feng Wuwei; DeMark Louis; Hochberg Leigh R; Kautz Steven A; Majid Arshad; O'Dell Michael W; Pierce David; Prudente Cecília N; Redgrave Jessica; Turner Duncan L; Engineer Navzer D; Kimberley Teresa J", "journal": "The Lancet", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00475-X", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33894832/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 108, "keyFinding": "VNS paired with rehabilitation significantly improved upper limb motor function compared to rehabilitation with sham stimulation in chronic stroke patients at 90 days.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lamb-2017-hyperarousal-autonomic", "title": "Non-invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation Effects on Hyperarousal and Autonomic State in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Preliminary Evidence", "authors": "Lamb et al.", "authorsFull": "Lamb Damon G.; Porges Eric C.; Lewis Greg F.; Williamson John B.", "journal": "Frontiers in Medicine", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00124", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28824913/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 22, "keyFinding": "Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation reduced PTSD symptom severity and showed promising effects on autonomic regulation in veterans with combat-related PTSD.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2016-chronic-crohn", "title": "Chronic vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease: a 6-month follow-up pilot study", "authors": "Bonaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Bonaz B.; Sinniger V.; Hoffmann D.; Clarençon D.; Mathieu N.; Dantzer C.; Vercueil L.; Picq C.; Trocmé C.; Faure P.; Cracowski J‐L.; Pellissier S.", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and Motility", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12792", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26920654/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 7, "keyFinding": "Chronic VNS improved clinical and biological markers of Crohn's disease in 5 of 7 patients over 6 months, supporting the role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "burger-2019-reduces-spontaneous", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces spontaneous but not induced negative thought intrusions in high worriers", "authors": "Burger et al.", "authorsFull": "Burger A.M.; Van der Does W.; Thayer J.F.; Brosschot J.F.; Verkuil B.", "journal": "Biological Psychology", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.014", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30710565/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 97, "keyFinding": "In an RCT of 97 high worriers, taVNS reduced spontaneous negative thought intrusions versus earlobe sham, though effects after an active worry induction were mixed and heart-rate variability was unchanged.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "premchand-2014-autonomic-regulation", "title": "Autonomic regulation therapy via left or right cervical vagus nerve stimulation in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the ANTHEM-HF trial", "authors": "Premchand et al.", "authorsFull": "Premchand Rajendra K.; Sharma Kamal; Mittal Sanjay; Monteiro Rufino; Dixit Satyajit; Libbus Imad; DiCarlo Lorenzo A.; Ardell Jeffrey L.; Rector Thomas S.; Amurthur Badri; KenKnight Bruce H.; Anand Inder S.", "journal": "Journal of Cardiac Failure", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.08.009", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25187002/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "Chronic VNS was safe and improved left ventricular ejection fraction, heart rate variability, and six-minute walk distance in patients with symptomatic heart failure.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yakunina-2021-direct-treatment", "title": "Direct and Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Tinnitus: A Scoping Review", "authors": "Yakunina & Nam", "authorsFull": "Yakunina Natalia; Nam Eui-Cheol", "journal": "Frontiers in Neuroscience", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.680590", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34122002/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "scoping review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Both direct and transcutaneous VNS show potential for tinnitus treatment, with evidence suggesting that VNS combined with sound therapy may reduce tinnitus severity.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "englot-2011-epilepsy-efficacy", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a meta-analysis of efficacy and predictors of response", "authors": "Englot et al.", "authorsFull": "Englot DJ; Chang EF; Auguste KI", "journal": "Journal of Neurosurgery", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3171/2011.4.JNS101909", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21838505/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 3321, "keyFinding": "VNS reduced seizure frequency by at least 50% in approximately half of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, with greater efficacy observed in generalised versus partial seizures.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kutlu-2020-impact-pain", "title": "The Impact of Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Pain and Life Quality in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome", "authors": "Kutlu et al.", "authorsFull": "Kutlu Nazlı; Özden Ali Veysel; Alptekin Hasan Kerem; Alptekin Jülide Öncü", "journal": "BioMed Research International", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8656218", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32190684/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "Auricular VNS was evaluated alongside exercise therapy in fibromyalgia patients, with improvements observed in select quality-of-life subparameters over 4 weeks of treatment.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bremner-2021-posttraumatic-stress", "title": "Transcutaneous Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Pilot Study of Effects on PTSD Symptoms and Interleukin-6 Response to Stress", "authors": "Bremner et al.", "authorsFull": "Bremner J. Douglas; Wittbrodt Matthew T.; Gurel Nil Z.; Shandhi MdMobashir H.; Gazi Asim H.; Jiao Yunshen; Levantsevych Oleksiy M.; Huang Minxuan; Beckwith Joy; Herring Isaias; Murrah Nancy; Driggers Emily G.; Ko Yi-An; Alkhalaf MhmtJamil L.; Soudan Majd; Shallenberger Lucy; Hankus Allison N.; Nye Jonathon A.; Park Jeanie; Woodbury Anna; Mehta Puja K.; Rapaport Mark H.; Vaccarino Viola; Shah Amit J.; Pearce Bradley D.; Inan Omer T.", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders Reports", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100190", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34778863/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 25, "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous cervical VNS reduced PTSD symptom severity by 17% and attenuated interleukin-6 inflammatory responses to stress in patients with PTSD.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "clancy-2014-healthy-humans", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in healthy humans reduces sympathetic nerve activity", "authors": "Clancy et al.", "authorsFull": "Clancy Jennifer A.; Mary David A.; Witte Klaus K.; Greenwood John P.; Deuchars Susan A.; Deuchars Jim", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.031", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164906/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 48, "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous VNS reduced muscle sympathetic nerve activity and shifted autonomic balance toward parasympathetic dominance in healthy volunteers, demonstrating a direct physiological mechanism for anxiolytic effects.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "hong-2019-muscle-activity", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on muscle activity in the gastrointestinal tract (transVaGa)", "authors": "Hong et al.", "authorsFull": "Hong Gun-Soo; Pintea Bogdan; Lingohr Philipp; Coch Christoph; Randau Thomas; Schaefer Nico; Wehner Sven; Kalff Joerg C.; Pantelis Dimitrios", "journal": "International Journal of Colorectal Disease", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-018-3204-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30519842/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 14, "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous auricular VNS modulated gastrointestinal muscle activity as measured by electromyography, supporting its therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal motility disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "aaronson-2017-year-observational", "title": "A 5-year observational study of patients with treatment-resistant depression treated with vagus nerve stimulation or treatment as usual: comparison of response, remission, and suicidality", "authors": "Aaronson et al.", "authorsFull": "Aaronson Scott T.; Sears Peter; Ruvuna Francis; Bunker Mark; Conway Charles R.; Dougherty Darin D.; Reimherr Frederick W.; Schwartz Thomas L.; Zajecka John M.", "journal": "American Journal of Psychiatry", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16010034", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28359201/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 795, "keyFinding": "Over 5 years, VNS plus treatment as usual produced significantly higher cumulative response rates (67.6% vs 40.9%) and remission rates (43.3% vs 25.7%) compared to treatment as usual alone in treatment-resistant depression.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ben-menachem-2002-treatment-epilepsy", "title": "Vagus-nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy", "authors": "Ben-Menachem", "authorsFull": "Ben-Menachem Elinor", "journal": "The Lancet Neurology", "year": 2002, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(02)00220-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12849332/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Comprehensive review establishing VNS as an accepted treatment for refractory epilepsy, with efficacy that improves over 18-24 months and evidence of broad-spectrum antiseizure effects.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dorr-2006-serotonergic-noradrenergic", "title": "Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission", "authors": "Dorr & Debonnel", "authorsFull": "Dorr Adrienne E.; Debonnel Guy", "journal": "Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics", "year": 2006, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.104166", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16690723/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS significantly increased the basal firing rates of both serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, suggesting a novel antidepressant mechanism of action.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "follesa-2007-increases-norepinephrine", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation increases norepinephrine concentration and the gene expression of BDNF and bFGF in the rat brain", "authors": "Follesa et al.", "authorsFull": "Follesa Paolo; Biggio Francesca; Gorini Giorgio; Caria Stefania; Talani Giuseppe; Dazzi Laura; Puligheddu Monica; Marrosu Francesco; Biggio Giovanni", "journal": "Brain Research", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.045", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17920573/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Acute VNS increased the expression of BDNF and fibroblast growth factor in the hippocampus and cortex, and increased norepinephrine concentration in the prefrontal cortex, suggesting neuroplastic mechanisms.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "frangos-2015-access-central", "title": "Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans", "authors": "Frangos et al.", "authorsFull": "Frangos Eleni; Ellrich Jens; Komisaruk Barry R.", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.018", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25573069/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "In 12 healthy adults, fMRI showed that stimulating the ear's cymba conchae — versus the earlobe — activated the classical central vagal projections (NTS, locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe), confirming the ear route reaches the vagus non-invasively.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hein-2013-electrical-depressed", "title": "Auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in depressed patients: a randomized controlled pilot study", "authors": "Hein et al.", "authorsFull": "Hein Ernst; Nowak Magdalena; Kiess Olga; Biermann Teresa; Bayerlein Kristina; Kornhuber Johannes; Kraus Thomas", "journal": "Journal of Neural Transmission", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-012-0908-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23117749/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 37, "keyFinding": "Active auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation produced significantly greater improvement in Beck Depression Inventory scores compared to sham stimulation over two weeks in depressed patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tan-2023-efficacy-safety", "title": "The efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Tan et al.", "authorsFull": "Lyu Zheng; Chen Yilin; Zhu Zhuoting; Luo Xiaoyang; Cui Ying; Xie Jie; Chen Zhifan; Liu Junbin; Wu Xiyu; Bulloch Gabrella; Meng Qianli", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.040", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37230264/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Pooled analysis of RCTs found that taVNS significantly reduced depression scores compared to sham stimulation, with moderate effect sizes and fewer side effects than antidepressants.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2024-post-stroke", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for post-stroke depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Chang; Tang Hao; Liu Chang; Ma Jingxi; Liu Gang; Niu Lingchuan; Li Changqing; Li Jiani", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38452937/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 80, "keyFinding": "In a double-blind RCT of 80 stroke patients with depression, adding taVNS to usual care markedly reduced HAMD-17 and self-rated depression scores and improved daily functioning versus control.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "manta-2009-enhancement-function", "title": "Enhancement of the function of rat serotonin and norepinephrine neurons by sustained vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Manta et al.", "authorsFull": "Manta Stella; Dong Jianming; Debonnel Guy; Blier Pierre", "journal": "Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience", "year": 2009, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1139/jpn.0936", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19568478/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Sustained VNS initially increases noradrenergic neuron firing (after 1 day) and subsequently serotonergic neuron firing (after 14 days), representing a unique cascade antidepressant mechanism.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rush-2005-treatment-resistant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, controlled acute phase trial", "authors": "Rush et al.", "authorsFull": "Rush A. John; Marangell Lauren B.; Sackeim Harold A.; George Mark S.; Brannan Stephen K.; Davis Sonia M.; Howland Robert; Kling Mitchel A.; Rittberg Barry R.; Burke William J.; Rapaport Mark H.; Zajecka John; Nierenberg Andrew A.; Husain Mustafa M.; Ginsberg David; Cooke Robert G.", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.025", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16139580/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 235, "keyFinding": "In the pivotal 10-week acute phase trial, active VNS produced a 15.2% response rate versus 10.0% for sham in treatment-resistant depression; the primary endpoint did not reach statistical significance.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tracey-2002-inflammatory-reflex", "title": "The inflammatory reflex", "authors": "Tracey", "authorsFull": "Tracey Kevin J.", "journal": "Nature", "year": 2002, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01321", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12490958/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Landmark review defining the 'inflammatory reflex' — a neural circuit by which the vagus nerve modulates the immune response, with cholinergic neurons inhibiting acute inflammation in real time.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "guo-2024-modulating-brain", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modulating the brain topological architecture of functional network in major depressive disorder: an fMRI study", "authors": "Guo et al.", "authorsFull": "Guo Zhi-Peng; Liao Dan; Chen Lei; Wang Cong; Qu Miao; Lv Xue-Yu; Fang Ji-Liang; Liu Chun-Hong", "journal": "Brain Sciences", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090945", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39335439/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "Four weeks of taVNS increased global efficiency and decreased characteristic path length in functional brain networks of MDD patients, with changes in network topology correlating with depression score improvements.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yakunina-2017-optimization-functional", "title": "Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI", "authors": "Yakunina et al.", "authorsFull": "Yakunina Natalia; Kim Sam Soo; Nam Eui-Cheol", "journal": "Neuromodulation", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12541", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27898202/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An fMRI optimisation study found that stimulating the inner tragus and cymba conchae activated the vagal NTS and locus coeruleus more than the ear canal or sham, identifying the best ear sites for taVNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bretherton-2019-individuals-aged", "title": "Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in individuals aged 55 years or above: potential benefits of daily stimulation", "authors": "Bretherton et al.", "authorsFull": "Bretherton Beatrice; Atkinson Lucy; Murray Aaron; Clancy Jennifer; Deuchars Susan; Deuchars Jim", "journal": "Aging", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102074", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31358702/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 29, "keyFinding": "Two weeks of daily taVNS improved autonomic balance, baroreflex sensitivity, and some aspects of quality of life, mood, and sleep in adults aged 55 and over.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "de-oliveira-2025-insomnia", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "De Oliveira et al.", "authorsFull": "de Oliveira Helen Michaela; Gallo Ruelas Mariano; Viana Diaz Camilo André; Oliveira de Paula Guilherme; Fruett da Costa Pablo Ramon; Pilitsis Julie G.", "journal": "Neuromodulation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2025.04.001", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40323248/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 336, "keyFinding": "Pooling data from six studies, taVNS significantly improved PSQI scores (MD = -3.60) and Insomnia Severity Index scores (MD = -5.24), with improvements across multiple sleep dimensions and minimal adverse effects.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wu-2022-could-improve", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation could improve the effective rate on the quality of sleep in the treatment of primary insomnia: a randomized control trial", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Yating; Song Lu; Wang Xian; Li Ning; Zhan Shuqin; Rong Peijing; Wang Yuping; Liu Aihua", "journal": "Brain Sciences", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101296", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36291230/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "One month of taVNS improved the effective rate of treatment for primary insomnia compared to sham, adding to evidence that taVNS produces clinically meaningful improvements in sleep quality.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2021-brain-functional", "title": "Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on brain functional connectivity of medial prefrontal cortex in patients with primary insomnia", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Shuai; He Jia‐Kai; Meng Hong; Zhao Bin; Zhao Ya‐Nan; Wang Yu; Li Shao‐Yuan; Wang Lei; Wu Mo‐Zheng; Chen Yu; Xiao Xue; Hou Li‐Wei; Fang Ji‐Liang; Rong Pei‐Jing", "journal": "Anatomical Record", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24785", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34623769/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In patients with primary insomnia, taVNS altered medial-prefrontal-cortex functional connectivity, offering a neuroimaging correlate of its effect on sleep (mechanistic; clinical outcomes not the focus).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2024-chronic-insomnia", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for chronic insomnia disorder: a randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Shuai; Zhao Yanan; Qin Zongshi; Han Ying; He Jiakai; Zhao Bin; Wang Lei; Duan Yuting; Huo Jin; Wang Tuoran; Wang Yu; Rong Peijing", "journal": "JAMA Network Open", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.51217", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39680406/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 72, "keyFinding": "Active taVNS achieved a mean PSQI reduction of 8.2 points versus 3.9 for sham (Cohen's d = 1.2) in chronic insomnia, with benefits sustained over 20 weeks and no serious adverse effects.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "do-2025-bilateral-treatment", "title": "Bilateral transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of insomnia in breast cancer", "authors": "Do et al.", "authorsFull": "Do Melissa; Evancho Alexandra; Tyler William J.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-30600-6", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-30600-6", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 20, "keyFinding": "Nightly bilateral taVNS over two weeks significantly reduced insomnia severity, improved sleep quality, decreased cancer-related fatigue and depression, and increased HRV in breast cancer patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "borovikova-2000-attenuates-systemic", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin", "authors": "Borovikova et al.", "authorsFull": "Borovikova Lyudmila V.; Ivanova Svetlana; Zhang Minghuang; Yang Huan; Botchkina Galina I.; Watkins Linda R.; Wang Haichao; Abumrad Naji; Eaton John W.; Tracey Kevin J.", "journal": "Nature", "year": 2000, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/35013070", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10839541/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Landmark discovery that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve dramatically reduced TNF production and attenuated systemic inflammation in an endotoxemia model, establishing the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "huston-2006-splenectomy-inactivates", "title": "Splenectomy inactivates the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway during lethal endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis", "authors": "Huston et al.", "authorsFull": "Huston Jared M.; Ochani Mahendar; Rosas-Ballina Mauricio; Liao Hong; Ochani Kanta; Pavlov Valentin A.; Gallowitsch-Puerta Margot; Ashok Mala; Czura Christopher J.; Foxwell Brian; Tracey Kevin J.; Ulloa Luis", "journal": "Journal of Experimental Medicine", "year": 2006, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20052362", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16785311/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Splenectomy abolished the anti-inflammatory effect of cervical VNS, confirming that the spleen is the principal site of immune modulation in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "kelly-2022-manipulation-inflammatory", "title": "Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy", "authors": "Kelly et al.", "authorsFull": "Kelly Mark J.; Breathnach Caitríona; Tracey Kevin J.; Donnelly Seamas C.", "journal": "Cell Reports Medicine", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100696", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35858588/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Comprehensive review of how the inflammatory reflex operates through vagal and splenic nerve signalling to modulate macrophage cytokine production via alpha7 nicotinic receptors.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pavlov-2005-cholinergic-anti", "title": "The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway", "authors": "Pavlov & Tracey", "authorsFull": "Pavlov Valentin A.; Tracey Kevin J.", "journal": "Brain, Behavior, and Immunity", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2005.03.015", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15922555/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Established that the efferent vagus nerve inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine release through acetylcholine signalling at alpha7 nicotinic receptors, defining the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schiweck-2024-consistent-evidence", "title": "No consistent evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of vagus nerve stimulation in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Schiweck et al.", "authorsFull": "Schiweck Carmen; Sausmekat Sonja; Zhao Tong; Jacobsen Leona; Reif Andreas; Edwin Thanarajah Sharmili", "journal": "Brain, Behavior, and Immunity", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38070618/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1135, "keyFinding": "Meta-analysis of 26 studies found no consistent evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of VNS in humans, highlighting the gap between compelling preclinical data and more equivocal clinical results.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lombo-2025-autoimmune-conditions", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in autoimmune conditions: a systematic review", "authors": "Lombo et al.", "authorsFull": "Lombo Lina E.; Tejada‐Perdomo Jorman H.; Ramos‐Castaneda Jorge A.; Garcia Ronald G.", "journal": "ACR Open Rheumatology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/acr2.70137", "sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12703127/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation; Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Across 12 clinical trials of VNS in autoimmune conditions, more than half found reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines, with IL-6 most consistently reduced (6 of 7 studies).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "okdahl-2024-has-anti", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation has no anti-inflammatory effect in diabetes", "authors": "Okdahl et al.", "authorsFull": "Okdahl Tina; Kufaishi Huda; Kornum Ditte; Bertoli Davide; Krogh Klaus; K.Knop Filip; Hansen Christian Stevns; Størling Joachim; Rossing Peter; Brock Birgitte; Drewes Asbjørn M.; Brock Christina", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72139-y", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-72139-y", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 131, "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous cervical VNS did not reduce plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) in patients with diabetes over 56 days of treatment.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2003-nicotinic-acetylcholine", "title": "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Hong; Yu Man; Ochani Mahendar; Amella Carol Ann; Tanovic Mahira; Susarla Seenu; Li Jian Hua; Wang Haichao; Yang Huan; Ulloa Luis; Al-Abed Yousef; Czura Christopher J.; Tracey Kevin J.", "journal": "Nature", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01339", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508119/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Established that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is essential for inhibiting cytokine synthesis by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, identifying the critical receptor on macrophages.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "berthoud-2000-functional-chemical", "title": "Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system", "authors": "Berthoud & Neuhuber", "authorsFull": "Berthoud Hans-Rudolf; Neuhuber Winfried L", "journal": "Autonomic Neuroscience", "year": 2000, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00215-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11189015/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Comprehensive anatomical review establishing that approximately 80% of vagal fibres are afferent, carrying sensory information from visceral organs to the brain, with the vagus innervating nearly the entire gastrointestinal tract.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2018-interface-microbiota", "title": "The vagus nerve at the interface of the microbiota-gut-brain axis", "authors": "Bonaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Bonaz Bruno; Bazin Thomas; Pellissier Sonia", "journal": "Frontiers in Neuroscience", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00049", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29467611/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Review establishing the vagus nerve as a key communication pathway between gut microbes and the brain, with vagal afferents sensing microbial metabolites and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway modulating intestinal inflammation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-jonge-2005-attenuates-macrophage", "title": "Stimulation of the vagus nerve attenuates macrophage activation by activating the Jak2-STAT3 signaling pathway", "authors": "de Jonge et al.", "authorsFull": "de Jonge Wouter J; van der Zanden Esmerij P; The Frans O; Bijlsma Maarten F; van Westerloo David J; Bennink Roelof J; Berthoud Hans-Rudolf; Uematsu Satoshi; Akira Shizuo; van den Wijngaard Rene M; Boeckxstaens Guy E", "journal": "Nature Immunology", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1229", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16025117/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS ameliorated surgery-induced inflammation and post-operative ileus by activating STAT3 in intestinal macrophages through alpha7 nicotinic receptor-mediated Jak2-STAT3 signalling.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "pellissier-2014-relationship-between", "title": "Relationship between vagal tone, cortisol, TNF-alpha, epinephrine and negative affects in Crohn's disease and irritable bowel syndrome", "authors": "Pellissier et al.", "authorsFull": "Pellissier Sonia; Dantzer Cécile; Mondillon Laurie; Trocme Candice; Gauchez Anne-Sophie; Ducros Véronique; Mathieu Nicolas; Toussaint Bertrand; Fournier Alicia; Canini Frédéric; Bonaz Bruno", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105328", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25207649/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 73, "keyFinding": "Vagal tone was inversely correlated with TNF-alpha in Crohn's disease and with epinephrine in IBS, supporting the relevance of vagus nerve reinforcement interventions in inflammatory bowel conditions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ben-menachem-1994-treatment-partial", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 1. A controlled study of effect on seizures", "authors": "Ben-Menachem et al.", "authorsFull": "Ben‐Menachem E.; Mañon‐Espaillat R.; Ristanovic R.; Wilder B. J.; Stefan H.; Mirza W.; Tarver W. B.; Wernicke J. F.", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 1994, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02482.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8026408/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 114, "keyFinding": "In the first major controlled trial of VNS for epilepsy (E03), high-stimulation VNS achieved a 24.5% median reduction in seizure frequency versus 6.1% in the low-stimulation group in drug-resistant partial seizures.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "elliott-2011-436-consecutive", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in 436 consecutive patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: long-term outcomes and predictors of response", "authors": "Elliott et al.", "authorsFull": "Elliott Robert E.; Morsi Amr; Kalhorn Stephen P.; Marcus Joshua; Sellin Jonathan; Kang Matthew; Silverberg Alyson; Rivera Edwin; Geller Eric; Carlson Chad; Devinsky Orrin; Doyle Werner K.", "journal": "Epilepsy & Behavior", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.10.017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21144802/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 436, "keyFinding": "At mean 5-year follow-up, 63.8% of patients achieved at least 50% seizure reduction, demonstrating that VNS efficacy progressively improves over years of treatment in drug-resistant epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yang-2023-treatment-drug", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) for treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial", "authors": "Yang et al.", "authorsFull": "Yang Huajun; Shi Weixiong; Fan Jingjing; Wang Xiaoshan; Song Yijun; Lian Yajun; Shan Wei; Wang Qun", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-023-01353-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36995682/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 150, "keyFinding": "At 20 weeks, the responder rate and relative seizure frequency reduction were significantly higher in the active taVNS group compared to controls, supporting non-invasive VNS for drug-resistant epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zabara-1985-peripheral-control", "title": "Peripheral control of hypersynchronous discharge in epilepsy", "authors": "Zabara", "authorsFull": "Zabara J.", "journal": "Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology", "year": 1985, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(85)90626-1", "sourceUrl": null, "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Seminal preclinical demonstration that vagus nerve stimulation could suppress experimentally induced seizure activity, providing the scientific foundation for the development of clinical VNS therapy.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gurel-2020-reduces-sympathetic", "title": "Transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation reduces sympathetic responses to stress in posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham controlled trial", "authors": "Gurel et al.", "authorsFull": "Gurel Nil Z.; Wittbrodt Matthew T.; Jung Hewon; Shandhi Md. Mobashir H.; Driggers Emily G.; Ladd Stacy L.; Huang Minxuan; Ko Yi-An; Shallenberger Lucy; Beckwith Joy; Nye Jonathon A.; Pearce Bradley D.; Vaccarino Viola; Shah Amit J.; Inan Omer T.; Bremner J. Douglas", "journal": "Neurobiology of Stress", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100264", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33344717/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 25, "keyFinding": "In an RCT of trauma-exposed individuals, tcVNS paired with traumatic-stress scripts dampened sympathetic arousal — lowering heart rate and improving peripheral vascular measures — versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wittbrodt-2021-alters-brain", "title": "Noninvasive Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation Alters Brain Activity During Traumatic Stress in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", "authors": "Wittbrodt et al.", "authorsFull": "Wittbrodt MT; Gurel NZ; Nye JA; Shandhi MMH; Gazi AH; Shah AJ; Pearce BD; Murrah N; Ko YA; Shallenberger LH; Vaccarino V; Inan OT; Bremner JD", "journal": "Psychosomatic Medicine", "year": 2021, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34292205/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 22, "keyFinding": "In an RCT, tcVNS altered brain activity during traumatic-memory scripts — increasing frontal, temporal, hippocampal and cingulate activation — versus sham in trauma-exposed individuals.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "choudhary-2023-declarative-working", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation on declarative and working memory in patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A pilot study", "authors": "Choudhary et al.", "authorsFull": "Choudhary T; Elliott M; Euliano NR; Gurel NZ; Rivas AG; Wittbrodt MT; Vaccarino V; Shah AJ; Inan OT; Bremner JD", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders", "year": 2023, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37442455/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "Active tcVNS produced a 91% increase in paragraph recall performance by two months, suggesting VNS may improve declarative memory deficits associated with PTSD.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bottari-2024-preliminary-evidence", "title": "Preliminary evidence of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation effects on sleep in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Bottari et al.", "authorsFull": "Bottari SA; Lamb DG; Porges EC; Murphy AJ; Tran AB; Ferri R; Jaffee MS; Davila MI; Hartmann S; Baumert M; Williamson JB", "journal": "Journal of Sleep Research", "year": 2024, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37039398/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 13, "keyFinding": "One hour of active taVNS at lights-out produced a moderate reduction in cyclic alternating pattern rate and increased parasympathetic activity during non-REM sleep in veterans with PTSD.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bremner-2020-blocks-stress", "title": "Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation blocks stress-induced activation of Interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma in posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial", "authors": "Bremner et al.", "authorsFull": "Bremner J. Douglas; Gurel Nil Z.; Jiao Yunshen; Wittbrodt Matthew T.; Levantsevych Oleksiy M.; Huang Minxuan; Jung Hewon; Shandhi MdMobashir H.; Beckwith Joy; Herring Isaias; Rapaport Mark H.; Murrah Nancy; Driggers Emily; Ko Yi-An; Alkhalaf MhmtJamil L.; Soudan Majd; Song Jiawei; Ku Benson S.; Shallenberger Lucy; Hankus Allison N.; Nye Jonathon A.; Park Jeanie; Vaccarino Viola; Shah Amit J.; Inan Omer T.; Pearce Bradley D.", "journal": "Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100138", "sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8474180/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD; Inflammation", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 25, "keyFinding": "In trauma-exposed individuals, tcVNS blunted stress-induced rises in the inflammatory markers IL-6 and IFN-γ versus sham (results not in the indexed abstract; low confidence).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "silberstein-2016-acute-treatment", "title": "Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the ACute Treatment of Cluster Headache: Findings From the Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled ACT1 Study", "authors": "Silberstein et al.", "authorsFull": "Silberstein Stephen D.; Mechtler Laszlo L.; Kudrow David B.; Calhoun Anne H.; McClure Candace; Saper Joel R.; Liebler Eric J.; Rubenstein Engel Emily; Tepper Stewart J.", "journal": "Headache", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12896", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27593728/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 150, "keyFinding": "In the ACT1 RCT (133 patients), non-invasive VNS relieved acute cluster-headache attacks more than sham in episodic (34% vs 11%) but not chronic cluster headache.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "goadsby-2018-acute-treatment", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled ACT2 study", "authors": "Goadsby et al.", "authorsFull": "Goadsby Peter J; de Coo Ilse F; Silver Nicholas; Tyagi Alok; Ahmed Fayyaz; Gaul Charly; Jensen Rigmor H; Diener Hans-Christoph; Solbach Kasia; Straube Andreas; Liebler Eric; Marin Juana CA; Ferrari Michel D", "journal": "Cephalalgia", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417744362", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29231763/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 92, "keyFinding": "In the ACT2 RCT, non-invasive cervical VNS achieved pain-free acute cluster-headache attacks more often than sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "silberstein-2016-chronic-migraine", "title": "Chronic migraine headache prevention with noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation: The EVENT study", "authors": "Silberstein et al.", "authorsFull": "Silberstein Stephen D.; Calhoun Anne H.; Lipton Richard B.; Grosberg Brian M.; Cady Roger K.; Dorlas Stefanie; Simmons Kristy A.; Mullin Chris; Liebler Eric J.; Goadsby Peter J.; Saper Joel R.; Calhoun Anne H.; Cady Roger K.; Dexter John; Silberstein Stephen D.; Young William; Marmura Michael; Nahas-Geiger Stephanie; Da Silva Arnaldo; Saper Joel; Weintraub James; Prestegaard Alicia; Sinka Erik; Grosberg Brian; Vollbracht Sarah; Issa Shirin; Lipton Richard; Mullin Kathleen; Pavlovic Jelena; Robbins Matthew; Goadsby Peter; Gelfand Amy; Eller Michael", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002918", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27412146/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 59, "keyFinding": "First sham-controlled pilot study of nVNS for chronic migraine prevention; open-label completers showed approximately 7.9 fewer headache days after 8 months of sustained therapy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "diener-2019-nvns-preventive", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine: The multicentre, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled PREMIUM trial", "authors": "Diener et al.", "authorsFull": "Diener Hans-Christoph; Goadsby Peter J; Ashina Messoud; Al-Karagholi Mohammad Al-Mahdi; Sinclair Alexandra; Mitsikostas Dimos; Magis Delphine; Pozo-Rosich Patricia; Irimia Sieira Pablo; Làinez Miguel JA; Gaul Charly; Silver Nicholas; Hoffmann Jan; Marin Juana; Liebler Eric; Ferrari Michel D", "journal": "Cephalalgia", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419876920", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31522546/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 477, "keyFinding": "Though the primary endpoint was not met, post hoc analysis of adherent patients showed significant benefit of nVNS for migraine prevention, with sham device inadvertently found to have parasympathetic activity.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "najib-2022-prevention-migraine", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for prevention of migraine: The multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled PREMIUM II trial", "authors": "Najib et al.", "authorsFull": "Najib Umer; Smith Timothy; Hindiyeh Nada; Saper Joel; Nye Barbara; Ashina Sait; McClure Candace K; Marmura Michael J; Chase Serena; Liebler Eric; Lipton Richard B", "journal": "Cephalalgia", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024211068813", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35001643/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 336, "keyFinding": "Active nVNS achieved a 44.87% responder rate versus 26.81% for sham (P=0.048), with migraine with aura patients showing a therapeutic gain exceeding 100% over sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "kimberley-2018-paired-upper", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired With Upper Limb Rehabilitation After Chronic Stroke: A Blinded Randomized Pilot Study", "authors": "Kimberley et al.", "authorsFull": "Kimberley Teresa J.; Pierce David; Prudente Cecília N.; Francisco Gerard E.; Yozbatiran Nuray; Smith Patricia; Tarver Brent; Engineer Navzer D.; Alexander Dickie David; Kline Danielle K.; Wigginton Jane G.; Cramer Steven C.; Dawson Jesse", "journal": "Stroke", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.022279", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30355189/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 17, "keyFinding": "Active VNS group showed mean improvement of 9.5 FMA-UE points versus 3.8 in controls at day 90, with a clinically meaningful response rate of 88% versus 33% with control.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dawson-2020-paired-upper", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired With Upper-Limb Rehabilitation After Stroke: One-Year Follow-up", "authors": "Dawson et al.", "authorsFull": "Dawson Jesse; Engineer Navzer D.; Prudente Cecília N.; Pierce David; Francisco Gerard; Yozbatiran Nuray; Tarver W. Brent; Casavant Reema; Kline Danielle K.; Cramer Steven C.; Van de Winckel Ann; Kimberley Teresa J.", "journal": "Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968320924361", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32476617/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 17, "keyFinding": "At one-year follow-up, FMA-UE scores had increased by 9.2 points from baseline in the active VNS group, demonstrating durable long-term improvements with good treatment adherence.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dawson-2023-paired-rehabilitation", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired With Rehabilitation for Upper Limb Motor Impairment After Chronic Ischemic Stroke: Subgroup Analysis of the VNS-REHAB Trial", "authors": "Dawson et al.", "authorsFull": "Dawson Jesse; Engineer Navzer D.; Cramer Steven C.; Wolf Steven L.; Ali Rushna; O’Dell Michael W.; Pierce David; Prudente Cecília N.; Redgrave Jessica; Feng Wuwei; Liu Charles Y.; Francisco Gerard E.; Brown Benjamin L.; Dixit Anand; Alexander Jen; DeMark Louis; Krishna Vibor; Kautz Steven A.; Majid Arshad; Tarver Brent; Turner Duncan L.; Kimberley Teresa J.", "journal": "Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/15459683221129274", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36226541/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 108, "keyFinding": "VNS paired with rehabilitation showed consistent benefits across all patient subgroups, with treatment effects similar regardless of age, stroke duration, severity, or other demographic factors.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gold-2016-treatment-heart", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Heart Failure: The INOVATE-HF Trial", "authors": "Gold et al.", "authorsFull": "Gold Michael R.; Van Veldhuisen Dirk J.; Hauptman Paul J.; Borggrefe Martin; Kubo Spencer H.; Lieberman Randy A.; Milasinovic Goran; Berman Brett J.; Djordjevic Sanja; Neelagaru Suresh; Schwartz Peter J.; Starling Randall C.; Mann Douglas L.", "journal": "Journal of the American College of Cardiology", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.525", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27058909/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 707, "keyFinding": "VNS did not reduce the rate of death or heart failure events, though secondary endpoints (quality of life, NYHA class, 6-minute walk) improved, suggesting the need for optimised stimulation parameters.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zannad-2015-chronic-treatment", "title": "Chronic vagal stimulation for the treatment of low ejection fraction heart failure: results of the NEural Cardiac TherApy foR Heart Failure (NECTAR-HF) randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Zannad et al.", "authorsFull": "Zannad Faiez; De Ferrari Gaetano M.; Tuinenburg Anton E.; Wright David; Brugada Josep; Butter Christian; Klein Helmut; Stolen Craig; Meyer Scott; Stein Kenneth M.; Ramuzat Agnes; Schubert Bernd; Daum Doug; Neuzil Petr; Botman Cornelis; Castel Maria Angeles; D'Onofrio Antonio; Solomon Scott D.; Wold Nicholas; Ruble Stephen B.", "journal": "European Heart Journal", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu345", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25176942/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 96, "keyFinding": "VNS did not significantly improve cardiac remodelling measures, but quality of life (MLHFQ, NYHA class, SF-36) improved significantly, suggesting patient-perceived benefits despite neutral primary endpoints.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kumar-2023-autonomic-regulation", "title": "Autonomic regulation therapy in chronic heart failure with preserved/mildly reduced ejection fraction: ANTHEM-HFpEF study results", "authors": "Kumar et al.", "authorsFull": "Kumar HU; Nearing BD; Mittal S; Premchand RK; Libbus I; DiCarlo LA; Amurthur B; KenKnight BH; Anand IS; Verrier RL", "journal": "International Journal of Cardiology", "year": 2023, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36934987/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 52, "keyFinding": "At 12 months, chronic VNS improved NYHA class, 6-minute walk distance, quality of life, and autonomic tone in HFpEF/HFmrEF patients, though mechanical cardiac function measures remained unchanged.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-ridder-2014-safety-efficacy", "title": "Safety and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones for the treatment of tinnitus: a case series", "authors": "De Ridder et al.", "authorsFull": "De Ridder Dirk; Vanneste Sven; Engineer Navzer D.; Kilgard Michael P.", "journal": "Neuromodulation", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12127", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24255953/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "In a case series of 10 patients with chronic tinnitus, VNS paired with tones was well tolerated and produced clinically meaningful, durable improvement in 4; non-responders were often on interfering medications.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "tyler-2017-paired-tones", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired with Tones for the Treatment of Tinnitus: A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Controlled Pilot Study in Humans", "authors": "Tyler et al.", "authorsFull": "Tyler Richard; Cacace Anthony; Stocking Christina; Tarver Brent; Engineer Navzer; Martin Jeffrey; Deshpande Aniruddha; Stecker Nancy; Pereira Melissa; Kilgard Michael; Burress Chester; Pierce David; Rennaker Robert; Vanneste Sven", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12178-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5607328/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "After 6 weeks, 50% of participants in the VNS-paired-tones group showed clinically meaningful THI improvements versus 28% of controls, with benefits sustained at one year.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lehtimaki-2013-tinnitus", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in tinnitus: a pilot study", "authors": "Lehtimaki et al.", "authorsFull": "Lehtimäki Jarmo; Hyvärinen Petteri; Ylikoski Matti; Bergholm Mikael; Mäkelä Jyrki P.; Aarnisalo Antti; Pirvola Ulla; Mäkitie Antti; Ylikoski Jukka", "journal": "Acta Otolaryngologica", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.750736", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23237096/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "In a pilot study, tVNS combined with sound therapy reduced tinnitus severity and distress, with MEG showing modulated auditory-cortex activity.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "ylikoski-2017-reduces-sympathetic", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation reduces sympathetic preponderance in patients with tinnitus", "authors": "Ylikoski et al.", "authorsFull": "Ylikoski J; Lehtimäki J; Pirvola U; Mäkitie A; Aarnisalo A; Hyvärinen P; Ylikoski M", "journal": "Acta Otolaryngologica", "year": 2017, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28084177/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 97, "keyFinding": "In tinnitus patients with autonomic imbalance, tVNS acutely raised heart-rate variability and shifted autonomic balance away from sympathetic dominance.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "jacobs-2015-boosts-associative", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation boosts associative memory in older individuals", "authors": "Jacobs et al.", "authorsFull": "Jacobs HI; Riphagen JM; Razat CM; Wiese S; Sack AT", "journal": "Neurobiology of Aging", "year": 2015, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25805212/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "A single session of tVNS enhanced associative memory performance in a face-name task in healthy older adults compared to sham, demonstrating cognitive benefits even after acute stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "wang-2022-efficacy-safety", "title": "The efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A double blinded randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang L; Zhang J; Guo C; He J; Zhang S; Wang Y; Zhao Y; Li L; Wang J; Hou L; Li S; Wang Y; Hao L; Zhao Y; Wu M; Fang J; Rong P", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2022, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36150665/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 52, "keyFinding": "After 24 weeks, taVNS significantly improved MoCA scores, verbal learning, naming ability, and sleep quality in patients with mild cognitive impairment, suggesting potential to delay cognitive decline.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zhou-2022-delayed-neurocognitive", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on delayed neurocognitive recovery in elderly patients", "authors": "Zhou et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhou Q; Yu L; Yin C; Zhang Q; Wang X; Kang K; Shao D; Wang Q", "journal": "Aging Clinical and Experimental Research", "year": 2022, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35809206/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 124, "keyFinding": "In an RCT of 124 elderly joint-replacement patients, taVNS cut delayed neurocognitive recovery from 27% to 10% and lowered post-surgical inflammatory markers versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "powers-2025-therapy-treatment", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation therapy for treatment-resistant PTSD", "authors": "Powers et al.", "authorsFull": "Powers Mark B.; Hays Seth A.; Rosenfield David; Porter Amy L.; Gallaway Holle; Chauvette Greg; Smits Jasper A.J.; Warren Anne Marie; Douglas Megan; Naftalis Richard; Wigginton Jane G.; Foreman M; Kilgard Michael P.; Rennaker Robert L.", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2025.03.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40097094/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 9, "keyFinding": "All nine participants with treatment-resistant PTSD no longer met criteria for diagnosis after implanted VNS paired with prolonged exposure therapy, with benefits persisting at six-month follow-up.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "conway-2025-treatment-resistant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: A one-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial", "authors": "Conway et al.", "authorsFull": "Conway Charles R.; Aaronson Scott T.; Sackeim Harold A.; George Mark S.; Zajecka John; Bunker Mark T.; Duffy Walter; Stedman Mary; Riva-Posse Patricio; Allen Rebecca M.; Quevedo João; Berger Matthew; Alva Gustavo; Malik Mohd A.; Dunner David L.; Cichowicz Ivan; Banov Michael; Manu Lucian; Nahas Ziad; Macaluso Matthew; Mickey Brian J.; Sheline Yvette; Kriedt Christopher L.; Lee Ying-Chieh (Lisa); Gordon Charles; Shy Olivia; Tran Quyen; Yates Laura; Rush A. John", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1191", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39706521/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Overall, 88.4 % of participants completed the trial.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2024-efficacy-safety", "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Patients With Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Single-Center, Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Jie; Lv Chaolan; Yin Mengqing; Zhu Mengtao; Wang Bo; Tian Jiashuang; Hashimoto Kenji; Yu Yue", "journal": "The American journal of gastroenterology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000003257", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39689011/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 40, "keyFinding": "Between September 2023 and May 2024, 40 patients (n = 20 in both taVNS and sham-taVNS groups) completed the 4-week study by performing an intention-to-treat analysis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "xiong-2025-postpartum-contraction", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Postpartum Contraction Pain During Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "authors": "Xiong et al.", "authorsFull": "Xiong Xingyu; Tao Mingshu; Zhao Wenxin; Tan Wen; Jiang Yanyu; Sun Zhengxiu; Wang Yuanyuan; Lin Yongao; Li Chunyan; Yang Jie; Han Yuan; Zhang Hongxing; Zhang Song; Liu He; Cao Jun-Li", "journal": "JAMA network open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.29127", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40880089/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 78, "keyFinding": "A total of 156 women were recruited and randomized to the active taVNS group (78 patients; mean [SD] age, 31.5 [4.3] years) or the sham taVNS group (78 patients; mean [SD] age, 31.3 [4.5] years).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "glue-2024-extended-release", "title": "Extended-release ketamine tablets for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled phase 2 trial", "authors": "Glue et al.", "authorsFull": "Glue Paul; Loo Colleen; Fam Johnson; Lane Hsien-Yuan; Young Allan H.; Surman Peter; Glozier Nick; Fitzgerald Paul; Liu Dennis; Sharma Shanthi; Grunfeld Jennifer; Barton David; Hopwood Malcolm; Miles Wayne; Williams Mike; Carson Simon; Fam Johnson; Tor Phern-Chern; Lane Hsien-Yuan; Chen Chun-Hsin; Huang Yu-Jui", "journal": "Nature medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03063-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38914860/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 329, "keyFinding": "The safety and tolerability of racemic ketamine may be improved if given orally, as an extended-release tablet (R-107), compared with other routes of administration.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "morkl-2025-multi-species", "title": "Multi-species probiotic supplement enhances vagal nerve function - results of a randomized controlled trial in patients with depression and healthy controls", "authors": "Mörkl et al.", "authorsFull": "Mörkl Sabrina; Narrath Martin; Schlotmann Daria; Sallmutter Marie-Therese; Putz Julia; Lang Julia; Brandstätter Andreas; Pilz Rene; Karl Lackner Helmut; Goswami Nandu; Steuber Bianca; Tatzer Jasmin; Lackner Sonja; Holasek Sandra; Painold Annamaria; Jauk Emanuel; Wenninger Julian; Horvath Angela; Spicher Nicolai; Barth Asmus; Butler Mary I; Wagner-Skacel Jolana", "journal": "Gut microbes", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2025.2492377", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40298641/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Major depression (MD) significantly impacts individual well-being and society.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2022-paired-rehabilitation", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for stroke: Implantation experience from the VNS-REHAB trial", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Charles Y.; Russin Jonathan; Adelson David P.; Jenkins Alistair; Hilmi Omar; Brown Benjamin; Lega Bradley; Whitworth Tony; Bhattacharyya Dev; Schwartz Theodore H.; Krishna Vibhor; Williams Ziv; Uff Christopher; Willie Jon; Hoffman Caitlin; Vandergrift William A.; Achrol Achal Singh; Ali Rushna; Konrad Peter; Edmonds Joseph; Kim Daniel; Bhatt Pragnesh; Tarver Brent W.; Pierce David; Jain Ravi; Burress Chester; Casavant Reema; Prudente Cecília N.; Engineer Navzer D.", "journal": "Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2022.09.013", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36182812/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The rate of surgery-related adverse events was lower than previously reported for VNS implantation for epilepsy and depression.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "guerriero-2024-acutely-reduce", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation to acutely reduce emotional vulnerability and improve emotional regulation in borderline personality disorder (tVNS-BPD): study protocol for a randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled trial", "authors": "Guerriero et al.", "authorsFull": "Guerriero Giuseppe; Liljedahl Sophie I.; Carlsen Hanne K.; López Muñoz Marta; Daros Alexander R.; Ruocco Anthony C.; Steingrimsson Steinn", "journal": "Trials", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-08230-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38898522/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our aims are to determine if taVNS is effective in acutely reducing emotional vulnerability and improve emotional regulation in BPD patients.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rush-2025-daily-function", "title": "Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on daily function and quality of life in markedly treatment-resistant major depression: Findings from a one-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial", "authors": "Rush et al.", "authorsFull": "Rush A. John; Conway Charles R.; Aaronson Scott T.; George Mark S.; Riva-Posse Patricio; Dunner David L.; Zajecka John; Bunker Mark T.; Quevedo João; Allen Rebecca M.; Alva Gustavo; Luing Heather; Nahas Ziad; Manu Lucian; Bennett Jeffrey I.; Mickey Brian J.; Becker Jonathan; Sheline Yvette; Cusin Cristina; Murrough James W.; Reeves Kevin; Rosenquist Peter B.; Lee Ying-Chieh (Lisa); Majewski Shannon; Way Jeffrey; Olin Bryan; Sackeim Harold A.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1187", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39701918/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 493, "keyFinding": "In a 12-month sham-controlled trial of markedly treatment-resistant depression, adjunctive VNS produced modest but significant gains in quality-of-life and function on several measures, though not all.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "lai-2025-electrical-generalized", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation with electrical stimulation on generalized anxiety disorder: Study protocol for an assessor-participant blinded, randomized sham-controlled trial", "authors": "Lai et al.", "authorsFull": "Lai JingLing; Liu Jun; Zhang Lei; Cao JiuDong; Hong Yang; Zhang Ling; Fang JiLiang; Wang XiaoLing", "journal": "Heliyon", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42469", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40041000/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been used for treating mental disorders, but the involvement of surgery, perioperative risks, and potentially significant side effects have limited this treatment.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "li-2025-treatment-erythematotelangiectatic", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Treatment for Erythematotelangiectatic Rosacea: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Jian; Wei Jinyu; Zhang Mingwang; Kong Minmin; Xie Lijuan; Wan Mei; Pan Zhifei; Tian Jing; Ou Zuzhen; Chen Shuguang; Xia Aiai; Tang Li; Song Zhiqiang; Hou Jingming; Hao Fei", "journal": "JAMA dermatology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2025.3796", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41060641/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Seventy-two participants (67 female individuals [93.1%]; median [IQR] age: 29.5 [24.0-36.0] years) with ETR were randomized into either the taVNS (36 [50.0%]) or SS groups (36 [50.0%]).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "he-2025-efficacy-point", "title": "Efficacy of auricular point-vagus nerve stimulation in adolescent insomnia patients and the brain function regulation mechanisms: a study protocol for an experimental, randomized, controlled clinical trial", "authors": "He et al.", "authorsFull": "He Wei; Guan Lu; Jiang Yuhong; Guo Zi; Shao Xiaomei; Fang Jianqiao; Fang Junfan; Du Junying", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1643509", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41041679/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Adolescent insomnia is a prevalent issue with significant implications for mental and physical well-being.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2025-investigating-microbiota", "title": "Investigating the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Mechanisms of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Patients with Obesity: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Xia; Kong Weiqing; Song Yang; Huang Wei; Zhang Yanji; Liu Zhi; Zhou Zhongyu; Fu Chengwei", "journal": "Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S558226", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41141981/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study aims to evaluate the short-term efficacy of taVNS in reducing body weight in patients with obesity and to explore its underlying mechanisms by assessing changes in neural activity and gut microbial composition.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "yldz-kzkn-2025-individuals-primary", "title": "Effects of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Individuals with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "authors": "Yıldız Kızkın et al.", "authorsFull": "Yıldız Kızkın Zeynep; Yıldız Rıdvan; Özden Ali Veysel", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2025.09.306", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41108303/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The difference between the groups was significant, favoring the taVNS group in the NRS, PPT, MSQ, FEMD, HAM-A, and 6MWT (for all, p < 0.05).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "badran-2022-supervised-home", "title": "A pilot randomized controlled trial of supervised, at-home, self-administered transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) to manage long COVID symptoms", "authors": "Badran et al.", "authorsFull": "Badran Bashar W.; Huffman Sarah M.; Dancy Morgan; Austelle Christopher W.; Bikson Marom; Kautz Steven A.; George Mark S.", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-022-00094-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36002874/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Four-weeks of at-home self-administered taVNS (two, one-hour sessions daily, delivered at suprathreshold intensities) was feasible and safe.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "xu-2024-deep-brain", "title": "Deep brain stimulation versus vagus nerve stimulation for the motor function of poststroke hemiplegia: study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial", "authors": "Xu et al.", "authorsFull": "Xu Junpeng; Liu Bin; Shang Guosong; Liu Shuzhen; Feng Zhebin; Zhang Yanyang; Yang Haonan; Liu Di; Chang Qing; Yuhan Chen; Yu Xinguang; Mao Zhiqi", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086098", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39384245/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "No comparison study exists.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "li-2022-assessor-blinded", "title": "An assessor-blinded, randomized comparative trial of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) combined with cranial electroacupuncture vs. citalopram for depression with chronic pain", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Shaoyuan; Zhang Zixuan; Jiao Yue; Jin Guixing; Wu Yue; Xu Fengquan; Zhao Yufeng; Jia Hongxiao; Qin Zongshi; Zhang Zhangjin; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.902450", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35990057/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Both the taVNS combined with electroacupuncture and citalopram groups had significant reductions in depressive and pain symptoms, as indicated by the decrease in MARDS and SF-MPQ scores.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "qi-2025-baseline-functional", "title": "Baseline functional connectivity of the basal forebrain-cortical circuit predict taVNS treatment response in primary insomnia: a randomized controlled trial and fMRI study", "authors": "Qi et al.", "authorsFull": "Qi Meng; Huang Yiting; Mai Runru; Yan Zhaoxian; Xu Biyun; Liu Bo; Zhang Yue", "journal": "BMC medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04126-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40629377/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 70, "keyFinding": "In an RCT of 70 adults with primary insomnia, taVNS reduced insomnia-severity, sleep-quality and anxiety scores versus sham; baseline basal-forebrain connectivity predicted response.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "kokolakis-2026-protocol-double", "title": "Protocol of the randomized double blind sham controlled AddVNS study of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation mechanisms in depression", "authors": "Kokolakis et al.", "authorsFull": "Kokolakis Evangelos; von Mücke-Heim Iven-Alex; Pape Julius C.; Grandi Norma C.; Erhardt Angelika; Sämann Philipp G.; Spoormaker Victor; Gogolla Nadine; Binder Elisabeth B.; Falkai Peter", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42459-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41771997/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We believe it to significantly advance our mechanistic understanding and subsequently clinical translation of this promising intervention.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "klinkenberg-2013-behavioural-cognitive", "title": "Behavioural and cognitive effects during vagus nerve stimulation in children with intractable epilepsy - a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Klinkenberg et al.", "authorsFull": "Klinkenberg Sylvia; van den Bosch Charlotte N.C.J.; Majoie H.J. Marian; Aalbers Marlien W.; Leenen Loes; Hendriksen Jos; Cornips Erwin M.J.; Rijkers Kim; Vles Johan S.H.; Aldenkamp Albert P.", "journal": "European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.07.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22878130/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS did not have a negative effect on cognition nor on psychosocial adjustment.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "austelle-2025-accelerated-inpatient", "title": "Accelerated Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Inpatient Depression and Anxiety: The iWAVE Open Label Pilot Trial", "authors": "Austelle et al.", "authorsFull": "Austelle Christopher W.; Cox Stewart S.; Connolly Dillon J.; Baker Vogel Brenna; Peng Xiaolong; Wills Kristin; Sutton Falon; Tucker Katherine B.; Ashley Ethan; Manett Andrew; Cortese Bernadette; Short Edward Baron; Badran Bashar W.", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2025.02.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40117415/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Both taVNS dosing approaches were safe and feasible in this novel setting.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rado-2007-severe-depression", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for severe depression", "authors": "Rado et al.", "authorsFull": "Rado Jeffrey; Janicak Philip G.", "journal": "Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20070701-10", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17679315/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Treatment-resistant depression is a serious problem with significant costs in terms of health care dollars and patients' well-being.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2025-hemodialysis", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Qiuling; Dou Jun; Ao Hua; Guo Dongmei; Yang Xi; Li Ming", "journal": "Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.14243", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39754453/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 63, "keyFinding": "A total of 63 patients were enrolled in the study, with 32 patients assigned to the tVNS group and 31 patients to the control group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "conway-2020-prospective-multi", "title": "A prospective, multi-center randomized, controlled, blinded trial of vagus nerve stimulation for difficult to treat depression: A novel design for a novel treatment", "authors": "Conway et al.", "authorsFull": "Conway Charles R.; Olin Bryan; Aaronson Scott T.; Sackeim Harold A.; Bunker Mark; Kriedt Christopher; Greco Theresa; Broglio Kristine; Vestrucci Matteo; Rush A. John", "journal": "Contemporary clinical trials", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2020.106066", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32569757/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This RCT is unique for DTD studies: 1) large sample size and long study duration (one year of controlled comparison); 2) use of a percent time in response as the primary outcome measure, given the chronic illness and its fluctuating course (vis-à-vis meeting a response criteria at a single time p...", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ferstl-2024-conditions-increased", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation conditions increased invigoration and wanting in depression", "authors": "Ferstl et al.", "authorsFull": "Ferstl Magdalena; Kühnel Anne; Klaus Johannes; Lin Wy Ming; Kroemer Nils B.", "journal": "Comprehensive psychiatry", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152488", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38657358/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Consistent with prior findings, taVNS increased effort invigoration for rewards in both groups during Session 1 (p = .040), particularly for less wanted rewards in HCP (pboot < 0.001).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "xiao-2020-efficacy-brain", "title": "Efficacy and brain mechanism of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for adolescents with mild to moderate depression: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Xiao et al.", "authorsFull": "Xiao Xue; Hou Xiaobing; Zhang Zhangjing; Li Ying; Yu Xue; Wang Yanhui; Tian Jing; Xu Ke", "journal": "Pediatric investigation", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ped4.12198", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851354/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of taVNS for adolescents with mild to moderate depression.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "hilz-2022-brief-introduction", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation - A brief introduction and overview", "authors": "Hilz", "authorsFull": "Hilz Max J.", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2022.103038", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36201901/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative overview of transcutaneous VNS as a non-invasive, lower-cost alternative to surgically implanted cervical VNS, delivered via the outer ear across depression, epilepsy and other indications.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "austelle-2022-comprehensive-depression", "title": "A Comprehensive Review of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Depression", "authors": "Austelle et al.", "authorsFull": "Austelle Christopher W.; O'Leary Georgia H.; Thompson Sean; Gruber Elise; Kahn Alex; Manett Andrew J.; Short Baron; Badran Bashar W.", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13528", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35396067/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS was described in the literature in the early 1900s; however, gained traction in the 1980s as Zabara and colleagues developed an implantable neurocybernetic prosthesis to treat epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2023-anti-neuroinflammation", "title": "Anti-neuroinflammation effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation against depression-like behaviors via hypothalamic α7nAchR/JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB pathway in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Yu; Zhang Yue; Wang Junying; Li Shaoyuan; Wang Yifei; Zhang Zixuan; Zhang Jinling; Xin Chen; Wang Yu; Rong Peijing", "journal": "CNS neuroscience & therapeutics", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14207", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37032645/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Depression-like behaviors in CUMS-exposed rats were manifested by decreased SPT ratio, increased FST immobility time, decreased total distance, vertical movement score, and activity time of OFT.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gerges-2024-application-scoping", "title": "Clinical application of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a scoping review", "authors": "Gerges et al.", "authorsFull": "Gerges Ashraf N. H.; Williams Ellen E. R.; Hillier Susan; Uy Jeric; Hamilton Taya; Chamberlain Saran; Hordacre Brenton", "journal": "Disability and rehabilitation", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2024.2313123", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38362860/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "scoping review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 214, "keyFinding": "109 studies were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2020-neural-networks", "title": "Neural networks and the anti-inflammatory effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in depression", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Chun-Hong; Yang Ming-Hao; Zhang Guang-Zhong; Wang Xiao-Xu; Li Bin; Li Meng; Woelfer Marie; Walter Martin; Wang Lihong", "journal": "Journal of neuroinflammation", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01732-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32050990/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review proposing that taVNS eases major depression partly through the vagal anti-inflammatory pathway and increased amygdala–prefrontal connectivity.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wang-2021-mechanisms-underlying", "title": "Mechanisms underlying antidepressant effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on CUMS model rats based on hippocampal α7nAchR/NF-κB signal pathway", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Jun-ying; Zhang Yue; Chen Yu; Wang Yu; Li Shao-yuan; Wang Yi-fei; Zhang Zi-xuan; Zhang Jinling; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Journal of neuroinflammation", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-021-02341-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34920740/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a rat model of depression, taVNS reversed depression-like behaviour and hippocampal neuroinflammation via α7-nicotinic-receptor signalling; effects were lost in α7-knockout rats.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "shao-2023-role-treatment", "title": "Role of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic Pain", "authors": "Shao et al.", "authorsFull": "Shao Peiqi; Li Huili; Jiang Jia; Guan Yun; Chen Xueming; Wang Yun", "journal": "Neuroimmunomodulation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000531626", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37369181/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We further discuss potential underlying mechanisms for VNS to inhibit chronic pain.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sun-2024-ameliorates-adolescent", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation ameliorates adolescent depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors via hippocampus glycolysis and inflammation response", "authors": "Sun et al.", "authorsFull": "Sun Lan; Ma Shixiang; Yu Yun; Li Xiangji; Wei Qianwen; Min Li; Rong Peijing", "journal": "CNS neuroscience & therapeutics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14614", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38358062/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In adolescent rats exposed to chronic stress, taVNS reduced depression- and anxiety-like behaviours and normalised hippocampal and cingulate gene expression.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "li-2024-modulates-depression", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates depression-like phenotype induced by high-fat diet via P2X7R/NLRP3/IL-1β in the prefrontal cortex", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Shaoyuan; Zhang Yuzhengheng; Wang Yu; Zhang Zixuan; Xin Chen; Wang Yifei; Rong Peijing", "journal": "CNS neuroscience & therapeutics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14755", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38752512/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Purina#5008 diet induced significant depression-like behaviors in ZDF rats and was closely related to purine and inflammatory metabolites.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yap-2020-critical-challenges", "title": "Critical Review of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Challenges for Translation to Clinical Practice", "authors": "Yap et al.", "authorsFull": "Yap Jonathan Y. Y.; Keatch Charlotte; Lambert Elisabeth; Woods Will; Stoddart Paul R.; Kameneva Tatiana", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00284", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32410932/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "For tVNS to reach its full potential as a non-invasive and clinically relevant therapy, it is imperative that systematic studies be undertaken to reveal the mechanism of action and optimal stimulation modalities.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2022-stimulators-past", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulators: a review of past, present, and future devices", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Lei; Wang Yu; Wang Yifei; Wang Fang; Zhang Jinling; Li Shaoyuan; Wu Mozheng; Li Liang; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Expert review of medical devices", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2022.2020095", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34937487/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of past, present and future taVNS devices, noting the technique's safety and breadth of applications from epilepsy and depression to insomnia, pain and stroke.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "yuan-2016-comprehensive-part", "title": "Vagus Nerve and Vagus Nerve Stimulation, a Comprehensive Review: Part II", "authors": "Yuan et al.", "authorsFull": "Yuan Hsiangkuo; Silberstein Stephen D.", "journal": "Headache", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12650", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26381725/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this review, we discuss the history and development of VNS, as well as recent progress in invasive and nVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zhang-2023-potential-novel", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a potential novel treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Shike; He Hui; Wang Yu; Wang Xiao; Liu Xiaofang", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34746-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37173458/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recently, an imbalanced autonomic nervous system (ANS) with sympathetic hyperactivity and reduced parasympathetic nerve activity (vagal tone) has aroused increasing attention in the pathogenesis of PCOS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zhu-2021-improves-functional", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation improves functional dyspepsia by enhancing vagal efferent activity", "authors": "Zhu et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhu Ying; Xu Feng; Lu Dewen; Rong Peijing; Cheng Jiafei; Li Miaomiao; Gong Yaoyao; Sun Chao; Wei Wei; Lin Lin; Chen Jiande D. Z.", "journal": "American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00426.2020", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33624527/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In comparison with sham-ES, acute taVNS improved gastric accommodation (P = 0.008), increased the percentage of normal gastric slow waves (%NSW, fasting: P = 0.010; fed: P = 0.007) and vagal activity (fasting: P = 0.056; fed: P = 0.026).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "chen-2025-managing-pain", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Managing Pain: A Scoping Review", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Jie; Kuang Huan; Chen Aokun; Dungan Jennifer; Cousin Lakeshia; Cong Xiaomei; Patel Param; Starkweather Angela", "journal": "Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2024.11.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39690039/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "scoping review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A total of 26 publications met eligibility for inclusion in this scoping review.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "aranberri-ruiz-2024-improve-emotional", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Improve Emotional State", "authors": "Aranberri Ruiz", "authorsFull": "Aranberri Ruiz Ainara", "journal": "Biomedicines", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020407", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38398009/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review connecting taVNS to neuroscientific theories of emotion, arguing it may help regulate emotional states in disorders such as anxiety and depression.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "choi-2024-anesthetized-mice", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in anesthetized mice induces antidepressant effects by activating dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area", "authors": "Choi et al.", "authorsFull": "Choi Tae-Yong; Kim Jeongseop; Koo Ja Wook", "journal": "Molecular brain", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-024-01162-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39604984/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "To investigate this, we conducted experiments demonstrating that taVNS in anesthetized mice reduced depressive-like behaviors.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2025-attenuates-lps", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Stimulation Attenuates LPS-Induced Depression-Like Behavior by Regulating Central α7nAChR/JAK2 Signaling", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Junying; Wang Yu; Chen Yu; Zhang Jinling; Zhang Yue; Li Shaoyuan; Zhu Haohan; Song Xingke; Hou Liwei; Wang Lei; Wang Yifei; Zhang Zixuan; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Molecular neurobiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04438-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39212875/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We observed that LPS significantly decreased the sucrose preference, the time of into the open arms in the elevated plus maze, and the number of crossing and reaping in the open field test.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kozorosky-2022-augments-postprandial", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation augments postprandial inhibition of ghrelin", "authors": "Kozorosky et al.", "authorsFull": "Kozorosky Erica M.; Lee Cristina H.; Lee Jessica G.; Nunez Martinez Valeria; Padayachee Leandra E.; Stauss Harald M.", "journal": "Physiological reports", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15253", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441808/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 16, "keyFinding": "No significant effects of taVNS on heart rate variability and baroreceptor-heart rate reflex sensitivity and only minor effects on glucotropic hormones were observed.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "brambilla-pisoni-2022-acutely-modulates", "title": "Auricular Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Acutely Modulates Brain Connectivity in Mice", "authors": "Brambilla-Pisoni et al.", "authorsFull": "Brambilla-Pisoni Cecilia; Muñoz-Moreno Emma; Gallego-Amaro Ianire; Maldonado Rafael; Ivorra Antoni; Soria Guadalupe; Ozaita Andrés", "journal": "Frontiers in cellular neuroscience", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.856855", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35548372/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In mice, auricular taVNS acutely modulated brain connectivity under conditions that improved memory persistence.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2025-regulates-gut", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation regulates gut microbiota mediated peripheral inflammation and metabolic disorders to suppress depressive-like behaviors in CUMS rats", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Xinjiang; He Xun; Zhao Yanan; Zou Qi; Liang Yulong; Zhang Jinling; Feng Bowen; Rong Peijing; Wang Yu", "journal": "Frontiers in microbiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1576686", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40809052/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Behavioral tests showed that taVNS significantly reversed the depressive-like behavior induced by CUMS in rats.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "song-2021-feasibility-millimeter", "title": "Feasibility study on transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation using millimeter waves", "authors": "Song et al.", "authorsFull": "Song Hi Yuen; Shin Dong Woo; Jung Seung Moon; Jeong Yong; Jeong Bumseok; Park Chul Soon", "journal": "Biomedical physics & engineering express", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ac2c54", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34647906/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 7, "keyFinding": "The ta-VNS with a stimulus level of 13 dBm showed a significant increase in the LFP power in the NTS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "austelle-2024-recent-advances", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS): recent advances and future directions", "authors": "Austelle et al.", "authorsFull": "Austelle Christopher W.; Cox Stewart S.; Wills Kristin E.; Badran Bashar W.", "journal": "Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-024-01065-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39363044/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The field continues to gain appreciation for the clinical potential of this modality.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2020-adjunctive-treatment", "title": "Adjunctive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: a Quantitative Analysis", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Xun; Qing Ming-Jun; Rao Ying-Hua; Guo Yan-Mei", "journal": "The Psychiatric quarterly", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09726-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32144640/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1048, "keyFinding": "Adjunctive VNS was significantly superior to the control group regarding study-defined response [SMD:1.96 (95%CI:1.60, 2.40), P < 0.00001, I2 = 0%].", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "diaz-2022-treatment-resistant", "title": "Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: concepts and challenges for novel interventions", "authors": "Diaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Diaz Alexandre P.; Fernandes Brisa S.; Quevedo Joao; Sanches Marsal; Soares Jair C.", "journal": "Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1627", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34037084/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "More research is warranted, mainly focusing on personalizing current treatments to optimize response and remission rates.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kamel-2022-update-novel", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: An update on a novel treatment for treatment-resistant depression", "authors": "Kamel et al.", "authorsFull": "Kamel Lojine Y.; Xiong Willa; Gott Britt M.; Kumar Arun; Conway Charles R.", "journal": "Journal of the neurological sciences", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2022.120171", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35158102/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Early clinical trials including the D01, D02, and D03 trials showed promising evidence of the antidepressant efficacy and durability of VNS as a treatment for TRD.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "touloumis-2021-burden-challenge", "title": "The burden and the challenge of treatment-resistant depression", "authors": "Touloumis", "authorsFull": "Touloumis Charalampos", "journal": "Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2021.046", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34990376/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The most widely accepted and used term of TRD refers to treatment resistance as treatment with at least two different antidepressants (of the same or different classes), administered in the right doses and for an adequate amount of time, with verified patient compliance to treatment which, howeve...", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "vlaicu-2020-treatment-resistant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: is this therapy distinct from other antidepressant treatments?", "authors": "Vlaicu et al.", "authorsFull": "Vlaicu Andrei; Bustuchina Vlaicu Mihaela", "journal": "International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2020.1779751", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32677482/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review concluding VNS offers acute and long-term benefit in treatment-resistant depression (graded evidence level 3 acute, level 2 chronic) and is best used as a long-term add-on therapy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "subramanian-2023-treatment-resistant", "title": "Treatment-Resistant Late-Life Depression: A Review of Clinical Features, Neuropsychology, Neurobiology, and Treatment", "authors": "Subramanian et al.", "authorsFull": "Subramanian Subha; Oughli Hanadi A.; Gebara Marie Anne; Palanca Ben Julian A.; Lenze Eric J.", "journal": "The Psychiatric clinics of North America", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37149351/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This article serves as an evidence-based guide for medical practitioners who encounter TRLLD in their practice.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "marwaha-2023-novel-emerging", "title": "Novel and emerging treatments for major depression", "authors": "Marwaha et al.", "authorsFull": "Marwaha Steven; Palmer Edward; Suppes Trisha; Cons Emily; Young Allan H; Upthegrove Rachel", "journal": "Lancet (London, England)", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02080-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36535295/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review surveying novel and emerging biological treatments for major depression and situating VNS among them.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2022-adjunctive-treatment", "title": "Adjunctive vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a preliminary study", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Xun; Guo Yan-Mei; Ning Yu-Ping; Cao Li-Ping; Rao Ying-Hua; Sun Jia-Qi; Qing Ming-Jun; Zheng Wei", "journal": "International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2021.2019789", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35023429/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "After 3 months of treatment with VNS, the antidepressant response and remission rates were 42.9% and 28.6%, respectively.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "evensen-2022-treatment-resistant", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Feasibility Study", "authors": "Evensen et al.", "authorsFull": "Evensen Kristin; Jørgensen Martin Balslev; Sabers Anne; Martiny Klaus", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13366", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35396074/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Compliance threshold was reached for 80.0% of the 20 included participants.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ekmekci-2017", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Ekmekçi et al.", "authorsFull": "Ekmekçi Hakan; Kaptan Hülagu", "journal": "Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.056", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28698761/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of VNS centred on drug-resistant epilepsy, noting ~50% seizure control with drug monotherapy and a refractory third of patients who may benefit from stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bottomley-2019-therapy-treatment", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy in patients with treatment resistant depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Bottomley et al.", "authorsFull": "Bottomley Juliana M.; LeReun Corinne; Diamantopoulos Alex; Mitchell Stephen; Gaynes Bradley N.", "journal": "Comprehensive psychiatry", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152156", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31978785/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 studies (2 RCTs, 16 single-arm, 4 non-randomised) of VNS for treatment-resistant depression, pooling depression, safety and quality-of-life outcomes; most included evidence is uncontrolled.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "toffa-2020-learnings-from", "title": "Learnings from 30 years of reported efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for epilepsy treatment: A critical review", "authors": "Toffa et al.", "authorsFull": "Toffa Dènahin Hinnoutondji; Touma Lahoud; El Meskine Tahir; Bouthillier Alain; Nguyen Dang Khoa", "journal": "Seizure", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.027", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33120323/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Subsequent modifications improved the safety and the efficacy of the system.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "pigato-2023-treatment-resistant", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Case Series of Long-Term Follow-up", "authors": "Pigato et al.", "authorsFull": "Pigato Giorgio; Rosson Stella; Bresolin Nicola; Toffanin Tommaso; Sambataro Fabio; Olivo Daniele; Perini Giulia; Causin Francesco; Denaro Luca; Landi Andrea; D'Avella Domenico", "journal": "The journal of ECT", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0000000000000869", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35815853/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 5, "keyFinding": "The VNS implant was associated with a sustained response (>10 years) in terms of clinical response and social, occupational, and psychological functioning in 3 patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "faraji-2025-gut-microbiota", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation and gut microbiota interactions: A novel therapeutic avenue for neuropsychiatric disorders", "authors": "Faraji et al.", "authorsFull": "Faraji Navid; Payami Bahareh; Ebadpour Negar; Gorji Ali", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105990", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39716559/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The vagus nerve plays a significant role in the GBA, making it a key area of focus for potential novel therapeutic interventions.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "carreno-2017-treatment-resistant", "title": "Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression", "authors": "Carreno et al.", "authorsFull": "Carreno Flavia R.; Frazer Alan", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0537-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28585221/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of VNS for treatment-resistant depression, summarising its shared effects with antidepressants on serotonin and noradrenaline pathways.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bhattacharya-2022-overview-brain", "title": "An Overview of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications", "authors": "Bhattacharya et al.", "authorsFull": "Bhattacharya Amitabh; Mrudula Kambhampati; Sreepada Sai Sreevalli; Sathyaprabha Talakad Narsappa; Pal Pramod Kumar; Chen Robert; Udupa Kaviraja", "journal": "The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2021.158", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34238393/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Further research is needed to expand the clinical utility of NIBS and test the combination of different modes of NIBS to optimize neuromodulation induced clinical benefits.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "carpenter-2003-treatment-resistant", "title": "Cervical vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression", "authors": "Carpenter et al.", "authorsFull": "Carpenter Linda L; Friehs Gerhard M; Price Lawrence H", "journal": "Neurosurgery clinics of North America", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1042-3680(02)00121-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12856494/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Longer term data on VNS in depressed patients as well as further information regarding the possible dose-response relation will help to determine the place of VNS in the armament of therapeutic modalities available for major depression.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sforzini-2022-delphi-method", "title": "A Delphi-method-based consensus guideline for definition of treatment-resistant depression for clinical trials", "authors": "Sforzini et al.", "authorsFull": "Sforzini Luca; Worrell Courtney; Kose Melisa; Anderson Ian M.; Aouizerate Bruno; Arolt Volker; Bauer Michael; Baune Bernhard T.; Blier Pierre; Cleare Anthony J.; Cowen Philip J.; Dinan Timothy G.; Fagiolini Andrea; Ferrier I. Nicol; Hegerl Ulrich; Krystal Andrew D.; Leboyer Marion; McAllister-Williams R. Hamish; McIntyre Roger S.; Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas; Miller Andrew H.; Nemeroff Charles B.; Normann Claus; Nutt David; Pallanti Stefano; Pani Luca; Penninx Brenda W. J. H.; Schatzberg Alan F.; Shelton Richard C.; Yatham Lakshmi N.; Young Allan H.; Zahn Roland; Aislaitner Georgios; Butlen-Ducuing Florence; Fletcher Christine; Haberkamp Marion; Laughren Thomas; Mäntylä Fanni-Laura; Schruers Koen; Thomson Andrew; Arteaga-Henríquez Gara; Benedetti Francesco; Cash-Gibson Lucinda; Chae Woo Ri; De Smedt Heidi; Gold Stefan M.; Hoogendijk Witte J. G.; Mondragón Valeria Jordán; Maron Eduard; Martynowicz Jadwiga; Melloni Elisa; Otte Christian; Perez-Fuentes Gabriela; Poletti Sara; Schmidt Mark E.; van de Ketterij Edwin; Woo Katherine; Flossbach Yanina; Ramos-Quiroga J. Antoni; Savitz Adam J.; Pariante Carmine M.", "journal": "Molecular psychiatry", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01381-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34907394/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This report will feed into one of the main objectives of the EUropean Patient-cEntric clinicAl tRial pLatforms, Innovative Medicines Initiative (EU-PEARL, IMI) MDD project, to design a protocol for platform trials of new medications for TRD/PRD.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "lesperance-2024-modulates-inflammation", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modulates Inflammation in Treatment-Resistant Depression Patients: A Pilot Study", "authors": "Lespérance et al.", "authorsFull": "Lespérance Paul; Desbeaumes Jodoin Véronique; Drouin David; Racicot Frédéric; Miron Jean-Philippe; Longpré-Poirier Christophe; Fournier-Gosselin Marie-Pierre; Thebault Paméla; Lapointe Réjean; Arbour Nathalie; Cailhier Jean-François", "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052679", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38473935/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Anxiety levels were also greatly reduced.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "conway-2018-mechanism-action", "title": "The Mechanism of Action of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Current Conceptualizations", "authors": "Conway et al.", "authorsFull": "Conway Charles R.; Xiong Willa", "journal": "The Psychiatric clinics of North America", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.04.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098653/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the mechanism of action of VNS in treatment-resistant depression, integrating vagal neuroanatomy with functional imaging; how the antidepressant effect arises remains incompletely understood.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "moeller-2019-adjunctive-neurostimulation", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression", "authors": "Moeller et al.", "authorsFull": "Moeller Sebastian; Lücke Caroline; Heinen Christian; Bewernick Bettina H.; Aydin Merve; Lam Alexandra P.; Grömer Teja W.; Philipsen Alexandra; Müller Helge H.O.", "journal": "Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3791/58264", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30663639/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The current protocol describes delivery of the specific stimulation tool and methods for adjusting the tuning parameters to achieve the best remission rates in patients with TRD.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rush-2009-issues-considering", "title": "Clinical issues in considering vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression", "authors": "Rush et al.", "authorsFull": "Rush A. John; Siefert Susan E.", "journal": "Experimental neurology", "year": 2009, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.04.015", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19397908/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the rationale for VNS in treatment-resistant depression, noting two open trials showed positive acute results with benefit growing over time.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "rosenbaum-2000-treatment-resistant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression", "authors": "Rosenbaum et al.", "authorsFull": "Rosenbaum Jerrold F; Heninger George", "journal": "Biological psychiatry", "year": 2000, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00318-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10686261/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining depression using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "howland-2014", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Howland", "authorsFull": "Howland Robert H.", "journal": "Current behavioral neuroscience reports", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-014-0010-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24834378/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS deserves further study for its potentially favorable effects on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, metabolic, and other physiological biomarkers associated with depression morbidity and mortality.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "perez-carbonell-2020-drug-resistant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy", "authors": "Pérez-Carbonell et al.", "authorsFull": "Pérez-Carbonell Laura; Faulkner Howard; Higgins Sean; Koutroumanidis Michalis; Leschziner Guy", "journal": "Practical neurology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2019-002210", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31892545/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of VNS for drug-resistant epilepsy: RCTs show >50% seizure reduction in 26–40% of patients within a year, with better responses over long-term uncontrolled follow-up.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "courties-2021-musculoskeletal-diseases", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in musculoskeletal diseases", "authors": "Courties et al.", "authorsFull": "Courties Alice; Berenbaum Francis; Sellam Jérémie", "journal": "Joint bone spine", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105149", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33548494/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Several open-labeled small pilot studies have demonstrated that VNS, either invasive or transcutaneous, is associated with a significant decrease of RA disease activity.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhou-2023-transauricular-disorders", "title": "Transauricular vagus nerve stimulation for patients with disorders of consciousness: A randomized controlled clinical trial", "authors": "Zhou et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhou Yi-Fan; Kang Jun-Wei; Xiong Qi; Feng Zhen; Dong Xiao-Yang", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1133893", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36937511/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 57, "keyFinding": "In an RCT of 57 patients with disorders of consciousness, active taVNS improved Coma Recovery Scale scores versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "jain-2021-seizure-outcomes", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Seizure Outcomes in Pediatric Refractory Epilepsy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "authors": "Jain et al.", "authorsFull": "Jain Puneet; Arya Ravindra", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000012030", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33849993/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review of 101 studies of VNS in paediatric refractory epilepsy found a pooled 50%-responder rate of 56% and seizure freedom of 12% at ~2.5 years; fewer prior medications and later seizure onset predicted better outcomes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "cukiert-2015-epilepsy-evidence", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy: An Evidence-Based Approach", "authors": "Cukiert", "authorsFull": "Cukiert Arthur", "journal": "Progress in neurological surgery", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000434654", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26393531/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review positioning VNS as an option for the 20–30% of epilepsy patients who are refractory to drugs and ineligible for or failed by surgery.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "simpson-2022-practical-considerations", "title": "Practical considerations in epilepsy neurostimulation", "authors": "Simpson et al.", "authorsFull": "Simpson Hugh D.; Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas; Cascino Gregory D.; Fisher Robert S.; Jobst Barbara C.; Sperling Michael R.; Lundstrom Brian N.", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17329", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35700144/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review giving practical guidance on selecting neuromodulation devices (VNS, DBS of the anterior thalamic nucleus, responsive stimulation) for drug-resistant epilepsy.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hajtovic-2022-role-genetic", "title": "The role of vagus nerve stimulation in genetic etiologies of drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis", "authors": "Hajtovic et al.", "authorsFull": "Hajtovic Sabastian; LoPresti Melissa A.; Zhang Lu; Katlowitz Kalman A.; Kizek Dominic J.; Lam Sandi", "journal": "Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3171/2022.1.PEDS222", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35303699/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 216, "keyFinding": "The authors identified 125 articles, of which 47 with 216 nonduplicate patients were analyzed.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pan-2024-improves-working", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves working memory in temporal lobe epilepsy: A randomized double-blind study", "authors": "Pan et al.", "authorsFull": "Pan Liping; Wang Jiajing; Wu Wenjuan; Wang Yunfan; Zhu Yujing; Song Yijun", "journal": "CNS neuroscience & therapeutics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14395", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37553557/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Compared with the baseline state, reaction time was significantly shorter after 20 weeks of taVNS in the a-taVNS group (p = 0.010), whereas no difference was observed in the s-taVNS group (p > 0.05).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cramer-2023-benefit-epilepsy", "title": "Clinical Benefit of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy: Assessment of Randomized Controlled Trials and Prospective Non-Randomized Studies", "authors": "Cramer et al.", "authorsFull": "Cramer Samuel W; McGovern Robert A; Chen Clark C; Park Michael C", "journal": "Journal of central nervous system disease", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735231151830", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36654850/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A review of four RCTs (three adult, one paediatric) of VNS for medically intractable epilepsy found high-frequency stimulation (>20 Hz) consistently reduced seizure frequency by 23–33% versus low-frequency control.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "schachter-1998", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Schachter et al.", "authorsFull": "Schachter Steven C.; Saper Clifford B.", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 1998, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01151.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9670894/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of left VNS as an adjunctive treatment for medically refractory partial-onset seizures, US-approved since 1997.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "von-wrede-2021-treatment-drug", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy", "authors": "von Wrede et al.", "authorsFull": "von Wrede Randi; Surges Rainer", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102840", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246121/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 118, "keyFinding": "Seizure severity scores were provided in 4 studies, showing significant improvement in two of them.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "haneef-2023-neurostimulation-generalized", "title": "Neurostimulation in generalized epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Haneef et al.", "authorsFull": "Haneef Zulfi; Skrehot Henry C.", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17524", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36727550/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 510, "keyFinding": "Sufficient data for meta-analysis were available from seven studies for VNS (n = 510) and nine studies for DBS (n = 87).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jehi-2025-advances-therapy", "title": "Advances in Therapy for Refractory Epilepsy", "authors": "Jehi", "authorsFull": "Jehi Lara", "journal": "Annual review of medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-050522-034458", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39532109/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "DRE affects one-third of patients with epilepsy and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lim-2022-treatment-drug", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Lim et al.", "authorsFull": "Lim Mervyn Jun Rui; Fong Khi Yung; Zheng Yilong; Chua Christopher Yuan Kit; Miny Samuel; Lin Jeremy Bingyuan; Nga Vincent Diong Weng; Ong Hian Tat; Rathakrishnan Rahul; Yeo Tseng Tsai", "journal": "Neurosurgical review", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-022-01757-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35217961/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 718, "keyFinding": "This remained significant for subgroup analyses of low-frequency VNS as the control, VNS modality, and after removing studies with moderate-to-high risk of bias.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "moro-2025-can-considered", "title": "Can transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation be considered a viable adjuntive therapy in drug-resistant epilepsy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Moro et al.", "authorsFull": "Moro Pierludovico; Rocha dos Santos Marco Antonnio; Balduino de Souza Abner Lucas; Pereira Mendes Thaís; de Lima Xavier Laura; Di Bonaventura Carlo; Cerulli Irelli Emanuele", "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110394", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40158411/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 368, "keyFinding": "Four RCTs, comprising 368 patients, with 232 patients in the tVNS group, were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "suresh-2024-add-deep", "title": "Add-On Deep Brain Stimulation versus Continued Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Childhood Epilepsy (ADVANCE): A Partially Randomized Patient Preference Trial", "authors": "Suresh et al.", "authorsFull": "Suresh Hrishikesh; Mithani Karim; Warsi Nebras; Ochi Ayako; Otsubo Hiroshi; Drake James M.; Rutka James T.; Kerr Elizabeth; Smith Mary Lou; Breitbart Sara; Yau Ivanna; McRae Lyndsey; Chau Vann; Weiss Shelly; Jain Puneet; Donner Elizabeth; Fasano Alfonso; Gorodetsky Carolina; Ibrahim George M.", "journal": "Annals of neurology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26956", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38822686/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 18, "keyFinding": "ANN NEUROL 2024;96:405-411.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "fan-2019-research-progress", "title": "Research progress of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy", "authors": "Fan et al.", "authorsFull": "Fan Jing‐Jing; Shan Wei; Wu Jian‐Ping; Wang Qun", "journal": "CNS neuroscience & therapeutics", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13209", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31429206/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this review, we systematically describe the clinical application, clinical effects, possible antiepileptic mechanisms, and future research directions of VNS for epilepsy.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "oehrn-2022-epilepsy-enhances", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in epilepsy patients enhances cooperative behavior in the prisoner's dilemma task", "authors": "Oehrn et al.", "authorsFull": "Oehrn Carina R.; Molitor Lena; Krause Kristina; Niehaus Hauke; Schmidt Laura; Hakel Lukas; Timmermann Lars; Menzler Katja; Knake Susanne; Weber Immo", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14237-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35715460/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study provides evidence for the causal influence of vagus nerve activity on social interaction.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "wu-2020-treatment-drug", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis and systematic review", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Kaymin; Wang Zipu; Zhang Yunxiao; Yao Jiahui; Zhang Zuyong", "journal": "ANZ journal of surgery", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.15681", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32052569/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The results showed a significant difference in seizure frequency between treatment group and control group (Z = 2.14, P = 0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) -6.31 to -0.27; I2 = 10%).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "panebianco-2022-focal-seizures", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures", "authors": "Panebianco et al.", "authorsFull": "Panebianco Mariangela; Rigby Alexandra; Marson Anthony G", "journal": "The Cochrane database of systematic reviews", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002896.pub3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35833911/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS consists of chronic, intermittent electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, delivered by a programmable pulse generator.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "melese-2024-seizure-control", "title": "The effect of Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on seizure control, cognitive function, and quality of life in individuals with drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review article", "authors": "Melese et al.", "authorsFull": "Melese Daniel Molla; Aragaw Abebaye; Mekonen Wondyefraw", "journal": "Epilepsia open", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/epi4.13066", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39473272/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The search strategy yielded a total of 392 relevant studies.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dibue-adjei-2019-years-trials", "title": "30 years of vagus nerve stimulation trials in epilepsy: Do we need neuromodulation-specific trial designs?", "authors": "Dibué-Adjei et al.", "authorsFull": "Dibué-Adjei Maxine; Kamp Marcel Alexander; Vonck Kristl", "journal": "Epilepsy research", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.02.004", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30824370/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Although no comparative trials of these treatments have been performed, published data and clinical experience suggest comparable effectiveness.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ochoa-2021-treatment-super", "title": "Treatment of Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Review", "authors": "Ochoa et al.", "authorsFull": "Ochoa Juan G.; Dougherty Michelle; Papanastassiou Alex; Gidal Barry; Mohamed Ismail; Vossler David G.", "journal": "Epilepsy currents", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1535759721999670", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33719651/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "For SRSE (level U; 39 class IV studies total), insufficient evidence exists to support that perampanel, PGB, lidocaine, or acute vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is effective.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kong-2024-cognitive-function", "title": "Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on cognitive function in patients with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Kong et al.", "authorsFull": "Kong Yurou; Zhao Kun; Zeng Duchun; Lu Feiao; Li Xiang; Wu Yulun; Jiang Zengming; Wen Wanshun", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1332882", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38405400/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Twenty clinical trials were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "steidel-2021-influences-gastric", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation influences gastric motility: A randomized, double-blind trial in healthy individuals", "authors": "Steidel et al.", "authorsFull": "Steidel Kenan; Krause Kristina; Menzler Katja; Strzelczyk Adam; Immisch Ilka; Fuest Sven; Gorny Iris; Mross Peter; Hakel Lukas; Schmidt Laura; Timmermann Lars; Rosenow Felix; Bauer Sebastian; Knake Susanne", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2021.06.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187756/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "After HF taVNS, GMI was significantly higher than after LF stimulation (p = 0.005), which was mainly attributable to a higher amplitude of the peristaltic waves (p = 0.003).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "boon-2002-refractory-epilepsy", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory epilepsy", "authors": "Boon et al.", "authorsFull": "Boon P; Vonck K; de Reuck J; Caemaert J", "journal": "Seizure", "year": 2002, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12185767/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of VNS for refractory epilepsy, noting >10,000 patients treated since 1989 and two RCTs showing significant seizure-frequency reductions with high-level stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "cheng-2023-disorders-consciousness", "title": "Randomized trial of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on patients with disorders of consciousness: A study protocol", "authors": "Cheng et al.", "authorsFull": "Cheng Lijuan; Sun Lingxiu; Xu Lu; Zhao Falin; Liu Xiaochen; Wang Anqi; Di Haibo; Cong Yu-Sheng", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1116115", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37122310/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study attempts to investigate the effectiveness of taVNS in DoC by means of Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Electrophysiology (EEG), and Single-molecular array (Simoa).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "musselman-2019-empirically-guidelines", "title": "Empirically Based Guidelines for Selecting Vagus Nerve Stimulation Parameters in Epilepsy and Heart Failure", "authors": "Musselman et al.", "authorsFull": "Musselman Eric D.; Pelot Nicole A.; Grill Warren M.", "journal": "Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a034264", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30181356/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of evidence-based guidance for selecting VNS stimulation parameters in epilepsy and heart failure.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "ryvlin-2021-neuromodulation-epilepsy", "title": "Neuromodulation in epilepsy: state-of-the-art approved therapies", "authors": "Ryvlin et al.", "authorsFull": "Ryvlin Philippe; Rheims Sylvain; Hirsch Lawrence J; Sokolov Arseny; Jehi Lara", "journal": "The Lancet. Neurology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00300-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34710360/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Until then, neuromodulation could be considered for individuals with intractable seizures, ideally after the possibility of curative surgical treatment has been carefully assessed and ruled out or judged less appropriate.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "asadi-pooya-2018-lennox-gastaut", "title": "Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a comprehensive review", "authors": "Asadi-Pooya", "authorsFull": "Asadi-Pooya Ali A.", "journal": "Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-3188-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29124439/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This syndrome is often associated with long-term adverse effects on intellectual development, social functioning, and independent living.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mao-2022-short-long", "title": "Short- and Long-Term Response of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "authors": "Mao et al.", "authorsFull": "Mao Hongliang; Chen Yonghao; Ge Qintao; Ye Lei; Cheng Hongwei", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13509", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35396068/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 5223, "keyFinding": "A total of 61 studies, featuring 5223 patients, were included in our study.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tong-2022-drug-resistant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy induced by tuberous sclerosis complex", "authors": "Tong et al.", "authorsFull": "Tong Xuezhi; Wang Xiongfei; Qin Lang; Zhou Jian; Guan Yuguang; Teng Pengfei; Wang Jing; Yang Yujiao; Li Tianfu; Luan Guoming", "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108431", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34883463/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 17, "keyFinding": "The follow-up duration for the 17 patients who underwent VNS treatment ranged from 0.5 to 10 years (mean ± SD: 4.1 ± 3.2 years).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "touma-2022-neurostimulation-people", "title": "Neurostimulation in people with drug-resistant epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis from the ILAE Surgical Therapies Commission", "authors": "Touma et al.", "authorsFull": "Touma Lahoud; Dansereau Bénédicte; Chan Alvin Y.; Jetté Nathalie; Kwon Churl‐Su; Braun Kees P. J.; Friedman Daniel; Jehi Lara; Rolston John D.; Vadera Sumeet; Wong‐Kisiel Lily C.; Englot Dario J.; Keezer Mark R.", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17243", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35352349/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We identified 30 eligible studies, six of which were RCTs.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2025-long-term", "title": "Long-term outcome of vagus nerve stimulation therapy in drug-resistant epilepsy: a retrospective single-center study", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Si; Yang Xiaxin; Xu Shujun; Li Baomin; Li Chao; Yang Ning; Yang Xue; Wang Xiaotang; Xu Shuo; Zhao Xiuhe", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1564735", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40417112/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 65, "keyFinding": "A total of 65 patients underwent VNS implantation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "polkey-2022-long-term", "title": "Long-term outcome of vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy using continuous assessment, with a note on mortality", "authors": "Polkey et al.", "authorsFull": "Polkey Charles E; Nashef Lina; Queally Cathy; Selway Richard; Valentin Antonio", "journal": "Seizure", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2022.01.017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35151152/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 464, "keyFinding": "In a retrospective cohort of 464 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, 81 of 171 with continuous follow-up were sustained responders; response was stable over years and linked to lower epilepsy-related mortality.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zwolinska-2025-long-term", "title": "Long-Term Efficacy and Quality-of-Life Changes After Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Adult Patients With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy", "authors": "Zwolińska et al.", "authorsFull": "Zwolińska Edyta; Birski Marcin; Hoppe Szymon; Paczkowski Dariusz; Harat Marek", "journal": "Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2024.0218", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40065452/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Improvements in seizure frequency, duration, and strength were observed in 65% of the patients with drug-resistant epilepsy treated using VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mithani-2025-long-term", "title": "Long-term outcomes of vagus nerve stimulation in children with drug resistant epilepsy are driven by early benefit", "authors": "Mithani et al.", "authorsFull": "Mithani Karim; Niazi Farbod; Alhasan Hosni Abu; Suresh Hrishikesh; Yefet Leeor; Yau Ivanna; McRae Lyndsey; Rutka James T.; Ochi Ayako; Otsubo Hiroshi; Donner Elizabeth; Chau Vann; Jain Puneet; Ibrahim George M.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.010", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39978726/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining epilepsy using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lee-2025-long-term", "title": "Long-term outcome and predictors of vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: Real-world evidence from the Korean national hospital consortium", "authors": "Lee et al.", "authorsFull": "Lee Seo-Young; Lee Hyesung; Cho Jae-Wook; Kang Kyung Wook; Seo Jong-Geun; Kim Jon Soo; Kang Joon-Won; Kim Daeyoung; Kim Young-Soo; Choi Sun Ah; Park Jeonghoon; Phi Ji Hoon; Nam Sang Ook; Kim Won Seop; Kim Jae-Moon; Kim Ki Joong", "journal": "Epilepsy research", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107511", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39848013/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The seizure frequency exhibited a decreasing trend in 27.5 % and an increasing trend in 3.8 % during the first year following VNS implantation without a significant change in efficacy over the subsequent three years.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "patil-2025-long-term", "title": "Long-Term Outcome of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy", "authors": "Patil et al.", "authorsFull": "Patil Anuja; Jayalakshmi Sita; Somayajula Shanmukhi; Shah Dhrumil; Vooturi Sudhindra; Panigrahi Manas", "journal": "Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4103/aian.aian_389_24", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39951020/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Mean age at the time of VNS implantation was 18.7 (6-38) years; nine (37.5%) of the patients were females.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "yang-2024-long-term", "title": "Long-term effects of vagus nerve stimulation on EEG aperiodic components in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy", "authors": "Yang et al.", "authorsFull": "Yang Yujiao; Wang Jing; Wang Xiongfei; Tang Chongyang; Deng Jiahui; Yan Zhaofen; Deng Qinqin; Chen Dong; Zhou Jian; Guan Yuguang; Wang Mengyang; Li Tianfu; Luan Guoming", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/17562864241279124", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39371641/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 18, "keyFinding": "In all, 18 patients with DRE participated in this study.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "santi-2024-long-term", "title": "Long-Term Outcome in Adult Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Submitted to Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Santi et al.", "authorsFull": "Santi Samuele; Fuggetta Filomena; Colicchio Gabriella; D’Ercole Manuela; Izzo Alessandro; D’Alessandris Quintino Giorgio; Burattini Benedetta; Martinelli Renata; Montano Nicola", "journal": "Brain sciences", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070639", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39061382/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 73, "keyFinding": "Among the 73 patients with follow-up data, 80.8% were responders, experiencing significant reductions in seizure frequency over an average follow-up period of 9.4 years.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "puteikis-2024-long-term", "title": "Long-term effects of vagus nerve stimulation therapy on cognitive functioning in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy", "authors": "Puteikis et al.", "authorsFull": "Puteikis Kristijonas; Jasionis Arminas; Jasionytė Gabija; Mameniškienė Rūta", "journal": "Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-023-07202-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37981620/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 28, "keyFinding": "The study included 28 PWE (16, 57.1% female, average age 33.7 ± 10.0 years).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lyons-2025-lennox-gastaut", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Twenty-four-month data and experience from the CORE-VNS study", "authors": "Lyons et al.", "authorsFull": "Lyons Paul; Wheless James; Verner Ryan; Ferreira Jose; Liow Kore; Valeriano James; Motamedi Gholam; Giannicola Gaia; Nichol Kathryn", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18289", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39921595/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Sixty participants in the CORE-VNS study had a diagnosis of LGS and received an initial implant of VNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yalnizoglu-2020-long-term", "title": "Long-term effects of vagus nerve stimulation in refractory pediatric epilepsy: A single-center experience", "authors": "Yalnizoglu et al.", "authorsFull": "Yalnizoglu Dilek; Ardicli Didem; Bilginer Burcak; Konuskan Bahadir; Karli Oguz Kader; Akalan Nejat; Turanli Güzide; Saygi Serap; Topcu Meral", "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107147", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32604021/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 58, "keyFinding": "A total of 58 children (male/female: 40/18) with a mean follow-up duration of 5.7 years (3 months to 20 years) were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lyu-2023-effectiveness-drug", "title": "Effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant generalized epilepsy in children aged six and younger", "authors": "Lyu et al.", "authorsFull": "Lyu Jian; Wang Ju-Bo; Quan Yu; Zhang Xi; Gong Shou-Ping; Qu Jian-Qiang; Huang Shao-Ping", "journal": "Neuro-Chirurgie", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2023.101500", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37742915/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "To explore a novel scoring system to evaluate the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in children with drug-resistant generalized epilepsy (DRGE) aged six and younger.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "xiong-2025-cost-effectiveness", "title": "Cost-effectiveness analysis of vagus nerve stimulation in drug-resistant epilepsy", "authors": "Xiong et al.", "authorsFull": "Xiong Weixi; Lu Lu; Zhang Yingying; Egbuta Caleb Onyenaturuchi; Wu Xintong; Sander Josemir W.; Zhou Dong", "journal": "Acta epileptologica", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-025-00219-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41174813/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A cost-effectiveness analysis of VNS for drug-resistant epilepsy in a population facing reduced quality of life and higher mortality (human health-economics review, not a preclinical study).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "salanova-2021-sante-years", "title": "The SANTÉ study at 10 years of follow-up: Effectiveness, safety, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy", "authors": "Salanova et al.", "authorsFull": "Salanova Vicenta; Sperling Michael R.; Gross Robert E.; Irwin Chris P.; Vollhaber Jim A.; Giftakis Jonathon E.; Fisher Robert S.", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16895", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33830503/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 69, "keyFinding": "One hundred ten implanted subjects accumulated a total of 938 device-years of experience (69 subjects during the LTFU phase and 61 subjects in the CAP phase).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2023-comparison-long", "title": "Comparison of long-term survival with continued medical therapy, vagus nerve stimulation, and cranial epilepsy surgery in paediatric patients with drug-resistant epilepsy in the USA: an observational cohort study", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Lu; Hall Matt; Lam Sandi K", "journal": "The Lancet. Child & adolescent health", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(23)00082-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37276875/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 240, "keyFinding": "This study included 10 240 patients treated with antiseizure medications only, 5019 patients treated with antiseizure medications plus VNS, and 3033 patients treated with antiseizure medications plus cranial epilepsy surgery.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "goodnick-2001-depression", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in depression", "authors": "Goodnick et al.", "authorsFull": "Goodnick Paul J; Rush A John; George Mark S; Marangell Lauren B; Sackeim Harold A", "journal": "Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy", "year": 2001, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2.7.1061", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11583056/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "Currently, a pivotal double-blind acute study is underway in the US.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ma-2024-treatment-drug", "title": "Treatment of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy With Right-Sided Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Ma et al.", "authorsFull": "Ma Yitao; Young William", "journal": "Cureus", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.65061", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39171016/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The other two patients demonstrated a less favorable response to R-VNS compared to their previous left VNS therapy.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kostov-2022-norwegian-population", "title": "Norwegian population-based study of long-term effects, safety, and predictors of response of vagus nerve stimulation treatment in drug-resistant epilepsy: The NORPulse study", "authors": "Kostov et al.", "authorsFull": "Kostov Konstantin H.; Kostov Hrisimir; Larsson Pål Gunnar; Henning Oliver; Eckmann Christian Alexander Cornelius; Lossius Morten Ingvar; Peltola Jukka", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17152", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34935136/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The cumulative probability of ≥50% seizure reduction was 60%; however, 15% of patients showed a fluctuating course.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "revesz-2018-estimating-long", "title": "Estimating Long-Term Vagus Nerve Stimulation Effectiveness: Accounting for Antiepileptic Drug Treatment Changes", "authors": "Révész et al.", "authorsFull": "Révész David; Fröjd Victoria; Rydenhag Bertil; Ben-Menachem Elinor", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12775", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29608227/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Median age at epilepsy onset was five years and mean years from diagnosis to VNS implantation was 16.5 years.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ma-2024-complications-mortality", "title": "Complications and Mortality Rate of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy", "authors": "Ma et al.", "authorsFull": "Ma Yitao; Lehman Nicholas; Crutcher Robert; Young William; Horvat David", "journal": "Cureus", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.63842", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39099993/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": " In total, 55 adult and pediatric patients received VNS therapy with 117 procedures performed over 23 years.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2024-epilepsy", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Qing; Luo Xue; Wang Xiao-hui; Li Jing-ya; Qiu Hui; Yang Dong-dong", "journal": "Seizure", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2024.05.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38820674/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review/meta-analysis found taVNS produced higher seizure-response rates than control in epilepsy (OR 2.94) with wider EEG changes; pooled preclinical data also showed reduced seizures.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "ellrich-2019", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Ellrich", "authorsFull": "Ellrich Jens", "journal": "Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0000000000000576", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31688327/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review contrasting invasive VNS (effective in ~60% of drug-resistant epilepsy but with hoarseness, throat and breathing side effects) with non-invasive transcutaneous auricular VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "farmer-2020-international-consensus", "title": "International Consensus Based Review and Recommendations for Minimum Reporting Standards in Research on Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (Version 2020)", "authors": "Farmer et al.", "authorsFull": "Farmer Adam D.; Strzelczyk Adam; Finisguerra Alessandra; Gourine Alexander V.; Gharabaghi Alireza; Hasan Alkomiet; Burger Andreas M.; Jaramillo Andrés M.; Mertens Ann; Majid Arshad; Verkuil Bart; Badran Bashar W.; Ventura-Bort Carlos; Gaul Charly; Beste Christian; Warren Christopher M.; Quintana Daniel S.; Hämmerer Dorothea; Freri Elena; Frangos Eleni; Tobaldini Eleonora; Kaniusas Eugenijus; Rosenow Felix; Capone Fioravante; Panetsos Fivos; Ackland Gareth L.; Kaithwas Gaurav; O'Leary Georgia H.; Genheimer Hannah; Jacobs Heidi I. L.; Van Diest Ilse; Schoenen Jean; Redgrave Jessica; Fang Jiliang; Deuchars Jim; Széles Jozsef C.; Thayer Julian F.; More Kaushik; Vonck Kristl; Steenbergen Laura; Vianna Lauro C.; McTeague Lisa M.; Ludwig Mareike; Veldhuizen Maria G.; De Couck Marijke; Casazza Marina; Keute Marius; Bikson Marom; Andreatta Marta; D'Agostini Martina; Weymar Mathias; Betts Matthew; Prigge Matthias; Kaess Michael; Roden Michael; Thai Michelle; Schuster Nathaniel M.; Montano Nicola; Hansen Niels; Kroemer Nils B.; Rong Peijing; Fischer Rico; Howland Robert H.; Sclocco Roberta; Sellaro Roberta; Garcia Ronald G.; Bauer Sebastian; Gancheva Sofiya; Stavrakis Stavros; Kampusch Stefan; Deuchars Susan A.; Wehner Sven; Laborde Sylvain; Usichenko Taras; Polak Thomas; Zaehle Tino; Borges Uirassu; Teckentrup Vanessa; Jandackova Vera K.; Napadow Vitaly; Koenig Julian", "journal": "Frontiers in human neuroscience", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.568051", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854421/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lampros-2021-epilepsy-literature", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (t-VNS) and epilepsy: A systematic review of the literature", "authors": "Lampros et al.", "authorsFull": "Lampros Marios; Vlachos Nikolaos; Zigouris Andreas; Voulgaris Spyridon; Alexiou George A", "journal": "Seizure", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2021.05.017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34090145/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 350, "keyFinding": "A total of 10 studies with 350 patients were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhu-2022-increases-eye", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation increases eye-gaze on salient facial features and oxytocin release", "authors": "Zhu et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhu Siyu; Qing Yanan; Zhang Yingying; Zhang Xiaolu; Ding Fangyuan; Zhang Rong; Yao Shuxia; Kendrick Keith M.; Zhao Weihua", "journal": "Psychophysiology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14107", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35638321/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 54, "keyFinding": "Saliva oxytocin concentrations increased significantly after taVNS compared to sham stimulation, while resting pupil size did not.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yamamoto-2022-application", "title": "[Clinical Application of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation]", "authors": "Yamamoto", "authorsFull": "Yamamoto T", "journal": "Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202166", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35941796/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A randomized double-blind trial of taVNS in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (clinical results not in the indexed abstract; low confidence).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "von-wrede-2022-differently-modifies", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Differently Modifies Functional Brain Networks of Subjects With Different Epilepsy Types", "authors": "von Wrede et al.", "authorsFull": "von Wrede Randi; Rings Thorsten; Bröhl Timo; Pukropski Jan; Schach Sophia; Helmstaedter Christoph; Lehnertz Klaus", "journal": "Frontiers in human neuroscience", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.867563", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35814953/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Impact of such a non-pharmaceutical intervention on clinical decision-making in the treatment of different epilepsy types needs to be assessed in future studies.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "binda-2025-acute-modulates", "title": "Acute transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modulates presynaptic SV2A density in healthy rat brain: An in vivo microPET study", "authors": "Binda et al.", "authorsFull": "Binda Karina H.; Real Caroline C.; Simonsen Mette T.; Grove Ebbe K.; Bender Dirk; Gjedde Albert; Brooks David J.; Landau Anne M.", "journal": "Psychophysiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14709", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39428713/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 11, "keyFinding": "The changes in taVNS compared to baseline were significantly larger than those induced by sham stimulation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hilz-2022-realm-its", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and the realm of its therapeutic hopes and physiologic enigmas", "authors": "Hilz et al.", "authorsFull": "Hilz Max J.; Bolz Armin", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2022.103039", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36279622/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This Special Issue of Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic & Clinical provides an introduction and overview on basic aspects as well as special topics of tVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sarma-2023-electrical-branch", "title": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of auricular branch of the vagus nerve effectively and rapidly modulates the EEG patterns in patients with possible electrographic status epilepticus", "authors": "Sarma et al.", "authorsFull": "Sarma Gosala Raja Kukkuta; Sharma Ananya Rakesh; John Anil T.", "journal": "Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.20068", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37158133/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The duration of status epilepticus at the time of inclusion of Patients 1, 2, and 3 was 6 weeks, 7 days, and 5 days respectively.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mertens-2022-investigating-cortical", "title": "Investigating the Effect of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Cortical Excitability in Healthy Males", "authors": "Mertens et al.", "authorsFull": "Mertens Ann; Carrette Sofie; Klooster Debby; Lescrauwaet Emma; Delbeke Jean; Wadman Wytse Jan; Carrette Evelien; Raedt Robrecht; Boon Paul; Vonck Kristl", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13488", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35396071/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 8, "keyFinding": "MEP and TEP measurements were not affected by taVNS in this study.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "xu-2025-effectiveness-safety", "title": "Effectiveness and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for depression in patients with epilepsy", "authors": "Xu et al.", "authorsFull": "Xu Zheng Yan Ran; Fang Jia Jia; Fan Xiao Qin; Xu Long Long; Jin Gui Fang; Lei Mei Hua; Wang Yu Fei; Liu Jun Biao; Dong Fang; Jiang Lu Rong; Guo Yi", "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.110226", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39675145/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Sixty-nine participants were enrolled in this study.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "turk-kalkan-2025-investigation-effectiveness", "title": "Investigation of the Effectiveness of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) and Vestibular Rehabilitation in Patients with Unilateral Vestibular Hypofunction", "authors": "Türk Kalkan et al.", "authorsFull": "Türk Kalkan Tuğba; Tarakçi Devrim; Kiliç Gamze; Çelikyurt Cengiz", "journal": "Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61050872", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40428830/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Results: At the end of eight weeks, patients in Group 2 showed significantly greater improvement in balance, dizziness, fatigue, kinesiophobia, anxiety, and depression.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2024-improves-anxiety", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves anxiety symptoms and cortical activity during verbal fluency task in Parkinson's disease with anxiety", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Heng; Shan Ai-di; Wan Chen-hui; Cao Xing-yue; Yuan Yong-sheng; Ye Shi-yi; Gao Meng-xi; Gao Li-zhi; Tong Qing; Gan Cai-ting; Sun Hui-min; Zhang Ke-zhong", "journal": "Journal of affective disorders", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.083", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38925314/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "PD-A patients showed significantly decreased oxyhemoglobin in the left triangle part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during VFT, which was negatively related to the severity of anxiety symptoms.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rosson-2022-brain-other", "title": "Brain stimulation and other biological non-pharmacological interventions in mental disorders: An umbrella review", "authors": "Rosson et al.", "authorsFull": "Rosson Stella; de Filippis Renato; Croatto Giovanni; Collantoni Enrico; Pallottino Simone; Guinart Daniel; Brunoni Andre R.; Dell’Osso Bernardo; Pigato Giorgio; Hyde Joshua; Brandt Valerie; Cortese Samuele; Fiedorowicz Jess G.; Petrides Georgios; Correll Christoph U.; Solmi Marco", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104743", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35714757/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We selected 102 meta-analyses.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "hartley-2024-self-administered", "title": "Self-administered non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation therapy for severe pharmacoresistant restless legs syndrome: outcomes at 6 months", "authors": "Hartley et al.", "authorsFull": "Hartley Sarah; Bao Guillaume; Russo Ashley; Zagdoun Marine; Chevallier Sylvain; Lofaso Frédéric; Leotard Antoine; Azabou Eric", "journal": "Journal of sleep research", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14066", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37846650/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "In a case series of 15 patients with severe drug-resistant restless legs syndrome, self-administered auricular taVNS improved quality of life at 6 months.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "jerman-2025-evaluating-pemf", "title": "Evaluating PEMF vagus nerve stimulation through neck application: A randomized placebo study with volunteers", "authors": "Jerman et al.", "authorsFull": "Jerman I.; Škafar M.; Pihir J.; Senica M.", "journal": "Electromagnetic biology and medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2025.2462649", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39972609/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Results demonstrated significant improvements in sleep quality and reduction in anxiety levels, especially notable at 16 hz.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2023-insomnia-people", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Insomnia in People Living in Places or Cities with High Altitudes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Liang; Jin Yinchuan; Zhang Qintao; Liu Hongyao; Chen Chen; Song Lei; Li Xiao; Ma Zhujing; Yang Qun", "journal": "Brain sciences", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13070985", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508917/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Patients' PSQI, ISI, and GAD-7 scale scores significantly decreased after 4 weeks of tVNS treatment and were greater than those of the control group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jung-2025-efficacy-safety", "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Electroacupuncture Through Nerve Stimulation in Patients With Anxiety Disorders: Protocol for a Randomized, Assessor-Blind, Three-Arm, Parallel-Group Clinical Trial", "authors": "Jung et al.", "authorsFull": "Jung In Chul; Kang Dong-Hoon; Choi Sunyoung; Choi Yujin; Kwon Ojin; Kook Hye Jeong; Lee Daeun; Park Yang-Chun; Kim Jieun", "journal": "JMIR research protocols", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2196/68166", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40690751/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "The first participant was enrolled on December 15, 2022.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ferreira-2024-modulates-masseter", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modulates masseter muscle activity, pain perception, and anxiety levels in university students: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial", "authors": "Ferreira et al.", "authorsFull": "Ferreira Luciano Maia Alves; Brites Ricardo; Fraião Gonçalo; Pereira Gonçalo; Fernandes Henrique; de Brito José Américo Almeida; Pereira Generoso Laura; Maziero Capello Maria Gabriela; Pereira Gabrielly Santos; Scoz Robson Dias; Silva Josie Resende Torres; Silva Marcelo Lourenço", "journal": "Frontiers in integrative neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2024.1422312", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39051059/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Active TAVNS significantly reduced both left and right masseter activation during resting mandibular position, persisting for 2 weeks post-intervention.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lee-2025-functional-dyspepsia", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for functional dyspepsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Lee et al.", "authorsFull": "Lee Boram; Kwon Chan-Young; Jeong Yoon Kyoung; Sclocco Roberta; Kuo Braden; Napadow Vitaly; Lee Jun-Hwan; Kim Hojun", "journal": "Complementary therapies in medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103243", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40967422/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 716, "keyFinding": "Six RCTs with 716 participants were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "li-2022-comparative-effectiveness", "title": "Comparative Effectiveness of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation vs Citalopram for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Trial", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Shaoyuan; Rong Peijing; Wang Yu; Jin Guixing; Hou Xiaobing; Li Suxia; Xiao Xue; Zhou Wei; Wu Yue; Liu Yaping; Zhang Yue; Zhao Bin; Huang Yiting; Cao Jin; Chen Helen; Hodges Sierra; Vangel Mark; Kong Jian", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2021.10.021", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35088753/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The HAM-D17 scores were reduced in both treatment groups; however, there was no significant group-by-time interaction (95% CI: -0.07 to 0.15, p = 0.79).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "srinivasan-2024-efficacy-anxiety", "title": "Efficacy of Vagal nerve stimulation on anxiety among elderly retired teachers during COVID-19 pandemic", "authors": "Srinivasan et al.", "authorsFull": "Srinivasan Vignesh; Ruthuvalan Varalakshmi; Raja Sakthi; Jayaraj Vanitha; Sridhar Swathi; Kothandaraman Muthulakshmi; Suganthirababu Prathap; Abathsagayam Kumaresan; Vishnuram Surya; Alagesan Jagatheesan; Vasanthi Rajkumar Krishnan", "journal": "Work (Reading, Mass.)", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-230356", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38489208/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Following the 4-week intervention, both groups exhibited a significant reduction in Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scores and salivary cortisol levels (P < 0.001).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zheng-2024-improves-long", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation improves Long COVID symptoms in a female cohort: a pilot study", "authors": "Zheng et al.", "authorsFull": "Zheng Zhong Sheng; Simonian Ninette; Wang Jing; Rosario Emily R.", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1393371", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38756213/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Significant improvements were observed in various cognitive functions, anxiety, depression, and sleep at post-intervention, with benefits remaining or progressing at 1-month follow-up.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pan-2025-treat-narcolepsy", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation to treat narcolepsy type 1 (TARGET-NT1): A two-arm, randomised, sham-controlled trial", "authors": "Pan et al.", "authorsFull": "Pan Yuanhang; Zhang Yingchi; Xu Ziliang; Wei Zihan; Pan Rui; Hu Gengyao; Wang Xiaoli; Yang Lei; Wu Dianwei; Zhang Xinbo; Wen Xinyu; Qu Shuyi; Li Chenwei; Zhu Zhe; Gao Yuwen; Shi Xiaodan; Zhu Yuanqiang; Wu Kejian; Wang Duolao; Liu Yonghong", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00604", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40335432/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a double-blind, sham-controlled RCT (TARGET-NT1), taVNS as add-on therapy significantly improved daytime sleepiness and cataplexy symptoms in narcolepsy type 1.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "yu-2024-feasibility-effectiveness", "title": "Feasibility and effectiveness of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) in awake mice", "authors": "Yu et al.", "authorsFull": "Yu Yu‐Mei; Yao Rui; Liu Zhou‐Liang; Lu Yao; Zhu Yang‐Zi; Cao Jun‐Li", "journal": "CNS neuroscience & therapeutics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.70043", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39258798/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that repetitive taVNS was well tolerated by awake mice, had no effect on anxiety-like behaviors, and significantly improved memory.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yue-2023-therapeutic-implanted", "title": "Therapeutic effect of implanted and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on heroin-induced anxiety", "authors": "Yue et al.", "authorsFull": "Yue Yingbiao; Zou Lei; Li Hong; Xia Yu; Ren Zhouyang; Yang Fazhen; Kong Deshenyue; Re Guofen; Luo Huayou; Zhang Zunyue; Wang Kunhua; Zhu Mei", "journal": "Biochemical and biophysical research communications", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.041", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36809704/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Both nVNS and taVNS significantly increased the expression of c-Fos in the nucleus of solitary tract, suggesting the feasibility of nVNS and taVNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "murphy-2023-functional-connectivity", "title": "The Effects of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Functional Connectivity Within Semantic and Hippocampal Networks in Mild Cognitive Impairment", "authors": "Murphy et al.", "authorsFull": "Murphy Aidan J.; O'Neal Alexandria G.; Cohen Ronald A.; Lamb Damon G.; Porges Eric C.; Bottari Sarah A.; Ho Brian; Trifilio Erin; DeKosky Steven T.; Heilman Kenneth M.; Williamson John B.", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-022-01318-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36477709/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 25, "keyFinding": "Neuropathological data suggest that the locus coeruleus may be an early site of tau pathology in AD.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zhang-2024-improves-social", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves social deficits through the inhibition of IL-17a signaling in a mouse model of autism", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Wenjing; Mou Zhiwei; Zhong Qi; Liu Xiaocao; Yan Lan; Gou Lei; Chen Zhuoming; So Kwok-Fai; Zhang Li", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1393549", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38993386/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "TaVNS reduced anxiety, improved social function, decreased the number of microglia, and inhibited M1 polarization of microglia.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "trifilio-2023-impact-healthy", "title": "Impact of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on healthy cognitive and brain aging", "authors": "Trifilio et al.", "authorsFull": "Trifilio Erin; Shortell Destin; Olshan Sarah; O’Neal Alexandria; Coyne Jozee; Lamb Damon; Porges Eric; Williamson John", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1184051", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37575296/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing; Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of transcutaneous VNS for healthy cognitive and brain ageing, summarising accumulating evidence across neuropsychiatric applications.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "diao-2025-alleviates-anxiety", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation alleviates anxiety-like behaviors in mice with post-traumatic stress disorder by regulating glutamatergic neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex", "authors": "Diao et al.", "authorsFull": "Diao Zhijun; Zuo Yan; Zhang Jinming; Chen Ke; Liu Yongbin; Wu Yuwei; Miao Feng; Qiao Haifa", "journal": "Translational psychiatry", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03535-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40849423/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our findings substantiate that taVNS significantly mitigates anxiety-like behaviors in PTSD-like male mice via activating specific glutamatergic neurons in the ACC.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "decarie-spain-2024-gut-brain", "title": "The gut-brain axis and cognitive control: A role for the vagus nerve", "authors": "Décarie-Spain et al.", "authorsFull": "Décarie-Spain Léa; Hayes Anna M.R.; Lauer Logan Tierno; Kanoski Scott E.", "journal": "Seminars in cell & developmental biology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.004", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36803834/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Collectively, these findings highlight the contributions of gastrointestinal vagus nerve signaling to the regulation of neurocognitive processes that shape various adaptive behavioral responses.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "szulczewski-2022-combined-slow", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Combined With Slow Breathing: Speculations on Potential Applications and Technical Considerations", "authors": "Szulczewski", "authorsFull": "Szulczewski Mikołaj Tytus", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13458", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35396070/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Both taVNS and slow breathing are considered promising add-on therapeutic approaches for anxiety and depressive disorders, chronic pain, cardiovascular diseases, and insomnia.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bottari-2025-optimizing-parameters", "title": "Optimizing transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation parameters for sleep and autonomic function in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder with or without mild traumatic brain injury", "authors": "Bottari et al.", "authorsFull": "Bottari Sarah A; Trifilio Erin R; Rohl Brittany; Wu Samuel S; Miller-Sellers Dolores; Waldorff Isabella; Hadigal Susheela; Jaffee Michael S; Ferri Raffaele; Lamb Damon G; Porges Eric C; Williamson John B", "journal": "Sleep", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaf152", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40489292/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The parameter combination of 20Hz, 100μs pulse width, and 80% discomfort threshold was associated with the most optimal outcomes across both intent-to-treat and per protocol analyses.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "prott-2025-treatment-myoarthropathic", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Myoarthropathic Symptoms Associated With Temporomandibular Disorders-A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial", "authors": "Prott et al.", "authorsFull": "Prott Lea S.; Kaldenhoven Vanessa; Hugger Alfons; Langner Robert; Gierthmuehlen Petra C.; Gierthmuehlen Mortimer", "journal": "Journal of oral rehabilitation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.70039", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40814998/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recruitment and retention rates were high (100% and 90%, respectively), with 83% adherence to the intervention.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zhang-2021-migraine-fmri", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) for migraine: an fMRI study", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Yue; Huang Yiting; Li Hui; Yan Zhaoxian; Zhang Ying; Liu Xian; Hou Xiaoyan; Chen Weicui; Tu Yiheng; Hodges Sierra; Chen Helen; Liu Bo; Kong Jian", "journal": "Regional anesthesia and pain medicine", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-102088", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33262253/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 59, "keyFinding": "Of the 59 patients that finished the study, those in the taVNS group had significantly reduced number of migraine days, pain intensity and migraine attack times after 4 weeks of treatment compared with the sham taVNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "costa-2024-chronic-pain", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation effects on chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Costa et al.", "authorsFull": "Costa Valton; Gianlorenço Anna Carolyna; Andrade Maria Fernanda; Camargo Lucas; Menacho Maryela; Arias Avila Mariana; Pacheco-Barrios Kevin; Choi Hyuk; Song Jae-Jun; Fregni Felipe", "journal": "Pain reports", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001171", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39131814/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs concluded transcutaneous VNS is a safe therapy for chronic pain in adults.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "song-2023-migraine-trials", "title": "Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation for migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Song et al.", "authorsFull": "Song Dong; Li Piaoyi; Wang Yonggang; Cao Jin", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1190062", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37251233/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A meta-analysis of RCTs found non-invasive cervical VNS improved the ≥50% responder rate for migraine (OR 1.64) but did not significantly reduce migraine or headache days.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "vanderpluym-2021-acute-treatments", "title": "Acute Treatments for Episodic Migraine in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "authors": "VanderPluym et al.", "authorsFull": "VanderPluym Juliana H.; Halker Singh Rashmi B.; Urtecho Meritxell; Morrow Allison S.; Nayfeh Tarek; Torres Roldan Victor D.; Farah Magdoleen H.; Hasan Bashar; Saadi Samer; Shah Sahrish; Abd-Rabu Rami; Daraz Lubna; Prokop Larry J.; Murad Mohammad Hassan; Wang Zhen", "journal": "JAMA", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.7939", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34128998/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 803, "keyFinding": "Evidence on triptans and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was summarized from 15 systematic reviews.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "duff-2024-efficacy-treatment", "title": "Clinical Efficacy of Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic and Acute Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "authors": "Duff et al.", "authorsFull": "Duff Irina T.; Likar Rudolf; Perruchoud Christophe; Kampusch Stefan; Köstenberger Markus; Sator Sabine; Stremnitzer Caroline; Wolf Andreas; Neuwersch-Sommeregger Stefan; Abd-Elsayed Alaa", "journal": "Pain and therapy", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-024-00657-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39382792/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1496, "keyFinding": "A meta-analysis of auricular VNS across 1,496 patients in 23 studies found a statistically significant benefit in chronic pain conditions including back pain, migraine and abdominal pain.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "anon-2025-cluster-headache", "title": "Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Cluster Headache and Migraine: A Health Technology Assessment", "authors": "", "authorsFull": "Ontario Health", "journal": "Ontario health technology assessment series", "year": 2025, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40496978/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We included 8 randomized trials in the clinical evidence review (3 on cluster headache, 5 on migraine).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lai-2020-migraine-cluster", "title": "Cervical Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Migraine and Cluster Headache: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "authors": "Lai et al.", "authorsFull": "Lai Yin-Hsuan; Huang Yu-Chen; Huang Liang-Ti; Chen Ruei-Ming; Chen Chiehfeng", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13122", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32166843/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 983, "keyFinding": "In total, 983 patients were included from six trials.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "holle-lee-2016-management-cluster", "title": "Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation in the management of cluster headache: clinical evidence and practical experience", "authors": "Holle-Lee et al.", "authorsFull": "Holle-Lee Dagny; Gaul Charly", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285616636024", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27134678/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of non-invasive VNS for cluster headache, summarising clinical evidence and practical use.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "beh-2019-acute-vestibular", "title": "Acute vestibular migraine treatment with noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Beh et al.", "authorsFull": "Beh Shin C.; Friedman Deborah I.", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008388", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31554650/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In those with acute VM, vertigo improved in 13/14 (complete resolution in 2, at least 50% improvement in 5).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schuman-olivier-2025-evaluating-brain", "title": "Evaluating brain mechanisms of combined vagus nerve stimulation and mindfulness training for migraine: A randomized 2 × 2 factorial clinical trial protocol", "authors": "Schuman-Olivier et al.", "authorsFull": "Schuman-Olivier Zev; Marin Frances; Kinder Lillian D.; Datko Michael; Round Kassandra; Tohyama Sarasa; Garcia Ronald G.; Hirschtick Randy L.; Edwards Robert R.; Wells Rebecca Erwin; Cheng Hsinlin T.; Barbieri Riccardo; Hadjikhani Nouchine; Loggia Marco L.; Kaptchuk Ted J.; Houle Timothy T.; Rosen Bruce R.; Napadow Vitaly", "journal": "Contemporary clinical trials", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2025.107947", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40409681/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Funded by NIH (P01AT009965), registered (NCT03592329).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "grazzi-2016-nvns-mini", "title": "Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation (nVNS) as mini-prophylaxis for menstrual/menstrually related migraine: an open-label study", "authors": "Grazzi et al.", "authorsFull": "Grazzi Licia; Egeo Gabriella; Calhoun Anne H.; McClure Candace K.; Liebler Eric; Barbanti Piero", "journal": "The journal of headache and pain", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-016-0684-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27699586/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 51, "keyFinding": "In a trial of non-invasive VNS as mini-prophylaxis for menstrual migraine, monthly migraine days fell from 7.2 to 4.7, with 39% of subjects achieving a ≥50% reduction.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "likar-2024-efficacy-treatment", "title": "[Clinical efficacy of auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of chronic and acute pain : A systematic review]", "authors": "Likar et al.", "authorsFull": "Likar Rudolf; Perruchoud Christophe; Kampusch Stefan; Köstenberger Markus; Sator Sabine; Stremnitzer Caroline; Wolf Andreas; Neuwersch-Sommeregger Stefan", "journal": "Schmerz (Berlin, Germany)", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-022-00686-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36592212/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1105, "keyFinding": "Twenty studies on chronic pain indications, ten studies on acute postoperative pain, as well as seven studies on experimental acute pain were identified and analyzed.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "huang-2023-modulation-repeated", "title": "The modulation effects of repeated transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on the functional connectivity of key brainstem regions along the vagus nerve pathway in migraine patients", "authors": "Huang et al.", "authorsFull": "Huang Yiting; Zhang Yue; Hodges Sierra; Li Hui; Yan Zhaoxian; Liu Xian; Hou Xiaoyan; Chen Weicui; Chai-Zhang Thalia; Kong Jian; Liu Bo", "journal": "Frontiers in molecular neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2023.1160006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37333617/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 59, "keyFinding": "59 patients (real group: n = 33; sham group: n = 29) completed two fMRI scan sessions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "prott-2024-treatment-myoarthropatic", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of myoarthropatic symptoms in patients with craniomandibular dysfunction - a protocol for a randomized and controlled pilot trial", "authors": "Prott et al.", "authorsFull": "Prott Lea S.; Spitznagel Frank A.; Hugger Alfons; Langner Robert; Gierthmühlen Petra C.; Gierthmühlen Mortimer", "journal": "Pilot and feasibility studies", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-024-01447-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38331976/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Therefore, it is the main purpose of the study to evaluate the feasibility of daily taVNS against chronic TMD and to assess whether there is an improvement in pain severity, quality of life, and kinetic parameters.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sacca-2023-evaluation-modulation", "title": "Evaluation of the Modulation Effects Evoked by Different Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Frequencies Along the Central Vagus Nerve Pathway in Migraine: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study", "authors": "Sacca et al.", "authorsFull": "Sacca Valeria; Zhang Yue; Cao Jin; Li Hui; Yan Zhaoxian; Ye Yongsong; Hou Xiaoyan; McDonald Caroline M.; Todorova Nevyana; Kong Jian; Liu Bo", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2022.08.459", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36307355/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An fMRI study found different taVNS frequencies (1 Hz vs 20 Hz) produce distinct connectivity changes in vagal and pain-related brain circuits in migraine.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "lendvai-2018-spotlight-treatment", "title": "Spotlight on cervical vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of primary headache disorders: a review", "authors": "Lendvai et al.", "authorsFull": "Lendvai Ilana S.; Maier Ayline; Scheele Dirk; Hurlemann Rene; Kinfe Thomas M.", "journal": "Journal of pain research", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S129202", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30214271/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Three RCTs were identified for ECH/CCH (ACT-1, ACT-2 and PREVA), one RCT for migraine (EVENT) and several prospective cohort studies and retrospective analyses for both headache disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "farahani-2026-adding-vestibular", "title": "Effects of adding transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation to vestibular rehabilitation on dizziness and postural control in vestibular migraine: a randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Farahani et al.", "authorsFull": "Farahani Athareh; Adel Ghahraman Mansoureh; Togha Mansoureh; Malmir Kazem; Jalaie Shohreh", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39697-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41667679/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "All groups showed significant improvement (p < 0.05), but VR plus taVNS produced the most consistent gains across postural and symptom measures.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cho-2017-treatment-update", "title": "Treatment Update of Chronic Migraine", "authors": "Cho et al.", "authorsFull": "Cho Soo-Jin; Song Tae-Jin; Chu Min Kyung", "journal": "Current pain and headache reports", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-017-0628-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28424953/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of chronic migraine treatment, noting limited RCT evidence and discussing emerging options including non-invasive VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "mondal-2023-symptoms-molecular", "title": "Effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on clinical symptoms and molecular biomarkers in Parkinson's disease", "authors": "Mondal et al.", "authorsFull": "Mondal Banashree; Choudhury Supriyo; Banerjee Rebecca; Roy Akash; Chatterjee Koustav; Basu Purba; Singh Ravi; Halder Saptak; Shubham Shantanu; Baker Stuart N.; Baker Mark R.; Kumar Hrishikesh", "journal": "Frontiers in aging neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1331575", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38384731/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Significant improvements in key gait parameters (speed, stance time and step length) were observed with active nVNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pellow-2025-effectiveness-heart", "title": "Effectiveness of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation vs heart rate variability biofeedback interventions for chronic pain conditions: A systematic review", "authors": "Pellow et al.", "authorsFull": "Pellow Katie; Harrison Jackie; Tucker Paul; Harper Brent", "journal": "Scandinavian journal of pain", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2024-0037", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39753127/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 813, "keyFinding": "Ten full-text articles of 1,474 identified were selected for full qualitative synthesis, with a combined population of 813 subjects.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "martelletti-2018-consistent-nvns", "title": "Consistent effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for the acute treatment of migraine: additional findings from the randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind PRESTO trial", "authors": "Martelletti et al.", "authorsFull": "Martelletti Paolo; Barbanti Piero; Grazzi Licia; Pierangeli Giulia; Rainero Innocenzo; Geppetti Pierangelo; Ambrosini Anna; Sarchielli Paola; Tassorelli Cristina; Liebler Eric; de Tommaso Marina", "journal": "The journal of headache and pain", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-018-0929-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30382909/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 243, "keyFinding": "The intent-to-treat population consisted of 243 patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ma-2025-epilepsy-comorbid", "title": "The effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in epilepsy comorbid with migraine on the EEG power spectrum: a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Ma et al.", "authorsFull": "Ma Shuai; Du Jinyuan; Luo Cheng; Wu Xiao; Liu Linli; Liu Tingting; Zhang Xin; Yang Lili; Liu Jie; Luo Yi; Zhang Sheng; Rodriguez-Labrada Roberto; Zhu Qiong", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1694455", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41458126/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy; Migraine", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In patients with epilepsy comorbid with migraine, 24 weeks of taVNS reduced both migraine-attack and seizure frequency and improved anxiety, depression and quality of life.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "goadsby-2025-cluster-headache", "title": "Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Cluster Headache: A Clinical Practice Guideline", "authors": "Goadsby et al.", "authorsFull": "Goadsby Peter J.; Feoktistov Alexander; Anitescu Magdalena; Day Miles; Staats Peter", "journal": "Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.70084", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41133770/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A clinical practice guideline recommending non-invasive cervical VNS as a safe, effective option for cluster headache when standard acute and preventive therapy is inadequate.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "yuan-2017-headache", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Headache", "authors": "Yuan et al.", "authorsFull": "Yuan Hsiangkuo; Silberstein Stephen D.", "journal": "Headache", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12721", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26473407/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Early case series from epilepsy and depression cohorts using invasive VNS showed a serendipitous reduction in headache frequency and/or severity.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "may-2023-european-academy", "title": "European Academy of Neurology guidelines on the treatment of cluster headache", "authors": "May et al.", "authorsFull": "May Arne; Evers Stefan; Goadsby Peter J.; Leone Massimo; Manzoni Gian Camillo; Pascual Julio; Carvalho Vanessa; Romoli Michele; Aleksovska Katina; Pozo‐Rosich Patricia; Jensen Rigmor H.", "journal": "European journal of neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15956", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37515405/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This work presents evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of cluster headache derived from a systematic review of the literature and consensus among a panel of experts.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "silberstein-2020-primary-headache", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for primary headache: A clinical update", "authors": "Silberstein et al.", "authorsFull": "Silberstein Stephen D; Yuan Hsiangkuo; Najib Umer; Ailani Jessica; Morais Andreia Lopes de; Mathew Paul G; Liebler Eric; Tassorelli Cristina; Diener Hans-Christoph", "journal": "Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102420941864", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32718243/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A clinical update reviewing four proposed mechanisms for non-invasive VNS in primary headache: autonomic function, cortical-spreading-depression inhibition, neurotransmitter regulation and nociceptive modulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "peng-2023-management-cluster", "title": "Management of cluster headache: Treatments and their mechanisms", "authors": "Peng et al.", "authorsFull": "Peng Kuan-Po; Burish Mark J.", "journal": "Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024231196808", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37652457/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of cluster-headache management, placing non-invasive VNS among newer acute treatments alongside triptans, oxygen and verapamil.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "de-coo-2019-differential-efficacy", "title": "Differential efficacy of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: A meta-analysis", "authors": "de Coo et al.", "authorsFull": "de Coo Ilse F; Marin Juana CA; Silberstein Stephen D; Friedman Deborah I; Gaul Charly; McClure Candace K; Tyagi Alok; Liebler Eric; Tepper Stewart J; Ferrari Michel D; Goadsby Peter J", "journal": "Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419856607", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31246132/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 225, "keyFinding": "The pooled population included 225 participants (episodic: n = 112; chronic: n = 113) from ACT1 (n = 133) and ACT2 (n = 92) in the nVNS (n = 108) and sham (n = 117) groups.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "levin-2016-acute-treatment", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Acute Treatment of Cluster Headache", "authors": "Levin", "authorsFull": "Levin Morris", "journal": "Headache", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12901", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27593725/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining cluster headache using tcVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mwamburi-2017-gammacore-efficacy", "title": "Review of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (gammaCore): efficacy, safety, potential impact on comorbidities, and economic burden for episodic and chronic cluster headache", "authors": "Mwamburi et al.", "authorsFull": "Mwamburi M; Liebler EJ; Tenaglia AT", "journal": "The American journal of managed care", "year": 2017, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29144717/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of non-invasive VNS (gammaCore) for cluster headache, noting the ACT1/ACT2 trials missed their primary endpoints but showed benefit in episodic cluster headache.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "magis-2011-peripheral-chronic", "title": "Peripheral nerve stimulation in chronic cluster headache", "authors": "Magis et al.", "authorsFull": "Magis Delphine; Schoenen Jean", "journal": "Progress in neurological surgery", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000323045", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21422783/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of neurostimulation, including peripheral and vagal approaches, for chronic cluster headache refractory to all drug therapy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "fernandez-hernando-2023-neuromodulation-management-1470", "title": "Effects of Non-Invasive Neuromodulation of the Vagus Nerve for the Management of Cluster Headache: A Systematic Review", "authors": "Fernández-Hernando et al.", "authorsFull": "Fernández-Hernando David; Justribó Manion Cristian; Pareja Juan A.; García-Esteo Francisco J.; Mesa-Jiménez Juan A.", "journal": "Journal of clinical medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12196315", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37834959/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review of three trials found non-invasive VNS produced some positive effects in cluster headache, most clearly with cervical stimulation, though the evidence base is small.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "garamendi-ruiz-2019-cardiovascular-autonomic", "title": "Cardiovascular autonomic effects of vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Garamendi-Ruiz et al.", "authorsFull": "Garamendi-Ruiz Iñigo; Gómez-Esteban Juan Carlos", "journal": "Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-017-0477-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29071466/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the cardiovascular and autonomic effects of VNS, spanning its established use in epilepsy and depression and its cardiac implications.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "coppola-2022-neuromodulation-chronic", "title": "Neuromodulation for Chronic Daily Headache", "authors": "Coppola et al.", "authorsFull": "Coppola Gianluca; Magis Delphine; Casillo Francesco; Sebastianelli Gabriele; Abagnale Chiara; Cioffi Ettore; Di Lenola Davide; Di Lorenzo Cherubino; Serrao Mariano", "journal": "Current pain and headache reports", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-022-01025-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35129825/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We reviewed the literature that explored the use of central and peripheral neuromodulation techniques for chronic daily headache (CDH) treatment.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mauskop-2014-refractory-cluster", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory cluster headaches", "authors": "Mauskop", "authorsFull": "Mauskop Alexander", "journal": "Headache", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12244", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24400761/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining cluster headache using tcVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "marin-2018-treatment-cluster", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of cluster headache: early UK clinical experience", "authors": "Marin et al.", "authorsFull": "Marin Juana; Giffin Nicola; Consiglio Elizabeth; McClure Candace; Liebler Eric; Davies Brendan", "journal": "The journal of headache and pain", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-018-0936-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30470171/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The mean (SD) CH attack frequency decreased from 26.6 (17.1) attacks/wk.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "simmonds-2023-open-label", "title": "An open-label observational study and meta-analysis of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in medically refractory chronic cluster headache", "authors": "Simmonds et al.", "authorsFull": "Simmonds Lucy; Lagrata Susie; Stubberud Anker; Cheema Sanjay; Tronvik Erling; Matharu Manjit; Kamourieh Salwa", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1100426", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37064192/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 40, "keyFinding": "17/40 patients (43%) achieved ≥50% reduction in attack frequency at 3  months.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cocores-2025-update-neuromodulation", "title": "Update on Neuromodulation for Migraine and Other Primary Headache Disorders: Recent Advances and New Indications", "authors": "Cocores et al.", "authorsFull": "Cocores Alexandra N.; Smirnoff Liza; Greco Guy; Herrera Ricardo; Monteith Teshamae S.", "journal": "Current pain and headache reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-024-01314-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39954214/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Neuromodulation techniques currently available for headache management are reviewed in this article, with a focus on recent advances in non-invasive devices for migraine and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "lainez-2015-neuromodulation-cluster", "title": "Noninvasive neuromodulation in cluster headache", "authors": "Láinez et al.", "authorsFull": "Láinez Miguel J.A.; Jensen Rigmor", "journal": "Current opinion in neurology", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000196", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25887771/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The objective of this article is to review the data using this approach.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "nesbitt-2015-initial-use", "title": "Initial use of a novel noninvasive vagus nerve stimulator for cluster headache treatment", "authors": "Nesbitt et al.", "authorsFull": "Nesbitt Alexander D.; Marin Juana C.A.; Tompkins Esther; Ruttledge Martin H.; Goadsby Peter J.", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001394", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25713002/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Fifteen patients reported an overall improvement in their condition, with 4 reporting no change, providing a mean overall estimated improvement of 48%.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "evers-2021-neurostimulation-treatment", "title": "Neurostimulation Treatment in Chronic Cluster Headache-a Narrative Review", "authors": "Evers et al.", "authorsFull": "Evers Stefan; Summ Oliver", "journal": "Current pain and headache reports", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-021-00989-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34894300/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of neurostimulation methods, including VNS, for chronic cluster headache.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "mwamburi-2017-cost-effectiveness", "title": "Cost-effectiveness of gammaCore (non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation) for acute treatment of episodic cluster headache", "authors": "Mwamburi et al.", "authorsFull": "Mwamburi M; Liebler EJ; Tenaglia AT", "journal": "The American journal of managed care", "year": 2017, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29144720/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A cost-effectiveness analysis found gammaCore added to standard care was more effective and cost-saving than standard care alone for acute episodic cluster headache.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "ansari-2007-indications-limitations", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: indications and limitations", "authors": "Ansari et al.", "authorsFull": "Ansari Sohail; Chaudhri K.; Moutaery K.", "journal": "Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-33081-4_31", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17691314/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the indications and limitations of VNS, established for refractory seizures and being explored for resistant depression.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "van-tilborg-2025-implanted-stimulator", "title": "The clinical effect of an implanted vagus nerve stimulator in a patient with chronic cluster headache and focal epilepsy - A case report", "authors": "van Tilborg et al.", "authorsFull": "van Tilborg Paulien J.; Bosch Anemoon T.; Thijs Roland D.; Fronczek Rolf", "journal": "Headache", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14963", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40391549/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this case, iVNS was followed by >75% decrease in CH attack frequency.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "malu-2022-cluster-headache", "title": "Cluster Headache: Rapid Evidence Review", "authors": "Malu et al.", "authorsFull": "Malu OO; Bailey J; Hawks MK", "journal": "American family physician", "year": 2022, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029932/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Newer treatments for cluster headache include galcanezumab, neurostimulation, and somatostatin receptor agonists.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "browning-2017-appetite-regulation", "title": "The Vagus Nerve in Appetite Regulation, Mood, and Intestinal Inflammation", "authors": "Browning et al.", "authorsFull": "Browning Kirsteen N.; Verheijden Simon; Boeckxstaens Guy E.", "journal": "Gastroenterology", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.046", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27988382/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation; Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the vagus nerve's role in appetite regulation, mood and intestinal inflammation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "falvey-2022-inflammation-expanding", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation and inflammation: expanding the scope beyond cytokines", "authors": "Falvey", "authorsFull": "Falvey Aidan", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-022-00100-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36457107/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this letter, I discuss a manuscript that describes how vagus nerve stimulation promotes resolution of inflammation via regulating the balance of specialised pro-resolving mediator levels and neutrophil activity.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "stavrakis-2024-postural-tachycardia", "title": "Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "authors": "Stavrakis et al.", "authorsFull": "Stavrakis Stavros; Chakraborty Praloy; Farhat Kassem; Whyte Seabrook; Morris Lynsie; Abideen Asad Zain Ul; Karfonta Brittany; Anjum Juvaria; Matlock H. Greg; Cai Xue; Yu Xichun", "journal": "JACC. Clinical electrophysiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2023.10.015", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37999672/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Mean age was 34 ± 11 years (100% female; 81% Caucasian).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "caravaca-2021-reduces-indomethacin", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Indomethacin-Induced Small Bowel Inflammation", "authors": "Caravaca et al.", "authorsFull": "Caravaca April S.; Levine Yaakov A.; Drake Anna; Eberhardson Michael; Olofsson Peder S.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.730407", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35095387/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a rodent model, VNS reduced indomethacin-induced small-bowel inflammation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "shin-2024-mitigates-gouty", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation mitigates gouty inflammation by reducing neutrophil infiltration in BALB/c mice", "authors": "Shin et al.", "authorsFull": "Shin Jae Hee; Lee Chan Mi; Song Jae-Jun", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77272-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39463429/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our findings revealed that MSU significantly elevated gout-associated inflammatory cascades and mediators in the ankle joint.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2016-anti-inflammatory", "title": "Anti-inflammatory properties of the vagus nerve: potential therapeutic implications of vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Bonaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Bonaz Bruno; Sinniger Valérie; Pellissier Sonia", "journal": "The Journal of physiology", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271539", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27059884/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the vagus nerve's anti-inflammatory role and the therapeutic rationale for VNS across inflammatory conditions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "li-2025-optogenetic-attenuates", "title": "Optogenetic vagal nerve stimulation attenuates heart failure by limiting the generation of monocyte-derived inflammatory CCRL2", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Guoqi; Zhang Congcong; Li Yang; Yang Jie; Wu Jianing; Shao Yihui; Ma Ke; Zhang Xinyu; Zhu Shuolin; Du Jie; Ma Xin-Liang; Wang Liping; Lin Zhuofeng; Li Ping; Li Yulin", "journal": "Immunity", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2025.06.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40580954/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These results suggest that the vagal neuroimmune axis modulates HF and is a promising target for treatment.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sevoz-couche-2024-direct-new", "title": "Direct vagus nerve stimulation: A new tool to control allergic airway inflammation through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor", "authors": "Sévoz-Couche et al.", "authorsFull": "Sévoz‐Couche Caroline; Liao Wupeng; Foo Hazel Y. C.; Bonne Isabelle; Lu Thong Beng; Tan Qi Hui Caris; Azhar Syaza Hazwany; Peh Wendy Yen Xian; Yen Shih‐Cheng; Wong W. S. Fred", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.16334", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38430056/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Yet, the effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)-induced CAP on allergic inflammation remain unknown.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kurata-sato-2024-modulates-distinct", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation modulates distinct acetylcholine receptors on B cells and limits the germinal center response", "authors": "Kurata-Sato et al.", "authorsFull": "Kurata-Sato Izumi; Mughrabi Ibrahim T.; Rana Minakshi; Gerber Michael; Al-Abed Yousef; Sherry Barbara; Zanos Stavros; Diamond Betty", "journal": "Science advances", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn3760", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38669336/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "GC B cells from chronic VNS mice exhibited altered mRNA and protein expression suggesting increased apoptosis and impaired plasma cell differentiation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "namgung-2022-modulates-hippocampal", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation modulates hippocampal inflammation caused by continuous stress in rats", "authors": "Namgung et al.", "authorsFull": "Namgung Uk; Kim Ki-Joong; Jo Byung-Gon; Park Jong-Min", "journal": "Journal of neuroinflammation", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-022-02396-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35109857/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the gastric and hippocampal tissues were significantly increased in CS animals compared to the untreated control and downregulated by acute VNS (aVNS).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "yang-2021-electroacupuncture-ameliorates", "title": "Electroacupuncture ameliorates intestinal inflammation by activating α7nAChR-mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in postoperative ileus", "authors": "Yang et al.", "authorsFull": "Yang Na-Na; Yang Jing-Wen; Ye Yang; Huang Jin; Wang Lu; Wang Yu; Su Xin-Tong; Lin Ying; Yu Fang-Ting; Ma Si-Ming; Qi Ling-Yu; Lin Lu-Lu; Wang Li-Qiong; Shi Guang-Xia; Li Hong-Ping; Liu Cun-Zhi", "journal": "Theranostics", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.52574", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33754049/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Mechanistically, EA activated the α7nAChR-mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in macrophages which reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rosas-ballina-2011-acetylcholine-synthesizing", "title": "Acetylcholine-synthesizing T cells relay neural signals in a vagus nerve circuit", "authors": "Rosas-Ballina et al.", "authorsFull": "Rosas-Ballina Mauricio; Olofsson Peder S.; Ochani Mahendar; Valdés-Ferrer Sergio I.; Levine Yaakov A.; Reardon Colin; Tusche Michael W.; Pavlov Valentin A.; Andersson Ulf; Chavan Sangeeta; Mak Tak W.; Tracey Kevin J.", "journal": "Science (New York, N.Y.)", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1209985", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21921156/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Thus, action potentials originating in the vagus nerve regulate T cells, which in turn produce the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, required to control innate immune responses.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "seitz-2022-percutaneous-reduces", "title": "Percutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Inflammation in Critical Covid-19 Patients", "authors": "Seitz et al.", "authorsFull": "Seitz Tamara; Szeles József Constantin; Kitzberger Reinhard; Holbik Johannes; Grieb Alexander; Wolf Hermann; Akyaman Hüseyin; Lucny Felix; Tychera Alexander; Neuhold Stephanie; Zoufaly Alexander; Wenisch Christoph; Kaniusas Eugenijus", "journal": "Frontiers in physiology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.897257", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35860660/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "In critically ill COVID-19 patients, percutaneous auricular VNS was reported safe and to reduce inflammatory markers while helping restore autonomic balance.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wu-2023-reduces-cytokine", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces cytokine production in sepsis: An open double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Zhiyang; Zhang Xin; Cai Tiantian; Li Yankun; Guo Xi; Zhao Xiangyang; Wu Dawei; Li Zhi; Zhang Luyao", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.02.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36801260/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "TaVNS was well tolerated in the study population.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "song-2025-alleviates-inflammation", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation alleviates inflammation-induced depression by modulating peripheral-central inflammatory cytokines and the NF-κB pathway in rats", "authors": "Song et al.", "authorsFull": "Song Xingke; Zhu Haohan; Chen Zijie; Wang Yifei; Zhang Jinling; Wang Yu; Rong Peijing; Wang Junying", "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1536056", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40453075/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an LPS-induced rat model, taVNS alleviated inflammation-driven depressive behaviour and lowered pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "liu-2025-neuro-immune", "title": "Neuro-immune interactions: Exploring the anti-inflammatory role of the vagus nerve", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Luyao; Lou Shengkai; Fu Daosen; Ji Pengfei; Xia Peng; Shuang Si; Dong Wenhao; Yuan Xinyi; Wang Jie; Xie Kun; Wang Degui; Shen Rong", "journal": "International immunopharmacology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114941", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40440960/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of neuro-immune interactions describing how VNS may activate both the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and the HPA axis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "stavrakis-2015-low-level", "title": "Low-level transcutaneous electrical vagus nerve stimulation suppresses atrial fibrillation", "authors": "Stavrakis et al.", "authorsFull": "Stavrakis Stavros; Humphrey Mary Beth; Scherlag Benjamin J.; Hu Yanqing; Jackman Warren M.; Nakagawa Hiroshi; Lockwood Deborah; Lazzara Ralph; Po Sunny S.", "journal": "Journal of the American College of Cardiology", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.026", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25744003/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tsaava-2020-specific-parameters", "title": "Specific vagus nerve stimulation parameters alter serum cytokine levels in the absence of inflammation", "authors": "Tsaava et al.", "authorsFull": "Tsaava Téa; Datta-Chaudhuri Timir; Addorisio Meghan E.; Masi Emily Battinelli; Silverman Harold A.; Newman Justin E.; Imperato Gavin H.; Bouton Chad; Tracey Kevin J.; Chavan Sangeeta S.; Chang Eric H.", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-020-00042-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32309522/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In mice, specific VNS parameter combinations raised or lowered serum TNF and IL-10 even without inflammation, showing that stimulation settings shape the immune effect.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "deng-2023-attenuates-autoantibody", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation attenuates autoantibody-mediated cardiovagal dysfunction and inflammation in a rabbit model of postural tachycardia syndrome", "authors": "Deng et al.", "authorsFull": "Deng Jielin; Li Hongliang; Guo Yankai; Zhang Gege; Fischer Hayley; Stavrakis Stavros; Yu Xichun", "journal": "Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-022-01144-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35118574/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Compared to preimmune state, an enhanced heart rate increase and decreased parasympathetic activity upon tilting were observed in immunized rabbits.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "guo-2019-sacral-improves", "title": "Sacral nerve stimulation improves colonic inflammation mediated by autonomic-inflammatory cytokine mechanism in rats", "authors": "Guo et al.", "authorsFull": "Guo Jie; Jin Haifeng; Shi Zhaohong; Yin Jieyun; Pasricha Trisha; Chen Jiande D. Z.", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13676", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31327175/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study was designed to determine effects and mechanisms of SNS on colonic inflammation of in rodent models of IBD and compare the difference among SNS, VNS, and SNS plus VNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cheng-2024-small-total", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation with a small total charge transfer improves motor behavior and reduces neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease", "authors": "Cheng et al.", "authorsFull": "Cheng Wen; Fang Kexin; Ouyang Xiaorong; Jin Lingjing; Song Yunping; Yu Bin", "journal": "Neurochemistry international", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105871", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39362497/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, VNS with a small charge transfer improved motor behaviour and reduced neuroinflammation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "aljeradat-2024-neuromodulation-gut", "title": "Neuromodulation and the Gut-Brain Axis: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Implications for Gastrointestinal and Neurological Disorders", "authors": "Aljeradat et al.", "authorsFull": "Aljeradat Baha’; Kumar Danisha; Abdulmuizz Sulaiman; Kundu Mrinmoy; Almealawy Yasser F.; Batarseh Dima Ratib; Atallah Oday; Ennabe Michelle; Alsarafandi Muath; Alan Albert; Weinand Martin", "journal": "Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology31020019", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38804299/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of gut-brain-axis neuromodulation and its therapeutic mechanisms for gastrointestinal and neurological disease.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hesampour-2024-brain-gut", "title": "Brain-Gut Axis: Invasive and Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Limitations, and Potential Therapeutic Approaches", "authors": "Hesampour et al.", "authorsFull": "Hesampour Fatemeh; Bernstein Charles N; Ghia Jean-Eric", "journal": "Inflammatory bowel diseases", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izad211", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37738641/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammatory disorders, including IBD, by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines by immune cells.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "xie-2024-electrical-inflammation", "title": "Effect of Electrical Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve on Inflammation in Rats With Spinal Cord Injury", "authors": "Xie et al.", "authorsFull": "Xie Linghan; Zhang Bin; Chen Qiang; Ji Hangyu; Chen Ji; Jiang Zanli; Zhu Lei; Wu Xiaotao", "journal": "Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2024.09.010", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39466207/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Electroacupuncture stimulation treatment inhibited inflammatory infiltration, as well as the concentrations of interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, astrocytes, and microglia at 1, 6, and 24 hours after 1 EAS treatment.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cryan-2019-microbiota-gut", "title": "The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis", "authors": "Cryan et al.", "authorsFull": "Cryan John F.; O'Riordan Kenneth J.; Cowan Caitlin S. M.; Sandhu Kiran V.; Bastiaanssen Thomaz F. S.; Boehme Marcus; Codagnone Martin G.; Cussotto Sofia; Fulling Christine; Golubeva Anna V.; Guzzetta Katherine E.; Jaggar Minal; Long-Smith Caitriona M.; Lyte Joshua M.; Martin Jason A.; Molinero-Perez Alicia; Moloney Gerard; Morelli Emanuela; Morillas Enrique; O'Connor Rory; Cruz-Pereira Joana S.; Peterson Veronica L.; Rea Kieran; Ritz Nathaniel L.; Sherwin Eoin; Spichak Simon; Teichman Emily M.; van de Wouw Marcel; Ventura-Silva Ana Paula; Wallace-Fitzsimons Shauna E.; Hyland Niall; Clarke Gerard; Dinan Timothy G.", "journal": "Physiological reviews", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2018", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31460832/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2022-mesenchymal-stromal", "title": "Mesenchymal stromal cells alleviate acute respiratory distress syndrome through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Xiaoran; Wei Xuxia; Deng Yiwen; Yuan Xiaofeng; Shi Jiahao; Huang Weijun; Huang Jing; Chen Xiaoyong; Zheng Shuwei; Chen Jieying; Chen Keyu; Xu Ruiming; Wang Hongmiao; Li Weiqiang; Li Shiyue; Yi Huimin; Xiang Andy Peng", "journal": "Signal transduction and targeted therapy", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01124-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36064538/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "However, there is significant heterogeneity in their therapeutic efficacy, largely owing to the incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activities of MSCs.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hilderman-2020-cholinergic-anti", "title": "The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in chronic kidney disease-review and vagus nerve stimulation clinical pilot study", "authors": "Hilderman et al.", "authorsFull": "Hilderman Marie; Bruchfeld Annette", "journal": "Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa200", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33151338/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in chronic kidney disease and the rationale for VNS, where inflammation and autonomic dysfunction drive excess mortality.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "mehranfard-2022-cholinergic-anti", "title": "Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and COVID-19", "authors": "Mehranfard et al.", "authorsFull": "Mehranfard D; Speth RC", "journal": "BioImpacts : BI", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.34172/bi.2022.23980", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35411295/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "While tobacco smoking has been considered an aggravating factor in the severity of COVID-19 infections, it has been suggested by some that the nicotine derived from tobacco could lessen the severity of COVID-19 infections.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jarczyk-2019-cholinergic-anti", "title": "The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway as a Conceptual Framework to Treat Inflammation-Mediated Renal Injury", "authors": "Jarczyk et al.", "authorsFull": "Jarczyk Jonas; Yard Benito A.; Hoeger Simone", "journal": "Kidney & blood pressure research", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000500920", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31307039/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In general, this communication down-regulates the inflammation, achieved through different mechanisms and depending on the cells involved.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "murray-2018-cholinergic-anti", "title": "The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway revisited", "authors": "Murray et al.", "authorsFull": "Murray K.; Reardon C.", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13288", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29468816/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These continued efforts will be critical to the development of better neurostimulator based therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "martinez-meza-2023-brain-liver", "title": "The brain-liver cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and viral infections", "authors": "Martínez-Meza et al.", "authorsFull": "Martínez-Meza Samuel; Singh Bhavya; Nixon Douglas F.; Dopkins Nicholas; Gangcuangco Louie Mar A.", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00132-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38115148/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the brain-liver cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and how restoring vagal signalling might counter viral infections.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "oh-2021-anti-inflammatory", "title": "Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Acupuncture at ST36 Point: A Literature Review in Animal Studies", "authors": "Oh et al.", "authorsFull": "Oh Ji-Eun; Kim Seung-Nam", "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.813748", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35095910/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A review of animal studies finding that acupuncture at the ST36 point reduces inflammation through vagal and other mechanisms.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "duris-2017-cholinergic-anti", "title": "Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway and Stroke", "authors": "Duris et al.", "authorsFull": "Duris Kamil; Lipkova Jolana; Jurajda Michal", "journal": "Current drug delivery", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201814666170201150015", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28155595/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CHAIP) is a physiological mechanism by which central nervous system regulates immune response and controls inflammation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jin-2024-body-brain", "title": "A body-brain circuit that regulates body inflammatory responses", "authors": "Jin et al.", "authorsFull": "Jin Hao; Li Mengtong; Jeong Eric; Castro-Martinez Felipe; Zuker Charles S.", "journal": "Nature", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07469-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38692285/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In animal experiments, a peripheral immune challenge activated a body–brain circuit that in turn regulated systemic inflammatory responses.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zouali-2023-pharmacological-electroceutical", "title": "Pharmacological and Electroceutical Targeting of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway in Autoimmune Diseases", "authors": "Zouali", "authorsFull": "Zouali Moncef", "journal": "Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081089", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631004/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In the future, these new approaches could represent a major therapeutic strategy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-araujo-2020-canonical-cholinergic", "title": "Non-canonical cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in IBD", "authors": "de Araujo et al.", "authorsFull": "de Araujo Alan; de Lartigue Guillaume", "journal": "Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-0356-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32759984/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A new study identifies a hepatic vagal branch pathway necessary to maintain colonic immune cell homeostasis in experimental colitis, challenging the dogma that an anti-inflammatory reflex requires an intact spleen and that α7-nicotinic receptor agonists are a panacea for inflammatory conditions.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "alen-2022-cholinergic-anti", "title": "The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in humans: State-of-the-art review and future directions", "authors": "Alen", "authorsFull": "Alen Nicholas V.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104622", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35300992/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Substantial limitations and gaps in the literature are identified, and promising directions for future research are highlighted.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hajiasgharzadeh-2017-cholinergic-anti", "title": "Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway and the Liver", "authors": "Hajiasgharzadeh et al.", "authorsFull": "Hajiasgharzadeh Khalil; Baradaran Behzad", "journal": "Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2017.063", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29399541/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the hepatic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, through which vagal signalling and acetylcholine dampen liver inflammation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "han-2017-cholinergic-anti", "title": "The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: An innovative treatment strategy for neurological diseases", "authors": "Han et al.", "authorsFull": "Han Bin; Li Xiuping; Hao Junwei", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28392244/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this review, we focus on the anti-inflammatory benefits of non-neuronal and neuronal ACh as a means of providing new insights into treating inflammation-related neurological diseases, as exemplified by those described herein.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2021-role-cholinergic", "title": "The role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in septic cardiomyopathy", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Wenting; Xu Hui; Lin Huan; Molnar Megan; Ren Hongsheng", "journal": "International immunopharmacology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107160", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33243604/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in septic cardiomyopathy, a common and often fatal complication of sepsis.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2013-from-epilepsy", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: from epilepsy to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway", "authors": "Bonaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Bonaz B.; Picq C.; Sinniger V.; Mayol J. F.; Clarençon D.", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12076", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23360102/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "However, both vagal afferents and efferents are activated by VNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "simon-2023-cholinergic-anti", "title": "The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway inhibits inflammation without lymphocyte relay", "authors": "Simon et al.", "authorsFull": "Simon Thomas; Kirk Joseph; Dolezalova Nikola; Guyot Mélanie; Panzolini Clara; Bondue Alexandre; Lavergne Julien; Hugues Sandrine; Hypolite Nicolas; Saeb-Parsy Kourosh; Perkins Justin; Macia Eric; Sridhar Arun; Vervoordeldonk Margriet J.; Glaichenhaus Nicolas; Donegá Matteo; Blancou Philippe", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1125492", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37123375/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In mice, the splenic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway suppressed innate inflammation via noradrenaline and β2-adrenergic signalling, without requiring a lymphocyte relay.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "xie-2023-cholinergic-anti", "title": "Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway mediates diesel exhaust PM", "authors": "Xie et al.", "authorsFull": "Xie Yuanting; Tao Shimin; Pan Bin; Yang Wenhui; Shao Wenpu; Fang Xinyi; Han Dongyang; Li Jingyu; Zhang Yubin; Chen Renjie; Li Weihua; Xu Yanyi; Kan Haidong", "journal": "Journal of hazardous materials", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131951", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37392642/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A wide range of research has demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure may induce various negative health effects via pulmonary and systemic inflammations.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "li-2025-targeting-cholinergic", "title": "Targeting the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: an innovative strategy for treating diseases", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Yifan; Ding Shufan; Wang Yongjie", "journal": "Molecular biology reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-025-10288-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39903351/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (vagus nerve, acetylcholine, spleen) as a therapeutic target across inflammatory diseases.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zi-2020-cholinergic-anti", "title": "Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and its role in treatment of sepsis", "authors": "Zi et al.", "authorsFull": "Zi S; Li J; Liu L; Liu F", "journal": "Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2020.180651", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32132300/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "It has been shown that there are many possible effective treatments for sepsis, including vagus nerve stimulation by physical therapy, drugs such as acetylcholine receptor agonist and ultrasound therapy.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chavan-2017-mechanisms-therapeutic", "title": "Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance of Neuro-immune Communication", "authors": "Chavan et al.", "authorsFull": "Chavan Sangeeta S.; Pavlov Valentin A.; Tracey Kevin J.", "journal": "Immunity", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28636960/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of neuro-immune communication, mapping how immune activation engages neural circuits that regulate innate and adaptive immunity.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "goverse-2016-intestinal-cholinergic", "title": "The intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway", "authors": "Goverse et al.", "authorsFull": "Goverse Gera; Stakenborg Michelle; Matteoli Gianluca", "journal": "The Journal of physiology", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271537", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26959627/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Further investigation on the crosstalk between the nervous and intestinal immune system will hopefully provide new insights leading to the identification of innovative therapeutic approaches to treat intestinal inflammatory diseases.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tseng-2026-network-efficacy", "title": "Network meta-analysis on efficacy of nerve stimulation or modulation in patients with heart failure", "authors": "Tseng et al.", "authorsFull": "Tseng Ping-Tao; Zeng Bing-Yan; Hsu Chih-Wei; Hung Chao-Ming; Stubbs Brendon; Chen Yen-Wen; Chen Tien-Yu; Lei Wei-Te; Chen Jiann-Jy; Shiue Yow-Ling; Liang Chih-Sung", "journal": "Heart rhythm", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2025.04.004", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40204010/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Interventions targeting both arms of the autonomic nervous system, including sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and the vasculature (carotid or renal arteries) demonstrated preferable results.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dusi-2021-heart-failure", "title": "Vagal stimulation in heart failure", "authors": "Dusi et al.", "authorsFull": "Dusi Veronica; De Ferrari Gaetano Maria", "journal": "Herz", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-021-05076-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34716778/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review noting that despite a strong rationale and promising pilot data, the two large controlled trials of VNS in heart failure (NECTAR-HF, INOVATE-HF) failed to show the expected benefit.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "sun-2025-efficacy-heart", "title": "The efficacy of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in heart failure management - a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Sun et al.", "authorsFull": "Sun Zongmei; Liu Lin; Peng Haijun; Zhang RunFeng", "journal": "BMC cardiovascular disorders", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-04919-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40615792/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 374, "keyFinding": "The analysis included ten RCTs involving a collective sample of 374 patients with HF.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gentile-2025-acute-right", "title": "Acute right-sided transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation improves cardio-vagal baroreflex gain in patients with chronic heart failure", "authors": "Gentile et al.", "authorsFull": "Gentile Francesco; Giannoni Alberto; Navari Alessandro; Degl’Innocenti Eleonora; Emdin Michele; Passino Claudio", "journal": "Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-024-01074-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39402309/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Compared with baseline, tVNS did not affect heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate (p > 0.05), and no patients complained of discomfort or any adverse effect.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "maestri-2024-impact-optimized", "title": "Impact of optimized transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cardiac autonomic profile in healthy subjects and heart failure patients", "authors": "Maestri et al.", "authorsFull": "Maestri Roberto; Pinna Gian Domenico; Robbi Elena; Cogliati Chiara; Bartoli Arianna; Gambino Giuseppina; Rengo Giuseppe; Montano Nicola; La Rovere Maria Teresa", "journal": "Physiological measurement", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ad5ef6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39016202/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 29, "keyFinding": "In healthy subjects and heart-failure patients, taVNS acutely shifted heart-rate and heart-rate-variability measures, with effects depending on stimulation frequency and ear site.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "klein-2010-new-approach", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: A new approach to reduce heart failure", "authors": "Klein et al.", "authorsFull": "Klein HU; Ferrari GM", "journal": "Cardiology journal", "year": 2010, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21154273/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Autonomic imbalance with increased adrenergic and reduced parasympathetic activity is involved in the development and progress of heart failure (HF).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhou-2019-low-level", "title": "Low-level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation attenuates cardiac remodelling in a rat model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction", "authors": "Zhou et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhou Liping; Filiberti Adrian; Humphrey Mary Beth; Fleming Christian D.; Scherlag Benjamin J.; Po Sunny S.; Stavrakis Stavros", "journal": "Experimental physiology", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087351", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30398289/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a rat model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, chronic low-level taVNS reduced cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hu-2025-remote-attenuates", "title": "Remote-controlled vagal nerve stimulation attenuates ventricular arrhythmias and prevents heart failure progression in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction", "authors": "Hu et al.", "authorsFull": "Hu Feng; Wang Yali; Zang Minhua; Li Guangyu; Wang Guangyu; Hu Danfeng; Zheng Lihui; Yao Yan; Pu Jun", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2025.103279", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40252461/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Remote-controlled VNS significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening compared to the MI + control group (all P < 0.001).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "konstam-2022-advances-our", "title": "Advances in Our Clinical Understanding of Autonomic Regulation Therapy Using Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Patients Living With Heart Failure", "authors": "Konstam et al.", "authorsFull": "Konstam Marvin A.; Mann Douglas L.; Udelson John James E.; Ardell Jeffrey L.; De Ferrari Gaetano M.; Cowie Martin R.; Klein Helmut U.; Gregory Douglas D.; Massaro Joseph M.; Libbus Imad; DiCarlo Lorenzo A.; Butler Javed; Parker John D.; Teerlink John R.", "journal": "Frontiers in physiology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.857538", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35530511/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review synthesising the ANTHEM-HF, INOVATE-HF and NECTAR-HF trials to derive working hypotheses on how VNS stimulation frequency affects heart failure.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "kalagara-2025-complications-implanted", "title": "Complications of Implanted Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "authors": "Kalagara et al.", "authorsFull": "Kalagara Roshini; Chennareddy Susmita; Reford Emma; Bhimani Abhiraj D.; Cummins Daniel D.; Downes Margaret H.; Tosto Jenna M.; Bederson Joshua B.; Mocco; Putrino David; Kellner Christopher P.; Panov Fedor", "journal": "Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000536362", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38471473/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 474, "keyFinding": "After title-and-abstract screening of 4,933 studies, 21 were selected for final inclusion.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "al-rameni-2022-implantation-stimulator", "title": "Implantation of a vagus nerve stimulator for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: An educational video", "authors": "Al Rameni et al.", "authorsFull": "Al Rameni Dina; Akay Mehmet; Jumean Marwan; Al Rameeni Aon; Kar Biswajit; Gregoric Igor D.", "journal": "JTCVS techniques", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjtc.2022.03.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35967202/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Following successful implantation and activation of the VNS system, the patient was discharged to home on the same day.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kohoutova-2019-attenuates-multiple", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Multiple Organ Dysfunction in Resuscitated Porcine Progressive Sepsis", "authors": "Kohoutova et al.", "authorsFull": "Kohoutova Michaela; Horak Jan; Jarkovska Dagmar; Martinkova Vendula; Tegl Vaclav; Nalos Lukas; Vistejnova Lucie; Benes Jan; Sviglerova Jitka; Kuncova Jitka; Matejovic Martin; Stengl Milan", "journal": "Critical care medicine", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003714", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30908312/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a porcine model of progressive sepsis, VNS attenuated multiple-organ dysfunction and reduced vasopressor and fluid-resuscitation requirements.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2009-chronic-improves", "title": "Chronic vagus nerve stimulation improves autonomic control and attenuates systemic inflammation and heart failure progression in a canine high-rate pacing model", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Youhua; Popović Zoran B.; Bibevski Steve; Fakhry Itaf; Sica Domenic A.; Van Wagoner David R.; Mazgalev Todor N.", "journal": "Circulation. Heart failure", "year": 2009, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.873968", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19919995/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Chronic VNS improves cardiac autonomic control and significantly attenuates HF development in the canine high-rate ventricular pacing model.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "nearing-2021-chronic-associated", "title": "Chronic vagus nerve stimulation is associated with multi-year improvement in intrinsic heart rate recovery and left ventricular ejection fraction in ANTHEM-HF", "authors": "Nearing et al.", "authorsFull": "Nearing Bruce D.; Libbus Imad; Carlson Gerrard M.; Amurthur Badri; KenKnight Bruce H.; Verrier Richard L.", "journal": "Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-021-00780-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33590355/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In patients on chronic high-intensity VNS, intrinsic heart-rate recovery, baroreflex measures and left-ventricular ejection fraction improved over 12–36 months.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "li-2004-markedly-improves", "title": "Vagal nerve stimulation markedly improves long-term survival after chronic heart failure in rats", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Meihua; Zheng Can; Sato Takayuki; Kawada Toru; Sugimachi Masaru; Sunagawa Kenji", "journal": "Circulation", "year": 2004, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000105721.71640.DA", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14662714/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Vagal nerve stimulation markedly improved the long-term survival of CHF rats through the prevention of pumping failure and cardiac remodeling.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "stavrakis-2022-neuromodulation-inflammation", "title": "Neuromodulation of Inflammation to Treat Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial", "authors": "Stavrakis et al.", "authorsFull": "Stavrakis Stavros; Elkholey Khaled; Morris Lynsie; Niewiadomska Monika; Asad Zain Ul Abideen; Humphrey Mary Beth", "journal": "Journal of the American Heart Association", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.023582", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35023349/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 26, "keyFinding": "In a sham-controlled pilot RCT of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, low-level taVNS was tested as an anti-inflammatory neuromodulation therapy (detailed outcomes not in the indexed abstract).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "ahmed-2024-pharmacologic-autonomic", "title": "Non-pharmacologic autonomic neuromodulation for treatment of heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Ahmed et al.", "authorsFull": "Ahmed Mohammad; Nudy Matthew; Bussa Rahul; Weigel Frank; Naccarelli Gerald; Maheshwari Ankit", "journal": "Trends in cardiovascular medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2022.09.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36202286/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1037, "keyFinding": "Treatment strategies that modulate autonomic tone through interventional and device-based therapies have been studied as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "nagai-2024-blood-pressure", "title": "Blood Pressure Variability After Non-invasive Low-level Tragus Stimulation in Acute Heart Failure", "authors": "Nagai et al.", "authorsFull": "Nagai Michiaki; Dote Keigo; Kato Masaya; Sasaki Shota; Oda Noboru; Po Sunny S.; Dasari Tarun W.", "journal": "Journal of cardiovascular translational research", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-024-10544-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38969912/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 22, "keyFinding": "In the active group, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV) and δ in SBP were significantly decreased after LLTS (all p < 0.05).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "lee-2016-chronic-cyclic", "title": "Chronic cyclic vagus nerve stimulation has beneficial electrophysiological effects on healthy hearts in the absence of autonomic imbalance", "authors": "Lee et al.", "authorsFull": "Lee Steven W.; Li Qinglu; Libbus Imad; Xie Xueyi; KenKnight Bruce H.; Garry Mary G.; Tolkacheva Elena G.", "journal": "Physiological reports", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12786", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27173672/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS did not induce any significant changes to ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and spatial dispersion of APD, thus indicating that VNS did not negatively affect cardiac function.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "schukro-2025-outcome-electrical", "title": "Clinical outcome of electrical transcutaneous auricular vagal stimulation in patients with stable symptomatic chronic heart failure - A pilot study", "authors": "Schukro et al.", "authorsFull": "Schukro Regina Patricia; Schukro Christoph; Pramhas Sibylle; Naka Asami; Sator-Katzenschlager Sabine", "journal": "Complementary therapies in medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103225", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40819769/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "A total of 12 patients completed the trial.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "raj-koziak-2024-effectiveness-treatment", "title": "Effectiveness of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus: an interventional prospective controlled study", "authors": "Raj-Koziak et al.", "authorsFull": "Raj-Koziak Danuta; Gos Elżbieta; Kutyba Justyna; Ganc Małgorzata; Jedrzejczak W. Wiktor; Skarzynski Piotr H.; Skarzynski Henryk", "journal": "International journal of audiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2023.2177894", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36799648/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In general, subjective and objective measurements of tinnitus showed no improvement in the study group compared to the controls, although certain parameters as gauged by the questionnaires did statistically improve.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "anand-2020-comparison-symptomatic", "title": "Comparison of symptomatic and functional responses to vagus nerve stimulation in ANTHEM-HF, INOVATE-HF, and NECTAR-HF", "authors": "Anand et al.", "authorsFull": "Anand Inder S.; Konstam Marvin A.; Klein Helmut U.; Mann Douglas L.; Ardell Jeffrey L.; Gregory Douglas D.; Massaro Joseph M.; Libbus Imad; DiCarlo Lorenzo A.; Udelson John James E.; Butler Javed; Parker John D.; Teerlink John R.", "journal": "ESC heart failure", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12592", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31984682/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this post-hoc analysis, differences in patient demographics were seen and may have caused the differential responses in symptoms and function observed in association with VNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "li-2015-shortterm-improves", "title": "Short‑term vagal nerve stimulation improves left ventricular function following chronic heart failure in rats", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "LI YAN; XUAN YAN-HUA; LIU SHUANG-SHUANG; DONG JING; LUO JIA-YING; SUN ZHI-JUN", "journal": "Molecular medicine reports", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3597", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25873055/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Increasing numbers of animal and clinical investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of long-term electrical vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) on chronic heart failure (CHF).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "stavrakis-2020-autonomic-modulation", "title": "Autonomic Modulation of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Methods to Assess Treatment and Outcomes", "authors": "Stavrakis et al.", "authorsFull": "Stavrakis Stavros; Kulkarni Kanchan; Singh Jagmeet P.; Katritsis Demosthenes G.; Armoundas Antonis A.", "journal": "JACC. Clinical electrophysiology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2020.02.014", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32439031/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of autonomic modulation, including VNS, for cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "arimura-2017-intravenous-electrical", "title": "Intravenous electrical vagal nerve stimulation prior to coronary reperfusion in a canine ischemia-reperfusion model markedly reduces infarct size and prevents subsequent heart failure", "authors": "Arimura et al.", "authorsFull": "Arimura Takahiro; Saku Keita; Kakino Takamori; Nishikawa Takuya; Tohyama Takeshi; Sakamoto Takafumi; Sakamoto Kazuo; Kishi Takuya; Ide Tomomi; Sunagawa Kenji", "journal": "International journal of cardiology", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.074", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27816306/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Short-term iVNS delivered prior to coronary reperfusion markedly reduced infarct size and preserved cardiac function one month after AMI.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kharbanda-2022-atrial-fibrillation", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Atrial Fibrillation: Revealing the Paradox", "authors": "Kharbanda et al.", "authorsFull": "Kharbanda Rohit K.; van der Does Willemijn F.B.; van Staveren Lianne N.; Taverne Yannick J.H.J.; Bogers Ad J.J.C.; de Groot Natasja M.S.", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2022.01.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35190246/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review describing VNS's paradoxical pro- and anti-arrhythmic effects, with evidence that low-level VNS below the bradycardia threshold can treat atrial fibrillation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "stavrakis-2020-treat-electrical", "title": "TREAT AF (Transcutaneous Electrical Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Suppress Atrial Fibrillation): A Randomized Clinical Trial", "authors": "Stavrakis et al.", "authorsFull": "Stavrakis Stavros; Stoner Julie A.; Humphrey Mary Beth; Morris Lynsie; Filiberti Adrian; Reynolds Justin C.; Elkholey Khaled; Javed Isma; Twidale Nicholas; Riha Pavel; Varahan Subha; Scherlag Benjamin J.; Jackman Warren M.; Dasari Tarun W.; Po Sunny S.", "journal": "JACC. Clinical electrophysiology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2019.11.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32192678/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Baseline characteristics were balanced between the 2 groups.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bazoukis-2023-inflammation-cardiovascular", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease: A State-of-the-Art Review", "authors": "Bazoukis et al.", "authorsFull": "Bazoukis George; Stavrakis Stavros; Armoundas Antonis A.", "journal": "Journal of the American Heart Association", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.123.030539", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37721168/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been found to exert anti-inflammatory effects in different clinical settings and has been associated with improvement of clinical outcomes.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "forster-2024-changing-paradigm", "title": "Transcutaneous Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Changing the Paradigm for Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation Therapies?", "authors": "Förster", "authorsFull": "Förster Carola Y.", "journal": "Biomolecules", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121511", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39766218/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation; Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of transcutaneous non-invasive VNS as an emerging neuromodulation approach for both stroke recovery and atrial fibrillation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "umana-mejia-2025-efficacy-suppress", "title": "Efficacy of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Suppress Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review", "authors": "Umaña Mejia et al.", "authorsFull": "Umaña Mejia Carlos Alberto; Ascencio Flores Carolina S; Gudiño Radilla Selene G; Laurence Salinas Myles A; Moreno Alvarez Diego A; Corona Vargas Eduardo; Durán Borbolla Mara; Morales Barajas José M; Jiménez Frutos David; Molinar Perez Gerardo-Anuar; Gonzalez Ricardo; Dorado Ramírez John Manuel; Gomez-Lujan Martin; Castillo Jaqueline L; Montelongo Quevedo Mauricio; Flores Valdés Jose R", "journal": "Cureus", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.86435", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40688895/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 121, "keyFinding": "A systematic review found low-level transcutaneous VNS is an emerging non-invasive option for suppressing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "qin-2020-low-level", "title": "Low-Level Tragus Stimulation for Atrial Fibrillation: A Glimpse of Hope for Neuromodulation?", "authors": "Qin et al.", "authorsFull": "Qin Dingxin; Singh Jagmeet P.", "journal": "JACC. Clinical electrophysiology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2020.01.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32192679/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining heart health using taVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sun-2022-hybrid-nanogenerator", "title": "Hybrid nanogenerator based closed-loop self-powered low-level vagus nerve stimulation system for atrial fibrillation treatment", "authors": "Sun et al.", "authorsFull": "Sun Yu; Chao Shengyu; Ouyang Han; Zhang Weiyi; Luo Weikang; Nie Qingbin; Wang Jianing; Luo Changyi; Ni Gongang; Zhang Lingyu; Yang Jun; Feng Hongqing; Mao Gengsheng; Li Zhou", "journal": "Science bulletin", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2022.04.002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36546158/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In the in vivo effect verification study, the atrial fibrillation duration significantly decreased by 90% after LL-VNS therapy, and myocardial fibrosis and atrial connexin levels were effectively improved.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "bergeon-2025-preoperative-novel", "title": "Preoperative transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation as a novel strategy to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation in calcific aortic valve disease: mechanistic insights and translational perspectives", "authors": "Bergeon et al.", "authorsFull": "Bergeon Justine; Chassagne Fanette; Fanget Marie; Merlet Angèle N.; Avril Stéphane; Féasson Léonard; Roche Frédéric; Bäck Magnus; Hupin David", "journal": "Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1625436", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41658326/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Preoperative tVNS thus offers a promising strategy to prevent POAF while addressing valvular inflammation, bridging translational physiology with clinical cardiology and potentially opening new avenues for the management of CAVS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "benoit-2024-atrial-fibrillation", "title": "Atrial fibrillation radiofrequency ablation in a patient with vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Benoit et al.", "authorsFull": "Benoit Jeanne; Squara Fabien; Bourg Véronique; Thomas Pierre", "journal": "Neurophysiologie clinique = Clinical neurophysiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2024.102996", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38991469/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This 62-year-old patient with bitemporal lobe epilepsy treated with VNS underwent radiofrequency ablation of an atrial fibrillation without any perioperative or postoperative complications.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "elamin-2023-its-cardioprotective", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Its Cardioprotective Abilities: A Systematic Review", "authors": "Elamin et al.", "authorsFull": "Elamin Ahmed Banibella Abdelmagied; Forsat Kowthar; Senok Solomon Silas; Goswami Nandu", "journal": "Journal of clinical medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12051717", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36902505/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review of VNS's cardioprotective effects, noting much of the evidence is non-mechanistic and calling for further study.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zafeiropoulos-2024-cardiovascular-diseases", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for cardiovascular diseases: Is there light at the end of the tunnel?", "authors": "Zafeiropoulos et al.", "authorsFull": "Zafeiropoulos Stefanos; Ahmed Umair; Bikou Alexia; Mughrabi Ibrahim T.; Stavrakis Stavros; Zanos Stavros", "journal": "Trends in cardiovascular medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2023.07.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37506989/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of VNS for cardiovascular disease, where autonomic dysfunction and inflammation drive conditions such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "jiang-2025-low-level", "title": "Low-level auricular vagus nerve stimulation lowers blood pressure and heart rate in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients: a self-controlled study", "authors": "Jiang et al.", "authorsFull": "Jiang Yu; Su Di; Xiao Jingwen; Cheng Wenbo; Hou Yuemei; Zhang Yan", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1525027", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39944888/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, low-level auricular VNS lowered blood pressure, heart rate and atrial-fibrillation symptom scores.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "stavrakis-2017-low-level", "title": "Low-Level Vagus Nerve Stimulation Suppresses Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation and Inflammation: A Randomized Study", "authors": "Stavrakis et al.", "authorsFull": "Stavrakis Stavros; Humphrey Mary Beth; Scherlag Benjamin; Iftikhar Omer; Parwani Purvi; Abbas Mubasher; Filiberti Adrian; Fleming Christian; Hu Yanqing; Garabelli Paul; McUnu Arthur; Peyton Marvin; Po Sunny S.", "journal": "JACC. Clinical electrophysiology", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2017.02.019", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29759717/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 54, "keyFinding": "A total of 54 patients were randomized to either active LLVNS (n = 26) or sham control (n = 28).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2015-spear-role", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: A spear role or a shield role in atrial fibrillation?", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Mingxian; Yu Lilei; Liu Qiming; Jiang Hong; Zhou Shenghua", "journal": "International journal of cardiology", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.171", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26184434/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining heart health using taVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lu-2016-low-level", "title": "Effect of Low-level Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Cardiac Remodeling in a Rapid Atrial Pacing-induced Canine Model of Atrial Fibrillation", "authors": "Lu et al.", "authorsFull": "Lu Yanmei; Sun Juan; Zhou Xianhui; Zhang Ling; Ma Mei; Tang Baopeng", "journal": "Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000000338", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26727379/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "As pacing times increased, the mean effective refractory period in the pacing group became significantly shortened.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "budhiraja-2024-potential-treating", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: Potential for treating chronic wounds", "authors": "Budhiraja et al.", "authorsFull": "Budhiraja Anuj; Mehta Alisha; Alhamo Moyasar A.; Swedarsky Richard; Dahle Sara; Isseroff R. Rivkah", "journal": "Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.13151", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38235529/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS has also demonstrated potential in autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease, as well as neurological disorders like epilepsy and migraines.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kharbanda-2023-insights-into", "title": "Insights Into the Effects of Low-Level Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Atrial Electrophysiology: Towards Patient-Tailored Cardiac Neuromodulation", "authors": "Kharbanda et al.", "authorsFull": "Kharbanda Rohit K.; Ramdat Misier Nawin L.; van Schie Mathijs S.; Zwijnenburg Roxanne D.; Amesz Jorik H.; Knops Paul; Bogers Ad J.J.C.; Taverne Yannick J.H.J.; de Groot Natasja M.S.", "journal": "JACC. Clinical electrophysiology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2023.05.011", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37480858/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "A total of 10 patients (median age 74 years [IQR: 69-78 years]) underwent tLLVNS for a duration of 56 minutes (IQR: 43-73 minutes).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wilber-2002-atrial-fibrillation", "title": "Vagal stimulation and atrial fibrillation: experimental models and clinical uncertainties", "authors": "Wilber et al.", "authorsFull": "WILBER DAVID J.; MORTON JOSEPH B.", "journal": "Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology", "year": 2002, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2002.01280.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12521346/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of vagal stimulation for atrial fibrillation, weighing experimental models against clinical uncertainties.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "park-2012-neural-mechanisms", "title": "Neural mechanisms of atrial fibrillation", "authors": "Park et al.", "authorsFull": "Park Hyung-Wook; Shen Mark J.; Lin Shien-Fong; Fishbein Michael C.; Chen Lan S.; Chen Peng-Sheng", "journal": "Current opinion in cardiology", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0b013e32834dc4e8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22139702/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This review will briefly summarize the neural mechanisms of atrial fibrillation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "carandina-2021-cardiovascular-autonomic", "title": "Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cardiovascular autonomic control in health and disease", "authors": "Carandina et al.", "authorsFull": "Carandina Angelica; Rodrigues Gabriel Dias; Di Francesco Pietro; Filtz Annalisa; Bellocchi Chiara; Furlan Ludovico; Carugo Stefano; Montano Nicola; Tobaldini Eleonora", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102893", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34649119/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of taVNS effects on cardiovascular autonomic control, assessed via heart-rate variability, in cardiovascular disease.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "yuan-2015-continuous-affects", "title": "Continuous vagal nerve stimulation affects atrial neural remodeling and reduces atrial fibrillation inducibility in rabbits", "authors": "Yuan et al.", "authorsFull": "Yuan Yuan; Jiang Zhaolei; He Yi; Ding Fang-Bao; Ding Shi-Ao; Yang Yang; Mei Ju", "journal": "Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpath.2015.08.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26365807/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Five rabbits of RAP group (5/10) in the RAP group developed sustained AF.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "guo-2020-low-level", "title": "Low-Level Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reverses Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Related Atrial Fibrillation by Ameliorating Sympathetic Hyperactivity and Atrial Myocyte Injury", "authors": "Guo et al.", "authorsFull": "Guo Yankai; Xiaokereti Jiasuoer; Meng Qingjun; Cao Guiqiu; Sun Huaxin; Zhou Xianhui; Zhang Ling; Tang Baopeng", "journal": "Frontiers in physiology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.620655", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33574766/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 6, "keyFinding": "In an animal model, low-level VNS reversed obstructive-sleep-apnea-related atrial fibrillation through electrophysiological and neural mechanisms.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "nasi-er-2019-reduces-ventricular", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation reduces ventricular arrhythmias and increases ventricular electrical stability", "authors": "Nasi-Er et al.", "authorsFull": "Nasi‐Er Buajieer‐guli; Wenhui Zhang; HuaXin Sun; Xianhui Zhou; Yaodong Li; Yanmei Lu; Hongli Wang; TuEr‐Hong ZuKe‐la; Qina Zhou; BaoPeng Tang", "journal": "Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.13585", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30552763/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Noninvasive AB-VNS reduces the occurrence of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in conscious dogs with MI.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2011-arrhythmias", "title": "Arrhythmias and vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Youhua; Mazgalev Todor N.", "journal": "Heart failure reviews", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-010-9178-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20559719/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Besides its well-known negative chronotropic, inotropic, and dromotropic effects, VNS has profound effects on cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dai-2017-extrinsic-cardiac", "title": "Effects of extrinsic cardiac nerve stimulation on atrial fibrillation inducibility: The regulatory role of the spinal cord", "authors": "Dai et al.", "authorsFull": "Dai Zixuan; Huang Congxin; Zhao Qingyan; Zhang Shujuan; Zhao Hongyi; Zhang Youjing; Qian Yongsheng; Tang Yanhong", "journal": "Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.13217", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28422349/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "SCS modulates extrinsic and intrinsic cardiac nerve activity among the vagus nerve, stellate ganglion, and ganglionated plexus.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zuhair-2024-percutaneous-neuromodulation", "title": "Percutaneous Neuromodulation for Atrial Fibrillation", "authors": "Zuhair et al.", "authorsFull": "Zuhair Mohamed; Keene Daniel; Kanagaratnam Prapa; Lim Phang Boon", "journal": "Cardiac electrophysiology clinics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccep.2023.09.001", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39084721/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of percutaneous neuromodulation for atrial fibrillation, including ganglionated-plexi ablation and non-invasive tragus stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "chen-2015-low-level", "title": "Low-level vagus nerve stimulation: an important therapeutic option for atrial fibrillation treatment via modulating cardiac autonomic tone", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Mingxian; Yu Lilei; Zhou Xiaoya; Liu Qiming; Jiang Hong; Zhou Shenghua", "journal": "International journal of cardiology", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.083", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26263011/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining heart health using taVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2007-autonomic-activity", "title": "Autonomic nerve activity and atrial fibrillation", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Peng-Sheng; Tan Alex Y.", "journal": "Heart rhythm", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.12.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17336887/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Clinical studies suggest that both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are important in mediating PAF.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "andalib-2023-ischemic-stroke", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Ischemic Stroke", "authors": "Andalib et al.", "authorsFull": "Andalib Sasan; Divani Afshin A.; Ayata Cenk; Baig Sheharyar; Arsava Ethem Murat; Topcuoglu Mehmet Akif; Cáceres Eder Leonardo; Parikh Vinay; Desai Masoom J.; Majid Arshad; Girolami Sara; Di Napoli Mario", "journal": "Current neurology and neuroscience reports", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-023-01323-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38008851/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This review discusses the evidence supporting VNS as a treatment option for ischemic stroke and elucidates its underlying mechanisms.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "baig-2022-stroke-evidence", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) in stroke: the evidence, challenges and future directions", "authors": "Baig et al.", "authorsFull": "Baig Sheharyar S.; Kamarova Marharyta; Ali Ali; Su Li; Dawson Jesse; Redgrave Jessica N.; Majid Arshad", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102909", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861612/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of transcutaneous VNS for stroke recovery, weighing the evidence, challenges and future directions after invasive VNS paired with rehabilitation showed benefit.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "engineer-2019-targeted-rehabilitation", "title": "Targeted Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Rehabilitation After Stroke", "authors": "Engineer et al.", "authorsFull": "Engineer Navzer D.; Kimberley Teresa J.; Prudente Cecília N.; Dawson Jesse; Tarver W. Brent; Hays Seth A.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00280", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30983963/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of targeted VNS paired with rehabilitation for upper-limb recovery after stroke, where deficits persist in ~60% of survivors at six months.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "badran-2023-motor-activated", "title": "Motor Activated Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Potential Neuromodulation Approach for Post-Stroke Motor Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study", "authors": "Badran et al.", "authorsFull": "Badran Bashar W.; Peng Xiaolong; Baker-Vogel Brenna; Hutchison Scott; Finetto Patricia; Rishe Kelly; Fortune Andrew; Kitchens Ellen; O’Leary Georgia H.; Short Abigail; Finetto Christian; Woodbury Michelle L.; Kautz Steve", "journal": "Neurorehabilitation and neural repair", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/15459683231173357", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37209010/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 16, "keyFinding": "A total of 16 individuals completed the trial, and both MAAVNS (n = 9) and unpaired taVNS (n = 7) demonstrated improved Fugl-Meyer Assessment upper extremity scores (Mean ± SEM, MAAVNS: 5.00 ± 1.02, unpaired taVNS: 3.14 ± 0.63).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "xia-2024-promising-neuroprotection", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation as a promising neuroprotection for ischemic stroke via α7nAchR-dependent inactivation of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome", "authors": "Xia et al.", "authorsFull": "Xia Xiao-mei; Duan Yu; Wang Yue-ping; Han Rui-xue; Dong Yin-feng; Jiang Si-yuan; Zheng Yu; Qiao Chen; Cao Lei; Lu Xiao; Lu Ming", "journal": "Acta pharmacologica Sinica", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-024-01245-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38504011/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that all the three VNS significantly protected against the tMCAO-induced injury evidenced by improved neurological function and reduced infarct volume.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schambra-2025-stroke-rehabilitation", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for stroke rehabilitation: Neural substrates, neuromodulatory effects and therapeutic implications", "authors": "Schambra et al.", "authorsFull": "Schambra Heidi M.; Hays Seth A.", "journal": "The Journal of physiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP285566", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39243394/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Here, we provide a survey on the foundational basis of VNS therapy for stroke and offer insight into the mechanisms that underlie potentiated recovery, focusing on the principles of neuromodulatory reinforcement.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2025-mechanism-applications", "title": "Mechanism and Applications of Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Zhen; Liu Kezhou", "journal": "Current issues in molecular biology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47020122", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39996843/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Additionally, there is a need to explore and identify optimal rehabilitation treatment parameters for different diseases.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "odell-2023-stroke-rehabilitation", "title": "Stroke Rehabilitation and Motor Recovery", "authors": "O'Dell", "authorsFull": "O’Dell Michael W.", "journal": "Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000001218", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37039412/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This article reviews the rehabilitative principles and strategies that can be used to maximize post-stroke recovery.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "malakouti-2024-making-sense", "title": "Making Sense of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Stroke", "authors": "Malakouti et al.", "authorsFull": "Malakouti Niloufar; Serruya Mijail D.; Cramer Steven C.; Kimberley Teresa J.; Rosenwasser Robert H.", "journal": "Stroke", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.044576", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38095119/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Health care providers, patients, and insurers should rely on appropriately designed research to guide well-informed decisions.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kimberley-2025-long-term", "title": "Long-Term Outcomes of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired With Upper Extremity Rehabilitation After Stroke", "authors": "Kimberley et al.", "authorsFull": "Kimberley Teresa J.; Cramer Steven C.; Wolf Steven L.; Liu Charles; Gochyyev Perman; Dawson Jesse; Dixit Anand; Majid Arshad; Brown Benjamin L.; Turner Duncan L.; Francisco Gerard E.; Redgrave Jessica; Hochberg Leigh R.; DeMark Louis; O’Dell Michael W.; Ali Rushna; Kautz Steven A.; Feng Wayne", "journal": "Stroke", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.124.050479", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40329913/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Seventy-four participants (69%; 51 male; age, mean±SD, 59.6±8.9) completed 1-year follow-up and provided pooled data through 1 year.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2023-post-stroke", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on post-stroke dysphagia", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Ying; He Yingxi; Jiang Linlin; Chen Xiaoxu; Zou Fengjiao; Yin Ying; Li Jiani; Li Changqing; Zhang Guifang; Ma Jingxi; Niu Lingchuan", "journal": "Journal of neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-022-11465-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36329182/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "After treatment, ta-VNS group statistically and clinically had larger change of MASA, FCM, and RAS scores compared with control group (P < 0.05) and this improvement continued at least 4 weeks after the end of treatment.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2025-innovative-applications", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: innovative applications in the field of hand function rehabilitation", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Yize; Gao Yuling; Zhou Jiaqi; Zhang Shengchao; Li Tong; Zhang Zhenni; Gong Xiaoyang; Liu Yong", "journal": "Cognitive neurodynamics", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-025-10284-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40568488/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Hand function disorders significantly impair patients' quality of life by limiting the ability to perform daily tasks.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "morrison-2021-potential-adjuvant", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Potential Adjuvant to Rehabilitation for Post-stroke Motor Speech Disorders", "authors": "Morrison et al.", "authorsFull": "Morrison Robert A.; Hays Seth A.; Kilgard Michael P.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.715928", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34489632/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This partial restoration of function after rehabilitation suggests that there is a need for further intervention.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2024-efficacy-observation", "title": "Efficacy observation of combined transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on gait in 169 subacute stroke patients", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Litong; Wang Likai; Wang Zhan; Zhao Hongyu; Wu Jingyi; Gao Fei; Tang Hong", "journal": "Journal of rehabilitation medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v56.40348", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39508575/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an RCT, combining taVNS with transcranial direct-current stimulation produced the greatest gains in lower-limb motor function, balance and gait after stroke versus control.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wang-2024-minimally-modulates", "title": "Minimally invasive vagus nerve stimulation modulates mast cell degranulation via the microbiota-gut-brain axis to ameliorate blood-brain barrier and intestinal barrier damage following ischemic stroke", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Yanan; Tan Qianqian; Pan Mingdong; Yu Jiaying; Wu Shaoqi; Tu Wenzhan; Li Ming; Jiang Songhe", "journal": "International immunopharmacology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112030", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38603861/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Mast cells (MCs) play a significant role in various diseases, and their activation and degranulation can trigger inflammatory responses and barrier damage.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "vannemreddy-2025-stroke-management", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Stroke Management: Brief Review of Evolution and Present Applications Paired with Rehabilitation", "authors": "Vannemreddy et al.", "authorsFull": "Vannemreddy Prasad S.; Cummings Mark; Bahrii Romana V.; Slavin Konstantin V.", "journal": "Brain sciences", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15040346", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40309799/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Bailey and Bremer demonstrated that VNS has the capabilities to stimulate neuronal pathways that enhance the recovery of damaged cerebral function.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wen-2025-inhibits-pyroptosis", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits pyroptosis and improves outcome of cerebral ischemic stroke by upregulating osteopontin (SPP1) to disturb ASC oligomerization", "authors": "Wen et al.", "authorsFull": "Wen Jun; Tang Hao; Wang Ling; Yang Qinghuan; Zhao Yong; Ren Yu; Qin Ting; Li Xuemei; Xu Jianfeng; Jia Gongwei; Yang Qin", "journal": "BMC medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04242-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40624500/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In MCAO/R rats and AIS patients, osteopontin levels were elevated.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kilgard-2025-closed-loop", "title": "Closed-loop vagus nerve stimulation aids recovery from spinal cord injury", "authors": "Kilgard et al.", "authorsFull": "Kilgard Michael P.; Epperson Joseph D.; Adehunoluwa Emmanuel A.; Swank Chad; Porter Amy L.; Pruitt David T.; Gallaway Holle L.; Stevens Christi; Gillespie Jaime; Arnold Dannae; Powers Mark B.; Hamilton Rita G.; Naftalis Richard C.; Foreman Michael L.; Wigginton Jane G.; Hays Seth A.; Rennaker Robert L.", "journal": "Nature", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09028-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40399668/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Decades of research have demonstrated that recovery from serious neurological injury will require synergistic therapeutic approaches.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "gao-2023-paired-rehabilitation", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for motor function, mental health and activities of daily living after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Gao et al.", "authorsFull": "Gao Yong; Zhu Yi; Lu Xiao; Wang Nannan; Zhu Shizhe; Gong Jianqiu; Wang Tong; Tang Shao-Wen", "journal": "Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-329275", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36600569/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Seven RCTs involving 263 (analysed) participants was included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "ananda-2023-efficacy-safety", "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "authors": "Ananda et al.", "authorsFull": "Ananda Roshan; Roslan Mohd Hariz Bin; Wong Lin Ling; Botross Nevein Philip; Ngim Chin Fang; Mariapun Jeevitha", "journal": "Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000526470", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36167034/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 236, "keyFinding": "Seven RCTs (n = 236 subjects) met the eligibility criteria.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "li-2022-cerebral-stroke", "title": "Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Cerebral Stroke: Current Status and Future Perspectives", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Lijuan; Wang Dong; Pan Hongxia; Huang Liyi; Sun Xin; He Chengqi; Wei Quan", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.820665", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35250458/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recent studies have demonstrated that VNS can facilitate the benefits of rehabilitation interventions.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhou-2025-adjuvant-post", "title": "Adjuvant effects of vagus nerve stimulation on post-stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Zhou et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhou Jie; Sang Miaomiao; Shang Xiaona; Gao Xiuming", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-106662", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41469051/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 954, "keyFinding": "Overall, 18 RCTs involving 954 participants were included in this study.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2023-potential-treatment", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation is a potential treatment for ischemic stroke", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Yi-Lin; Wang San-Rong; Ma Jing-Xi; Yu Le-Hua; Jia Gong-Wei", "journal": "Neural regeneration research", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.350698", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36204850/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that vagus nerve stimulation caused a shift from a pro-inflammatory phenotype to a regulatory phenotype in microglia in the ischemic penumbra.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2023-upper-limb", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on upper limb motor function with stroke: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy pilot study", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Likai; Gao Fei; Dai Yongli; Wang Zhan; Liang Feng; Wu Jingyi; Wang Mengchun; Wang Litong", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1297887", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38075278/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In patients exhibiting left-side hemiplegia, there was a notable increase in activation within the pre-motor and supplementary motor cortex (PMC-SMC) of the unaffected hemisphere as well as in the left Broca area.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2024-electrical-recovery", "title": "Vagus nerve electrical stimulation in the recovery of upper limb motor functional impairment after ischemic stroke", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Long; Gao Huixin; Wang Zhongpeng; Gu Bin; Zhou Wanqi; Pang Meijun; Zhang Kuo; Liu Xiuyun; Ming Dong", "journal": "Cognitive neurodynamics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-024-10143-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39555282/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of VNS for upper-limb motor recovery after ischemic stroke.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "ahmed-2023-brain-techniques", "title": "Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Techniques for the Improvement of Upper Limb Motor Function and Performance in Activities of Daily Living After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis", "authors": "Ahmed et al.", "authorsFull": "Ahmed Ishtiaq; Mustafaoglu Rustem; Rossi Simone; Cavdar Fatih A.; Agyenkwa Seth Kwame; Pang Marco Y.C.; Straudi Sofia", "journal": "Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2023.04.027", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37245690/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Evidence suggests that excitatory stimulation protocols are the most promising intervention in improving upper limb motor function and performance in ADLs.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "xie-2021-upper-limb", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for upper limb motor impairment after ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis", "authors": "Xie et al.", "authorsFull": "Xie Yu-lei; Wang Shan; Wu Qing; Chen Xin", "journal": "Medicine", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000027871", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34797327/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 234, "keyFinding": "Six studies consisting of 234 patients were included in the analysis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "wang-2023-application-rehabilitation", "title": "Application of vagus nerve stimulation on the rehabilitation of upper limb dysfunction after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Xu; Ding Qixin; Li Tianshu; Li Wanyue; Yin Jialin; Li Yakun; Li Yuefang; Zhuang Weisheng", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1189034", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37416314/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 335, "keyFinding": "Ten trials (VNS combined with rehabilitation group vs.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shi-2023-research-progress", "title": "Clinical Research Progress of the Post-Stroke Upper Limb Motor Function Improvement via Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Shi et al.", "authorsFull": "Shi Xiaolong; Zhao Jingjun; Xu Shutian; Ren Meng; Wu Yuwei; Chen Xixi; Zhou Zhiqing; Chen Songmei; Huang Yu; Li Yuanli; Shan Chunlei", "journal": "Neural plasticity", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9532713", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37789954/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We further summarize the application of taVNS in improving post-stroke upper limb motor function to further promote the clinical research and application of taVNS in the rehabilitation of post-stroke upper limb motor dysfunction.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kwakkel-2021-upper-limb", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Upper Limb Function: Significant Difference, but Clinically Important?", "authors": "Kwakkel et al.", "authorsFull": "Kwakkel Gert; Dobkin Bruce H.", "journal": "Stroke", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.035648", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34315255/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review asking whether the statistically significant upper-limb gains from VNS after stroke are clinically important.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "ramos-castaneda-2022-efficacy-safety", "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Upper Limb Motor Recovery After Stroke. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "authors": "Ramos-Castaneda et al.", "authorsFull": "Ramos-Castaneda Jorge A.; Barreto-Cortes Carlos Federico; Losada-Floriano Diego; Sanabria-Barrera Sandra Milena; Silva-Sieger Federico A.; Garcia Ronald G.", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.889953", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35847207/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Eight studies evaluating VNS effects on motor function in stroke patients were included, of which 4 used implanted and 4 transcutaneous VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "dawson-2016-safety-feasibility", "title": "Safety, Feasibility, and Efficacy of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired With Upper-Limb Rehabilitation After Ischemic Stroke", "authors": "Dawson et al.", "authorsFull": "Dawson Jesse; Pierce David; Dixit Anand; Kimberley Teresa J.; Robertson Michele; Tarver Brent; Hilmi Omar; McLean John; Forbes Kirsten; Kilgard Michael P.; Rennaker Robert L.; Cramer Steven C.; Walters Matthew; Engineer Navzer", "journal": "Stroke", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010477", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26645257/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Nine participants were randomized to VNS plus rehabilitation and 11 to rehabilitation alone.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dawson-2024-neurostimulation-treatment", "title": "Neurostimulation for treatment of post-stroke impairments", "authors": "Dawson et al.", "authorsFull": "Dawson Jesse; Abdul-Rahim Azmil H.; Kimberley Teresa J.", "journal": "Nature reviews. Neurology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-024-00953-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38570705/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of neurostimulation for post-stroke impairments, noting VNS gained FDA approval in 2021 as an adjunct to intensive rehabilitation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zhao-2022-paired-rehabilitation", "title": "Effect of vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for upper limb function improvement after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Zhao et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhao Kehong; Yang Jiaen; Huang Jiapeng; Zhao Ziqi; Qu Yun", "journal": "International journal of rehabilitation research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue internationale de recherches de readaptation", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0000000000000509", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34839304/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 178, "keyFinding": "Overall, the present meta-analysis revealed a significant effect of VNS on Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE, MD = 3.59; 95% CI, 2.55-4.63; P < 0.01) when compared with the control group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "abdullahi-2023-safety-upper", "title": "Effects and safety of vagus nerve stimulation on upper limb function in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Abdullahi et al.", "authorsFull": "Abdullahi Auwal; Wong Thomson W. L.; Ng Shamay S. M.", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42077-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37723225/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the effects and safety of VNS on upper-limb motor function after stroke.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "dawson-2022-paired-treatment", "title": "Paired vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of upper extremity impairment after stroke", "authors": "Dawson et al.", "authorsFull": "Dawson Jesse; Abdul-Rahim Azmil H", "journal": "International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930221094684", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35377261/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A recent pivotal Phase III trial showed that VNS paired with rehabilitation led to improvements in upper extremity impairment and function in people with moderate-to-severe arm weakness for an average of 3 years after ischemic stroke.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2024-task-oriented", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation with task-oriented training improves upper extremity function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Meng-Huan; Wang Yi-Xiu; Xie Min; Chen Li-Yan; He Meng-Fei; Lin Feng; Jiang Zhong-Li", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1346634", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38525376/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The VG showed significant improvements in upper extremity function (FMA-UE, ARAT) and activities of daily living (MBI) compared to the SG at post-intervention.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hu-2024-narrative-stroke", "title": "A narrative review of vagus nerve stimulation in stroke", "authors": "Hu et al.", "authorsFull": "Hu Yanhong; Xiong Ruiqi; Pan Suyue; Huang Kaibin", "journal": "Journal of central nervous system disease", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735241303069", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39677973/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Stroke is a significant health concern impacting society and the health care system.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lin-2024-paired-upper", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired With Upper Extremity Rehabilitation for Chronic Ischemic Stroke: Contribution of Dosage Parameters", "authors": "Lin et al.", "authorsFull": "Lin Shiyu; Rodriguez Chelsea O.; Wolf Steven L.", "journal": "Neurorehabilitation and neural repair", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/15459683241258769", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38836606/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Compared to Controls, active VNS favorably influenced distal function with sustained improvement after the home program.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "francisco-2023-paired-upper", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired With Upper-Limb Rehabilitation After Stroke: 2- and 3-Year Follow-up From the Pilot Study", "authors": "Francisco et al.", "authorsFull": "Francisco Gerard E.; Engineer Navzer D.; Dawson Jesse; Kimberley Teresa J.; Cramer Steven C.; Prudente Cecília N.; Pierce David; Tarver W. Brent; Hinds Reema H. Adham; Van de Winckel Ann; Yozbatiran Nuray", "journal": "Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2023.02.012", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37001842/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 14, "keyFinding": "One year after Paired VNS therapy, FMA-UE improved by an average of 9.2±8.2 points, as previously reported.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "khan-2025-implantable-stimulator", "title": "Implantable Vagus Nerve Stimulator-Paired Neurorehabilitation for Upper Limb Function After Ischemic Stroke: Evidence From a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Best Practice Recommendations", "authors": "Khan et al.", "authorsFull": "Khan Inamullah; Shakir Muhammad; Vijayanarasimhan Venkateshwaran; Lodhi Bilal A.; Parker Jonathon J.; Miller Kai J.; Khan Muhib; Grewal Sanjeet S.; Ali Rushna", "journal": "Neurosurgery", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000003545", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40459273/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 498, "keyFinding": "The final analysis included 8 studies, with a cumulative sample size of n = 498 patients who underwent I-VNS-paired rehabilitation for upper extremity weakness in unilateral supratentorial stroke.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "elsehrawy-2025-pain-modulator", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation as a pain modulator in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled clinical trial", "authors": "Elsehrawy et al.", "authorsFull": "Elsehrawy Gehad Gamal; Ibrahim Maha Emad; A.moneim Nermeen Hassan; Hefny Mohamed Ahmed; El Shaarawy Nashwa Kamel", "journal": "BMC musculoskeletal disorders", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-025-08288-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39828740/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In the active group, compared to baseline, there was a significant improvement in VAS scores between the first and second follow-up visits (P < 0.001).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "eid-2024-chronic-low", "title": "Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on chronic low back pain: a systematic review", "authors": "Eid et al.", "authorsFull": "Eid Lama; George Mina; Hady Doaa A. Abdel", "journal": "BMC musculoskeletal disorders", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-024-07569-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38926726/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our database search found 1084 RCT.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tavares-figueiredo-2024-chronic-low", "title": "Effect of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study", "authors": "Tavares-Figueiredo et al.", "authorsFull": "Tavares-Figueiredo Isabelle; Pers Yves-Marie; Duflos Claire; Herman Fanchon; Sztajnzalc Benjamin; Lecoq Hugo; Laffont Isabelle; Dupeyron Arnaud F.; Homs Alexis F.", "journal": "Journal of clinical medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247601", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39768526/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 27, "keyFinding": "VAS scores decreased significantly by 16.1 (SD = 17.9) mm (p < 0.001) and by 22.5 (25) mm (p < 0.001) after 3 months (24 patients were analyzed).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liebano-2024-combined-electrical", "title": "The combined effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on pressure and heat pain thresholds in pain-free subjects: a randomized cross-over trial", "authors": "Liebano et al.", "authorsFull": "Liebano Richard E.; Awad Noura; Bellino Christopher; Bray Katherine; Rosentrater Heidi; Roy Joshua; Tate Camryn", "journal": "Trials", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-08352-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39085951/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "TENS has been demonstrated to produce hypoalgesic effects in postoperative pain, fibromyalgia, knee osteoarthritis, and healthy subjects.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "demircioglu-2024-comparison-efficacy", "title": "Comparison of the efficacy of auricular vagus nerve stimulation and conventional low back rehabilitation in patients with chronic low back pain", "authors": "Demircioğlu et al.", "authorsFull": "Demircioğlu Gamze; Özden Ali Veysel; Genç Hazal", "journal": "Complementary therapies in clinical practice", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2024.101862", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38815433/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "At the end of three weeks, within-group assessment results showed positive effects on mobility, functional status, depression and sleep in all groups (p < 0.05).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "torres-2025-transcranial-direct", "title": "Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation, associated with manual vagus nerve therapy, on pain in women with fibromyalgia: study protocol for a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial", "authors": "Torres et al.", "authorsFull": "Torres Aebe Alves; Cordeiro Bárbara Naeme Lima; Myiamoto Samira Tatyiama; Gava Pablo Lúcio; Pestana Andressa Braz Carlini; Valim Valéria; de Oliveira Gomes Gustavo Pinto; Vidal Pamela Reis; Kuster Elizangela; da Silva Rocha Jader Vinicius; da Silva Arêas Fernando Zanela", "journal": "Trials", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-09150-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41204309/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study will examine the immediate and late effects of tDCS associated with MT on the VN pathway in pain in women with FM.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "panebianco-2015-partial-seizures", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for partial seizures", "authors": "Panebianco et al.", "authorsFull": "Panebianco Mariangela; Rigby Alexandra; Weston Jennifer; Marson Anthony G", "journal": "The Cochrane database of systematic reviews", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002896.pub2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25835947/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This is an updated version of a Cochrane review published in Issue 7, 2010.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "chakravarthy-2015-uses-chronic", "title": "Review of the Uses of Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Pain Management", "authors": "Chakravarthy et al.", "authorsFull": "Chakravarthy Krishnan; Chaudhry Hira; Williams Kayode; Christo Paul J.", "journal": "Current pain and headache reports", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-015-0528-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26493698/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We also present potential mechanisms for VNS modulation of chronic pain by reviewing both animal and human studies.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "muthulingam-2022-two-week", "title": "Two-Week Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Pancreatitis Patients Induces Functional Connectivity Changes of Limbic Structures", "authors": "Muthulingam et al.", "authorsFull": "Muthulingam Janusiya Anajan; Hansen Tine Maria; Olesen Søren Schou; Drewes Asbjørn Mohr; Frøkjær Jens Brøndum", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13482", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35396075/", "condition": "Pancreatitis", "conditions": "Pancreatitis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Sixteen CP patients (mean age 56.6 ± 9.4 years) completed the trial.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "molero-chamizo-2022-treatment-fibromyalgia", "title": "Non-Invasive Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia Symptoms: A Study Protocol", "authors": "Molero-Chamizo et al.", "authorsFull": "Molero-Chamizo Andrés; Nitsche Michael A.; Bolz Armin; Andújar Barroso Rafael Tomás; Alameda Bailén José R.; García Palomeque Jesús Carlos; Rivera-Urbina Guadalupe Nathzidy", "journal": "Brain sciences", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010095", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35053839/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Since both vagal branches project to the NST, we do not predict significantly different results between the two stimulation protocols.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "li-2025-modulates-functional", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular nerve stimulation modulates the functional connectivity of the descending pain modulation system and reward network in patients with chronic low back pain", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Tingting; Wu Yuefeng; Li Yuanyuan; Hodges Sierra Anne; Reddy Sveta; Chen Lucy; Sacca Valeria; Kong Jian", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00611", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40461351/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 51, "keyFinding": "Within-group comparisons showed a significant improvement in pain-related outcomes for both groups.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2025-effectiveness-alleviating", "title": "Effectiveness of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation on Alleviating Postoperative Pain Following Thoracoscopic Lobectomy: A Participant- and Assessor-blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Jun; Chen Qihuan; Shen Qihong; Yan Chao; Jiang Tao; Li Jiwen; Sayer Shameera; Ai Zhichao; Yu Xin; Zeng Qingxin; Chen Gang", "journal": "The Clinical journal of pain", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000001315", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40775700/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 67, "keyFinding": "A total of 67 participants completed the study.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "camargo-2025-resting-state", "title": "The effects of non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on resting-state delta oscillation: a randomized, double-blinded, sham-control trial", "authors": "Camargo et al.", "authorsFull": "Camargo Lucas; Gianlorenço Anna Carolyna; Pacheco-Barrios Kevin; Pichardo Elly; Costa Valton; Choi Hyuk; Song Jae-Jun; Fregni Felipe", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17821-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41044114/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our findings demonstrated that active taVNS modulates low-frequency oscillations in the frontal areas of healthy subjects.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2025-postoperative-pain", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on postoperative pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: study protocol for a single-centre, prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled study", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Qin; Zhang Ling; Wang Dongxu; Cao Ya; Yu Liang; Li Zhonghua; Fan Keyu; Liu Mingxia; Wei Jingqiu; Wang Qianrong; Liu He", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-098506", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40750272/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recent studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) in both acute and chronic pain treatment.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yuan-2025-international-headache", "title": "International Headache society evidence-based guidelines on the use of non-invasive neuromodulation devices for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine", "authors": "Yuan et al.", "authorsFull": "Yuan Hsiangkuo; Orr Serena L.; Al-Karagholi Mohammad A.M.; Ashina Messoud; Cohen Fred; Diener Hans-Christoph; Dodick David W.; Jensen Rigmor Højland; Marmura Michael J.; Martinelli Daniele; Matharu Manjit S.; Petersen Anja S.; Pozo-Rosich Patricia; Sacco Simona; Simmonds Lucy; Tassorelli Cristina; Tepper Stewart J.; Terwindt Gisela M.; Wang Shuu-Jiun; Yeh Jiunn-Tyng; Silberstein Stephen D.", "journal": "Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024251388377", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41117312/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These guidelines provide a framework for clinical decision-making while highlighting areas requiring further research.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "butt-2020-anatomical-basis", "title": "The anatomical basis for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Butt et al.", "authorsFull": "Butt Mohsin F.; Albusoda Ahmed; Farmer Adam D.; Aziz Qasim", "journal": "Journal of anatomy", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13122", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31742681/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the anatomical basis for transcutaneous auricular VNS, underpinning its exploration in heart failure, migraine and inflammatory bowel disease.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "aranow-2021-reduces-pain", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces pain and fatigue in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial", "authors": "Aranow et al.", "authorsFull": "Aranow Cynthia; Atish-Fregoso Yemil; Lesser Martin; Mackay Meggan; Anderson Erik; Chavan Sangeeta; Zanos Theodoros P; Datta-Chaudhuri Timir; Bouton Chad; Tracey Kevin J; Diamond Betty", "journal": "Annals of the rheumatic diseases", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217872", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33144299/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS significantly reduced pain and fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus versus sham, with responses correlating with cumulative stimulation dose.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "yin-2025-impact-postoperative", "title": "Impact of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on postoperative pain in patients undergoing perianal surgery: a randomized trial", "authors": "Yin et al.", "authorsFull": "Yin Zhi-Yu; Wang Jing; Wei Pan; Gao Hao; Sun Long; Song Jian-Gang; Tang Wei", "journal": "Annals of medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2025.2476045", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40059790/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS lowered postoperative pain scores at multiple time points and reduced supplementary analgesic use versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "shi-2021-ameliorating-mechanisms", "title": "Ameliorating effects and mechanisms of transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation on abdominal pain and constipation", "authors": "Shi et al.", "authorsFull": "Shi Xiaodan; Hu Yedong; Zhang Bo; Li Wenna; Chen Jiande DZ; Liu Fei", "journal": "JCI insight", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.150052", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34138761/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In patients with constipation-predominant IBS, taVNS improved abdominal pain and constipation alongside autonomic changes.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wang-2023-treatment-primary", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: A pilot study", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Chenxi; Su Wenjie; Feng Xinyue; Qi Xingang; Hong Zilong; Dun Wanghuan; Zhang Ming; Liu Jixin", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.04.010", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37076044/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining pain using taVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2024-conditioned-pain", "title": "Effect of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Conditioned Pain Modulation in Trigeminal Neuralgia Patients", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Yu; Luo Yiyuan; Wu Qixing; Han Mingming; Wang Haitao; Kang Fang", "journal": "Pain and therapy", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-024-00654-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39259413/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A 30-min active taVNS exposure substantially elevated the PPT and CPM effect (P < 0.05) among TN patients, and we also observed a notable rise in the PPT and CPM effect (P < 0.05) among healthy controls.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "patel-2022-trans-reduce", "title": "Trans-auricular vagus nerve stimulation to reduce perioperative pain and morbidity: protocol for a single-blind analyser-masked randomised controlled trial", "authors": "Patel et al.", "authorsFull": "Patel Amour B.U.; Bibawy Phillip P.W.M.; Majeed Zehra; Gan Weng Liang; Ackland Gareth L.", "journal": "BJA open", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjao.2022.100017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35832337/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This phase 2b study will explore whether noninvasive autonomic neuromodulation may reduce pain or morbidity using trans-auricular vagus nerve stimulation, providing proof-of-concept data for a non-pharmacological, generalisable approach to improve perioperative outcomes.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "capilupi-2020-cardiovascular-system", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation and the Cardiovascular System", "authors": "Capilupi et al.", "authorsFull": "Capilupi Michael J.; Kerath Samantha M.; Becker Lance B.", "journal": "Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a034173", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31109966/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Here, we review the current state of preclinical and clinical studies, as well as the potential application of VNS in relation to the cardiovascular system.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cirillo-2022-personalized-therapeutic", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Personalized Therapeutic Approach for Crohn's and Other Inflammatory Bowel Diseases", "authors": "Cirillo et al.", "authorsFull": "Cirillo Giovanni; Negrete-Diaz Flor; Yucuma Daniela; Virtuoso Assunta; Korai Sohaib Ali; De Luca Ciro; Kaniusas Eugenijus; Papa Michele; Panetsos Fivos", "journal": "Cells", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11244103", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36552867/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Therefore, it has been suggested that appropriate neuroprosthetic stimulation of the vagus nerve could lead to the modulation of the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and consequent long-term control of these autoimmune diseases.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "petracco-2025-inflammatory-bowel", "title": "Inflammatory bowel disease and neuropsychiatric disorders: Mechanisms and emerging therapeutics targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis", "authors": "Petracco et al.", "authorsFull": "Petracco Giulia; Faimann Isabella; Reichmann Florian", "journal": "Pharmacology & therapeutics", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2025.108831", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40023320/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Accumulating evidence suggests that IBD is not only restricted to the gastrointestinal tract and that disease processes are able to reach distant organs including the brain.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "fornaro-2022-inflammatory-bowel", "title": "Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role of Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Fornaro et al.", "authorsFull": "Fornaro Riccardo; Actis Giovanni Clemente; Caviglia Gian Paolo; Pitoni Demis; Ribaldone Davide Giuseppe", "journal": "Journal of clinical medicine", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195690", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36233558/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A significant percentage of IBD patients lose response to treatments or experience side effects.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sinniger-2020-month-outcomes", "title": "A 12-month pilot study outcomes of vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease", "authors": "Sinniger et al.", "authorsFull": "Sinniger Valérie; Pellissier Sonia; Fauvelle Florence; Trocmé Candice; Hoffmann Dominique; Vercueil Laurent; Cracowski Jean‐Luc; David Olivier; Bonaz Bruno", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13911", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32515156/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study is the continuation of previous reported findings at 6 months.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "dhaens-2023-neuroimmune-modulation", "title": "Neuroimmune Modulation Through Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Inflammatory Activity in Crohn's Disease Patients: A Prospective Open-label Study", "authors": "D'Haens et al.", "authorsFull": "D’Haens Geert; Eberhardson Michael; Cabrijan Zeljko; Danese Silvio; van den Berg Remco; Löwenberg Mark; Fiorino Gionata; Schuurman P Richard; Lind Göran; Almqvist Per; Olofsson Peder S; Tracey Kevin J; Hanauer Stephen B; Zitnik Ralph; Chernoff David; Levine Yaakov A", "journal": "Journal of Crohn's & colitis", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad151", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37738465/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "In a trial of 15 patients with Crohn's disease, VNS produced a clinically meaningful fall in disease-activity index and faecal calprotectin, with mucosal improvement in 11 of 15.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2017-new-promising", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: a new promising therapeutic tool in inflammatory bowel disease", "authors": "Bonaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Bonaz B.; Sinniger V.; Pellissier S.", "journal": "Journal of internal medicine", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12611", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28421634/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Thus, vagus nerve stimulation provides a new therapeutic option in the treatment of CD.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2023-targeting-treat", "title": "Targeting the Vagus Nerve to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease?", "authors": "Bonaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Bonaz Bruno; Sinniger Valérie", "journal": "Journal of Crohn's & colitis", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad149", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37738475/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining gut health using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pikov-2023-sacral-inflammatory", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review", "authors": "Pikov", "authorsFull": "Pikov Victor", "journal": "Journal of translational gastroenterology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14218/jtg.2023.00098", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38606364/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our analysis encompassed five clinical studies, three on VNS and two on SNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kibleur-2018-electroencephalographic-correlates", "title": "Electroencephalographic correlates of low-frequency vagus nerve stimulation therapy for Crohn's disease", "authors": "Kibleur et al.", "authorsFull": "Kibleur Astrid; Pellissier Sonia; Sinniger Valérie; Robert Jade; Gronlier Eloise; Clarençon Didier; Vercueil Laurent; Hoffmann Dominique; Bonaz Bruno; David Olivier", "journal": "Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2018.02.127", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29573733/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Acute VNS induced increased spectral power in delta and theta bands on frontal, temporal and occipital electrodes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2021-therapeutic-potential", "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases", "authors": "Bonaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Bonaz Bruno; Sinniger Valérie; Pellissier Sonia", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.650971", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33828455/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the therapeutic rationale for VNS in inflammatory bowel disease via the vagal anti-inflammatory reflex.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hesampour-2024-exploring-efficacy", "title": "Exploring the efficacy of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) in modulating local and systemic inflammation in experimental models of colitis", "authors": "Hesampour et al.", "authorsFull": "Hesampour Fatemeh; Tshikudi Diane M; Bernstein Charles N; Ghia Jean-Eric", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-024-00162-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39648211/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In mouse models of colitis, taVNS reduced disease-activity and histological scores and downregulated pro-inflammatory markers.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "sahn-2023-attenuates-inflammatory", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation attenuates inflammatory bowel disease in children: a proof-of-concept clinical trial", "authors": "Sahn et al.", "authorsFull": "Sahn Benjamin; Pascuma Kristine; Kohn Nina; Tracey Kevin J.; Markowitz James F.", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00124-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37849000/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "Twenty-two subjects were enrolled and analyzed (10 CD, 12 UC).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "da-silva-2025-role-physical", "title": "Role of physical exercise, vagal nerve stimulation, and vagotomy in inflammatory bowel disease", "authors": "da Silva et al.", "authorsFull": "da Silva Alda Cassia Alves; Severo Juliana Soares; dos Santos Brenda Lois Barros; Soares Heron Silva; Martins Jorddam Almondes; Lima Rodrigo Soares Pereira; Gadelha Kalinne Kelly Lima; Torres-Leal Francisco Leonardo; Correia-de-Sá Paulo; Magalhães Pedro Jorge Caldas; Santos Armênio Aguiar; da Silva Moisés Tolentino Bento", "journal": "World journal of gastroenterology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i38.111252", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41112001/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Although the precise mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, accumulating evidence suggests that skeletal muscle contractions promote the secretion of myokines, with recognized anti-inflammatory properties.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "croft-2025-efficacy-applications", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Efficacy, Applications, and Challenges in Mood Disorders and Autonomic Regulation-A Narrative Review", "authors": "Croft et al.", "authorsFull": "Croft Jacob R; LaMacchia Zachary M; Alderete Joseph F; Maestas Adam; Nguyen Khan; O’Hara Reginald B", "journal": "Military medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaf063", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40116526/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review of taVNS describing its autonomic effects and its applications and challenges in mood disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "chan-2025-assessing-therapeutic", "title": "Assessing the therapeutic potential of vagus nerve stimulation in autoimmune diseases: A systematic review", "authors": "Chan et al.", "authorsFull": "Chan Eubi; Mani Ali R.", "journal": "Physiological reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70230", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39903575/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Emerging evidence suggests that the vagus nerve can modulate the immune system in experimental settings.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2025-applications-mechanisms", "title": "Clinical applications and mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of immune diseases: a review", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Jingjing; Zheng Kaiyuan; Dong Linghui; Lin Jingyi; Zhang Chunyu; Xie Yulei; Wang Yinxu", "journal": "International journal of surgery (London, England)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000003160", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40788025/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the clinical applications and mechanisms of VNS in immune diseases.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2018-there-place", "title": "Is-there a place for vagus nerve stimulation in inflammatory bowel diseases?", "authors": "Bonaz", "authorsFull": "Bonaz Bruno", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-018-0004-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32232080/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review asking whether VNS has a place in inflammatory bowel disease, given the vagus nerve's anti-TNFα action.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "caravaca-2019-effective-method", "title": "An Effective Method for Acute Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Experimental Inflammation", "authors": "Caravaca et al.", "authorsFull": "Caravaca April S.; Gallina Alessandro L.; Tarnawski Laura; Tracey Kevin J.; Pavlov Valentin A.; Levine Yaakov A.; Olofsson Peder S.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00877", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31551672/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A methods paper describing an effective technique for acute VNS in experimental inflammation models.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "atalar-2025-transauricular-suppresses", "title": "Transauricular vagal nerve stimulation suppresses inflammatory responses in the gut and brain in an inflammatory bowel disease model", "authors": "Atalar et al.", "authorsFull": "Atalar Kerem; Alim Ece; Yigman Zeynep; Belen Hayrunnisa Bolay; Erten Fusun; Sahin Kazım; Soylu Ayse; Dizakar Saadet Ozen Akarca; Bahcelioglu Meltem", "journal": "Journal of anatomy", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14178", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39707162/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Administration of tVNS significantly ameliorated the severity of TNBS-induced tissue damage and inflammatory response.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "payne-2019-bioelectric-neuromodulation", "title": "Bioelectric neuromodulation for gastrointestinal disorders: effectiveness and mechanisms", "authors": "Payne et al.", "authorsFull": "Payne Sophie C.; Furness John B.; Stebbing Martin J.", "journal": "Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-018-0078-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30390018/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of bioelectric neuromodulation, including vagal approaches, for gastrointestinal disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "yasmin-2022-electrical-neuromodulation", "title": "Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease", "authors": "Yasmin et al.", "authorsFull": "Yasmin Farah; Sahito Abdul Moiz; Mir Syeda Lamiya; Khatri Govinda; Shaikh Somina; Gul Ambresha; Hassan Syed Adeel; Koritala Thoyaja; Surani Salim", "journal": "World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v13.i5.128", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36187600/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of electrical neuromodulation for inflammatory bowel disease as an alternative for patients who do not respond to drugs.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "cheng-2020-potential-electrical", "title": "Potential of Electrical Neuromodulation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease", "authors": "Cheng et al.", "authorsFull": "Cheng Jiafei; Shen Hong; Chowdhury Reezwana; Abdi Tsion; Selaru Florin; Chen Jiande D Z", "journal": "Inflammatory bowel diseases", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izz289", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31782957/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the potential of electrical neuromodulation for inflammatory bowel disease in patients refractory to medical therapy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "mikami-2022-mediated-intestinal", "title": "Vagus nerve-mediated intestinal immune regulation: therapeutic implications of inflammatory bowel diseases", "authors": "Mikami et al.", "authorsFull": "Mikami Yohei; Tsunoda Junya; Kiyohara Hiroki; Taniki Nobuhito; Teratani Toshiaki; Kanai Takanori", "journal": "International immunology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxab039", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34240133/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this review, we describe the role of the VN in the regulation of intestinal immunity, and we discuss novel therapeutic approaches for IBDs that target neuroimmune interactions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "eberhardson-2021-brain-gut", "title": "The brain-gut axis, inflammatory bowel disease and bioelectronic medicine", "authors": "Eberhardson et al.", "authorsFull": "Eberhardson Michael; Levine Yaakov A; Tarnawski Laura; Olofsson Peder S", "journal": "International immunology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxab018", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33912906/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The suggested control of gut immunity by the brain-gut axis represents a novel therapeutic target suitable for bioelectronic intervention.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "liu-2024-ameliorating-mouse", "title": "Ameliorating effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on a mouse model of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Jie; Dai Qian; Qu Tong; Ma Jun; Lv Chaolan; Wang Haitao; Yu Yue", "journal": "Neurobiology of disease", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106440", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38369213/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "First, we found that taVNS increased fecal pellet number, fecal water content, and gastrointestinal transit in IBS-C model mice compared with the sham-ES group.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "veldman-2025-efficacy-gastrointestinal", "title": "Efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in gastrointestinal disorders: a systematic review", "authors": "Veldman et al.", "authorsFull": "Veldman Fleur; Hawinkels Kimberly; Keszthelyi Daniel", "journal": "Gastroenterology report", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/goaf009", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39867596/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 644, "keyFinding": "Dysfunction of the vagus nerve has been suggested as a contributing factor in various gastrointestinal disorders, prompting interest in vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) as a non-pharmacological therapy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yin-2023-electrical-neuromodulation", "title": "Noninvasive electrical neuromodulation for gastrointestinal motility disorders", "authors": "Yin et al.", "authorsFull": "Yin Jieyun; Chen Jiande DZ", "journal": "Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2023.2288156", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38018087/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of non-invasive electrical neuromodulation for gastrointestinal motility disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "song-2023-electrical-gastrointestinal", "title": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation for gastrointestinal motility disorders", "authors": "Song et al.", "authorsFull": "Song Gengqing; Trujillo Sophie; Fu Yuhan; Shibi Fahmi; Chen Jiande; Fass Ronnie", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14618", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37288650/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "It has been shown to be beneficial in treating GI motility disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2024-unmet-needs", "title": "Unmet needs of drugs for irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases: interest of vagus nerve stimulation and hypnosis", "authors": "Bonaz", "authorsFull": "Bonaz Bruno", "journal": "Inflammopharmacology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01446-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38512653/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of unmet drug needs in IBS and IBD and the rationale for VNS via the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive gut-brain axis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "yan-2023-relives-irritable", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Relives Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Associated Depression via α7nAChR-mediated Anti-inflammatory Pathway", "authors": "Yan et al.", "authorsFull": "Yan Qizhi; Chen Jiawei; Ren Xiuying; Song Yibo; Xu Jian; Xuan Shaoyan; Jiang Xi; Kuang Zhijian; Tang Zhihua", "journal": "Neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.026", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37625687/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "AA-CAS treatment resulted in abnormal fecal output, increased visceral sensitivity, depressive-like behaviors, and overexpression of inflammatory mediators, all of which were reversed by VNS treatment.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hajjeh-2025-enteric-nervous", "title": "Enteric nervous system dysfunction as a driver of central nervous system disorders: The Forgotten brain in neurological disease", "authors": "Hajjeh et al.", "authorsFull": "Hajjeh Orabi; Rajab Islam; Bdair Mohammad; Saife Sarah; Zahran Anwar; Nazzal Iyad; AbuZahra Mohammad Ibrahem; Jallad Hammam; Abukhalil Maram M.; Hallak Mira; Al-Said Osama S.; Al-Braik Rama; Sawaftah Zaid; Milhem Fathi; Almur Omar; Saife Sakeena; Aburemaileh Mohammed; Abuhilal Anfal", "journal": "Neuroscience", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.03.015", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40088964/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This perspective paves the way for innovative diagnostics, personalized gut-targeted therapies, and a deeper understanding of the ENS's role in brain health and disease.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bora-2023-impact-percutaneous", "title": "Impact of auricular percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation on gut microbiome in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: A pilot study", "authors": "Bora et al.", "authorsFull": "Bora Geetanjali; Atkinson Samantha N.; Pan Amy; Sood Manu; Salzman Nita; Karrento Katja", "journal": "Journal of digestive diseases", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.13203", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37448237/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Twenty females aged 15.6 ± 1.62 years were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yin-2025-gastrointestinal-disorders", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Gastrointestinal Disorders", "authors": "Yin", "authorsFull": "Yin Jieyun", "journal": "Journal of translational gastroenterology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14218/jtg.2025.00024", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40855855/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous VNS is an innovative, effective, and safe therapy for patients with GI disorders; however, large-scale clinical trials are necessary to establish optimal treatment modalities and efficacy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2017-neuro-immune", "title": "The Vagus Nerve in the Neuro-Immune Axis: Implications in the Pathology of the Gastrointestinal Tract", "authors": "Bonaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Bonaz Bruno; Sinniger Valérie; Pellissier Sonia", "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01452", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29163522/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the vagus nerve in the neuro-immune axis and its implications for gastrointestinal pathology.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "dudzinska-2023-importance-visceral", "title": "The Importance of Visceral Hypersensitivity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Plant Metabolites in IBS Treatment", "authors": "Dudzińska et al.", "authorsFull": "Dudzińska Ewa; Grabrucker Andreas M.; Kwiatkowski Paweł; Sitarz Robert; Sienkiewicz Monika", "journal": "Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16101405", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37895876/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that a two-way action through stimulating the VN and using nutraceuticals may become an effective therapy in treating IBS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2022-anti-inflammatory", "title": "Anti-inflammatory effects of vagal nerve stimulation with a special attention to intestinal barrier dysfunction", "authors": "Bonaz", "authorsFull": "Bonaz Bruno", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14456", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36097404/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We also review the existing evidence of the effects VNS on intestinal permeability in models such as burn intestinal injury and traumatic brain injury, which pave the way for future clinical trials in IBD, IBS, and celiac disease.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "xing-2026-connection-exploring", "title": "The vagus connection: exploring the neurobiology of brain-gut communication", "authors": "Xing et al.", "authorsFull": "Xing Tiaosi; Ozkaya Kudret Selin; Nassrallah Zeinab; Travagli R. Alberto", "journal": "Journal of neurophysiology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00516.2024", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41348765/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This imbalance plays a significant role in pathological conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "kwiecien-2025-role-brain", "title": "Role of brain-gut axis in mechanism of gastrointestinal defense", "authors": "Kwiecien et al.", "authorsFull": "Kwiecien S; Sliwowski Z; Pajdo R; Ptak-Belowska A; Brzozowski T", "journal": "Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.26402/jpp.2025.5.01", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41364165/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We conclude that brain-gut axis plays a particularly important role in maintaining of mucosal barrier in GI-tract and alteration in its functions is implicated in pathogenesis of various diseases of the gut.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "alam-2023-neuromodulation-emerging", "title": "Non-invasive neuromodulation: an emerging intervention for visceral pain in gastrointestinal disorders", "authors": "Alam et al.", "authorsFull": "Alam Md Jahangir; Chen Jiande D. Z.", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00130-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37990288/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In conclusion, the emerging field of noninvasive neuromodulation appears as a viable alternative therapeutic avenue for effectively managing visceral pain in GI disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "saleh-2026-chronic-constipation", "title": "Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "authors": "Saleh et al.", "authorsFull": "Saleh Ahmad Omar; Awashra Ameer; Abouelmagd Alaa Abdrabou; Elkholy Mostafa; Hasanin Ekram Hassan; Aldohni Abd alrahman Alsabbagh; Elkhattib Ismail; Abuelazm Mohamed; Elnaggar Mohamed", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2026.01.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41762189/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 356, "keyFinding": "Six RCTs involving 356 participants were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "frkjaer-2016-modulation-tone", "title": "Modulation of vagal tone enhances gastroduodenal motility and reduces somatic pain sensitivity", "authors": "Frøkjaer et al.", "authorsFull": "Frøkjær J. B.; Bergmann S.; Brock C.; Madzak A.; Farmer A. D.; Ellrich J.; Drewes A. M.", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12760", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26728182/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A study finding that combined electrical and physiological modulation of vagal tone enhanced gastroduodenal motility and reduced somatic pain sensitivity.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "mei-1990-intestinal-sensitivity", "title": "[Intestinal sensitivity disorders and irritable bowel syndrome]", "authors": "Mei", "authorsFull": "Mei N", "journal": "Gastroenterologie clinique et biologique", "year": 1990, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2210179/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Dealing with the structure or the function of single neurons, these techniques have profoundly increased our knowledge about the sensitive mechanisms in the digestive tract.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2008-subdiaphragmatic-afferent", "title": "Subdiaphragmatic vagal afferent nerves modulate visceral pain", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen S. L.; Wu X. Y.; Cao Z. J.; Fan J.; Wang M.; Owyang C.; Li Y.", "journal": "American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology", "year": 2008, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00588.2007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18420825/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Activation of the vagal afferents by noxious gastrointestinal stimuli suggests that vagal afferents may play a complex role in visceral pain processes.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "populin-2024-characterization-idiopathic", "title": "Characterization of idiopathic chronic diarrhea and associated intestinal inflammation and preliminary observations of effects of vagal nerve stimulation in a non-human primate", "authors": "Populin et al.", "authorsFull": "Populin Luis C.; Rajala Abigail Z.; Matkowskyj Kristina A.; Saha Sumona; Zeng Weifeng; Christian Bradley; McVea Andrew; Tay Emmy Xue; Mueller Ellie M.; Malone Margaret E.; Brust‐Mascher Ingrid; McMillan Alan B.; Ludwig Kip A.; Suminski Aaron J.; Reardon Colin; Furness John B.", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14876", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39072841/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We characterized this condition and present preliminary data demonstrating that left vagal nerve stimulation provides relief.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "flemstrom-2005-epithelial-cells", "title": "Epithelial cells and their neighbors. II. New perspectives on efferent signaling between brain, neuroendocrine cells, and gut epithelial cells", "authors": "Flemström et al.", "authorsFull": "Flemström Gunnar; Sjöblom Markus", "journal": "American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00093.2005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16093418/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Central nervous influence on the release of transmitters from gut endocrine cells offers an exciting area of future gastrointestinal research with a clinical relevance.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "chen-2021-research-progress", "title": "[Research progress and problems of neurobiological mechanisms of acupuncture underlying improvement of irritable bowel syndrome]", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen BW; Chen SZ; Fang JQ; Jing XH", "journal": "Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.13702/j.1000-0607.201262", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34698465/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A review of the neurobiological mechanisms by which acupuncture may improve irritable bowel syndrome.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "ishioh-2021-activation-central", "title": "Activation of central adenosine A2B receptors mediate brain ghrelin-induced improvement of intestinal barrier function through the vagus nerve in rats", "authors": "Ishioh et al.", "authorsFull": "Ishioh Masatomo; Nozu Tsukasa; Igarashi Sho; Tanabe Hiroki; Kumei Shima; Ohhira Masumi; Takakusaki Kaoru; Okumura Toshikatsu", "journal": "Experimental neurology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113708", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33771554/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We have recently demonstrated that ghrelin acts in the brain to improve leaky gut via the vagus nerve.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zou-2024-novel-therapy", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a novel therapy connecting the central and peripheral systems: a review", "authors": "Zou et al.", "authorsFull": "Zou Ningyi; Zhou Qing; Zhang Yuzhengheng; Xin Chen; Wang Yifei; Claire-Marie Rangon; Rong Peijing; Gao Guojian; Li Shaoyuan", "journal": "International journal of surgery (London, England)", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000001592", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38729100/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review positioning taVNS as a therapy linking central and peripheral regulation across multiple body systems.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "breit-2018-modulator-brain", "title": "Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain-Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders", "authors": "Breit et al.", "authorsFull": "Breit Sigrid; Kupferberg Aleksandra; Rogler Gerhard; Hasler Gregor", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29593576/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Since, the vagal tone is correlated with capacity to regulate stress responses and can be influenced by breathing, its increase through meditation and yoga likely contribute to resilience and the mitigation of mood and anxiety symptoms.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2025-gut-brain", "title": "Vagus Nerve and Gut-Brain Communication", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Yiyang; Duan Chenxi; Du Xinyi; Zhu Ying; Wang Lihua; Hu Jun; Sun Yanhong", "journal": "The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584241259702", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39041416/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the vagus-mediated regulatory pathway, highlighting its profound implications in the development of many diseases.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "bai-2019-genetic-identification", "title": "Genetic Identification of Vagal Sensory Neurons That Control Feeding", "authors": "Bai et al.", "authorsFull": "Bai Ling; Mesgarzadeh Sheyda; Ramesh Karthik S.; Huey Erica L.; Liu Yin; Gray Lindsay A.; Aitken Tara J.; Chen Yiming; Beutler Lisa R.; Ahn Jamie S.; Madisen Linda; Zeng Hongkui; Krasnow Mark A.; Knight Zachary A.", "journal": "Cell", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.031", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31730854/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These findings identify a key role for intestinal mechanoreceptors in the regulation of feeding.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ma-2025-old-but", "title": "The vagus nerve: An old but new player in brain-body communication", "authors": "Ma et al.", "authorsFull": "Ma Li; Wang Han-Bing; Hashimoto Kenji", "journal": "Brain, behavior, and immunity", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2024.11.023", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39566667/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Increasing evidence suggests that the gut-brain axis, via the vagus nerve, may play a role in the development and progression of psychiatric, neurologic, and inflammation-related disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "keszthelyi-2025-gastrointestinal-disorders", "title": "Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Gastrointestinal Disorders: Hope or Hype?", "authors": "Keszthelyi", "authorsFull": "Keszthelyi Daniel", "journal": "United European gastroenterology journal", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ueg2.12751", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39744780/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining gut health using taVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2025-innovative-approach", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as an innovative approach for managing perioperative gastrointestinal dysfunction: a narrative review", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Ling; Zhang Qin; Yin Xuefeng; Cao Ya; Chen Ye; Li Zhonghua; Shen Yu; Fan Keyu; Liu Mingxia; Qian Lu; Wang Yunfeng; Dai Chongchun; Ren Yanjuan; Wei Jingqiu; Liu He", "journal": "Frontiers in medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1719275", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41416090/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction (POGD) is a prevalent and clinically significant complication following surgical procedures.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2019-interface-brain", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation at the Interface of Brain-Gut Interactions", "authors": "Bonaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Bonaz Bruno; Sinniger Valérie; Pellissier Sonia", "journal": "Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a034199", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30201788/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "It also highlights the main issues to be addressed in the future to improve this bioelectronic therapy for gastrointestinal disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "kornum-2024-treating-gastrointestinal", "title": "Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation for treating gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled, multicentre trial", "authors": "Kornum et al.", "authorsFull": "Kornum Ditte S.; Bertoli Davide; Kufaishi Huda; Wegeberg Anne-Marie; Okdahl Tina; Mark Esben B.; Høyer Katrine L.; Frøkjær Jens B.; Brock Birgitte; Krogh Klaus; Hansen Christian S.; Knop Filip K.; Brock Christina; Drewes Asbjørn M.", "journal": "Diabetologia", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-024-06129-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38546822/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Sixty-eight participants were randomised to the active group, while 77 were randomised to the sham group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mobius-2022-conservative-therapy", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for conservative therapy-refractive epilepsy and depression", "authors": "Möbius et al.", "authorsFull": "Möbius H; Welkoborsky H J", "journal": "Laryngo- rhino- otologie", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1660-5591", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35605616/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy; Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of VNS as an established neuromodulatory therapy for refractory epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "kahlke-2025-does-not", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation does not affect gastrointestinal function in subjects with diabetic autonomic neuropathy", "authors": "Kahlke et al.", "authorsFull": "Kahlke Daniel Gerdt; Mark Esben Bolvig; Bertoli Davide; Al-Abdali Abdullah Samer A.; Kornum Ditte Smed; Kufaishi Huda; Krogh Klaus; Knop Filip; Hansen Christian Stevns; Brock Birgitte; Brock Christina; Drewes Asbjørn Mohr; Frøkjær Jens Brøndum", "journal": "Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2025.2572620", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41070997/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation did not affect MRI-assessed gastrointestinal function in subjects with diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chang-2024-stress-sensitive", "title": "Stress-sensitive neural circuits change the gut microbiome via duodenal glands", "authors": "Chang et al.", "authorsFull": "Chang Hao; Perkins Matthew H.; Novaes Leonardo S.; Qian Feng; Zhang Tong; Neckel Peter H.; Scherer Simon; Ley Ruth E.; Han Wenfei; de Araujo Ivan E.", "journal": "Cell", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.019", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39121857/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The findings revealed a tractable brain-body mechanism linking psychological states to host defense.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lei-2021-advances-treatment", "title": "Advances in the Treatment of Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathways in Gastrointestinal Diseases by Electrical Stimulation of Vagus Nerve", "authors": "Lei et al.", "authorsFull": "Lei Wei; Duan Zhijun", "journal": "Digestion", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000504474", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31786570/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Inflammatory diseases in the gastrointestinal tract are frequent and difficult to treat.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "fallahi-2023-application-spinal", "title": "Application of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation", "authors": "Fallahi et al.", "authorsFull": "Fallahi Mohammad Sadegh; Azadnajafabad Sina; Maroufi Seyed Farzad; Pour-Rashidi Ahmad; Khorasanizadeh MirHojjat; Sattari Shahab Aldin; Faramarzi Sina; Slavin Konstantin V.", "journal": "World neurosurgery", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2023.02.101", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36858292/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a prevalent devastating condition causing significant morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "noble-2019-tool-enhancing", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation as a tool for enhancing extinction in exposure-based therapies", "authors": "Noble et al.", "authorsFull": "Noble Lindsey J.; Souza Rimenez R.; McIntyre Christa K.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4994-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30091004/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review proposing VNS enhances fear extinction in exposure-based therapies by promoting memory consolidation without triggering the peripheral stress response.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "souza-2019-reverses-extinction", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation reverses the extinction impairments in a model of PTSD with prolonged and repeated trauma", "authors": "Souza et al.", "authorsFull": "Souza Rimenez R.; Robertson Nicole M.; Pruitt David T.; Gonzales Phillip A.; Hays Seth A.; Rennaker Robert L.; Kilgard Michael P.; McIntyre Christa K.", "journal": "Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2019.1602604", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31010369/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Sham rats showed no reduction of fear during extensive extinction training.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hays-2016-enhancing-rehabilitative", "title": "Enhancing Rehabilitative Therapies with Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Hays", "authorsFull": "Hays Seth A.", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0417-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26671658/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Here, I provide a discussion of the current uses and potential future applications of VNS-based targeted plasticity therapies in animal models and patients, and outline challenges for clinical implementation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "souza-2021-promotes-extinction", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation promotes extinction generalization across sensory modalities", "authors": "Souza et al.", "authorsFull": "Souza Rimenez R.; Oleksiak Cecily R.; Tabet Michel N.; Rennaker Robert L.; Hays Seth A.; Kilgard Michael P.; McIntyre Christa K.", "journal": "Neurobiology of learning and memory", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107425", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33771710/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We recently found that VNS-paired extinction can also promote extinction generalization across different auditory cues.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cimpianu-2017-psychiatry-available", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in psychiatry: a systematic review of the available evidence", "authors": "Cimpianu et al.", "authorsFull": "Cimpianu Camelia-Lucia; Strube Wolfgang; Falkai Peter; Palm Ulrich; Hasan Alkomiet", "journal": "Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1642-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27848034/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "At this point, no final conclusion can be made regarding the efficacy of VNS to improve symptoms in psychiatric disorders other than in affective disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zhang-2025-transauricular-preventing", "title": "Transauricular vagus nerve stimulation in preventing post-traumatic stress disorder in emergency trauma surgery patients in China: a study protocol for a multicenter, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Jun; Shen Qi-hong; Lin Xinru; Liu Tieshuai; Li Yu; Yu Yunyun; Liang Jingwen; Yu Xin; Chen Gang", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093467", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39832985/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ta-VNS in preventing PTSD in emergency trauma surgery patients.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "calderon-williams-2024-optogenetic-inhibition", "title": "Optogenetic inhibition of the locus coeruleus blocks vagus nerve stimulation-induced enhancement of extinction of conditioned fear in rats", "authors": "Calderon-Williams et al.", "authorsFull": "Calderon-Williams Debora R.; de Souza Rimenez Rodrigues; Tseng Ching T.; Abdi Hervé; Sandoval-Flores Alfredo; Ploski Jonathan E.; Thorn Catherine A.; McIntyre Christa K.", "journal": "Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.053958.124", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39681462/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Consistent with previous findings, VNS treatment during extinction training significantly reduced freezing 24 h and 2 weeks later.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schwartz-2022-understanding-mental", "title": "Understanding Mental Health Needs and Gathering Feedback on Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Potential PTSD Treatment among 9/11 Responders Living with PTSD Symptoms 20 Years Later: A Qualitative Approach", "authors": "Schwartz et al.", "authorsFull": "Schwartz Rebecca M.; Shaam Pooja; Williams Myia S.; McCann-Pineo Molly; Ryniker Laura; Debnath Shubham; Zanos Theodoros P.", "journal": "International journal of environmental research and public health", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084847", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35457714/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The findings highlight the need for additional treatment options to reduce PTSD symptoms in this population and provide key formative phase input for the pilot clinical trial of taVNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "brown-2005-sudarshan-kriya", "title": "Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: part I-neurophysiologic model", "authors": "Brown et al.", "authorsFull": "Brown Richard P.; Gerbarg Patricia L.", "journal": "Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2005.11.189", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15750381/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This model has heuristic value, research implications, and clinical applications.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "souza-2022-timing-during", "title": "Timing of vagus nerve stimulation during fear extinction determines efficacy in a rat model of PTSD", "authors": "Souza et al.", "authorsFull": "Souza Rimenez R.; Powers Mark B.; Rennaker Robert L.; McIntyre Christa K.; Hays Seth A.; Kilgard Michael P.", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20301-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36192564/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Rats that received Between or Dispersed VNS showed modest improvement in conditioned fear at the retention test.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "murayama-2025-demyelination-psychiatric", "title": "Demyelination in psychiatric and neurological disorders: Mechanisms, clinical impact, and novel therapeutic strategies", "authors": "Murayama et al.", "authorsFull": "Murayama Rumi; Cai Yi; Nakamura Hiroyuki; Hashimoto Kenji", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106209", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40368261/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Disruption of myelin impairs crucial neural communication pathways, resulting in cognitive, motor, and behavioral deficits that substantially reduce quality of life and create significant economic and social challenges.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "souza-2021-enhances-fear", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation enhances fear extinction as an inverted-U function of stimulation intensity", "authors": "Souza et al.", "authorsFull": "Souza Rimenez R.; Robertson Nicole M.; McIntyre Christa K.; Rennaker Robert L.; Hays Seth A.; Kilgard Michael P.", "journal": "Experimental neurology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113718", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33844986/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Pairing extinction training with moderate VNS intensity of 0.8 mA produced significant reduction in conditioned fear during extinction retention when rats were tested a week after VNS-paired extinction.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "streeter-2012-yoga-autonomic", "title": "Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system, gamma-aminobutyric-acid, and allostasis in epilepsy, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Streeter et al.", "authorsFull": "Streeter C.C.; Gerbarg P.L.; Saper R.B.; Ciraulo D.A.; Brown R.P.", "journal": "Medical hypotheses", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.021", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22365651/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This has far-reaching implications for the integration of yoga-based practices in the treatment of a broad array of disorders exacerbated by stress.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "noble-2017-extinction-conditioned", "title": "Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on extinction of conditioned fear and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in rats", "authors": "Noble et al.", "authorsFull": "Noble L J; Gonzalez I J; Meruva V B; Callahan K A; Belfort B D; Ramanathan K R; Meyers E; Kilgard M P; Rennaker R L; McIntyre C K", "journal": "Translational psychiatry", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.191", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28892066/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Taken together, these findings suggest that VNS may be an effective adjunct to exposure therapy for the treatment of PTSD.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "souza-2020-efficient-parameters", "title": "Efficient parameters of vagus nerve stimulation to enhance extinction learning in an extinction-resistant rat model of PTSD", "authors": "Souza et al.", "authorsFull": "Souza Rimenez R.; Robertson Nicole M.; Mathew Ezek; Tabet Michel N.; Bucksot Jesse E.; Pruitt David T.; Rennaker Robert L.; Hays Seth A.; McIntyre Christa K.; Kilgard Michael P.", "journal": "Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109848", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31863872/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Delivery of the standard LONG VNS trains (30 s) at 0.4 mA enhanced extinction and reduced anxiety but did not prevent fear return.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tyler-2025-treating-emotional", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treating Emotional Dysregulation and Inflammation in Common Neuropsychiatric Disorders", "authors": "Tyler", "authorsFull": "Tyler William J.", "journal": "Brain sciences", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16010008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41594729/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Development of new therapeutic approaches and strategies for common neuropsychiatric disorders, including Major Depressive Disorder, anxiety disorders, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, represent a significant global health challenge.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bremner-2020-application-stress", "title": "Application of Noninvasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation to Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders", "authors": "Bremner et al.", "authorsFull": "Bremner James Douglas; Gurel Nil Z.; Wittbrodt Matthew T.; Shandhi Mobashir H.; Rapaport Mark H.; Nye Jonathon A.; Pearce Bradley D.; Vaccarino Viola; Shah Amit J.; Park Jeanie; Bikson Marom; Inan Omer T.", "journal": "Journal of personalized medicine", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm10030119", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32916852/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This paper reviewed the physiology of the vagus nerve and its relevance to modulating the stress response in the context of application of nVNS to stress-related psychiatric disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "gazi-2021-inhibits-reciprocal", "title": "Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation Inhibits the Reciprocal of the Pulse Transit Time's Responses to Traumatic Stress in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", "authors": "Gazi et al.", "authorsFull": "Gazi Asim H.; Sundararaj Srirakshaa; Harrison Anna B.; Gurel Nil Z.; Wittbrodt Matthew T.; Alkhalaf Mhmtjamil; Soudan Majd; Levantsevych Oleksiy; Haffar Ammer; Shah Amit J.; Vaccarino Viola; Bremner J. Douglas; Inan Omer T.", "journal": "Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630415", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891557/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Thereby computing relative changes in 1/PTT, we find that tcVNS results in reduced 1/PTT responses to traumatic stress and the first minute of stimulation, compared to a sham control (corrected p < 0.05).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pena-2014-enhances-extinction", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation enhances extinction of conditioned fear and modulates plasticity in the pathway from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the amygdala", "authors": "Peña et al.", "authorsFull": "Peña David Frausto; Childs Jessica E.; Willett Shawn; Vital Analicia; McIntyre Christa K.; Kroener Sven", "journal": "Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00327", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25278857/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Vagus nerve stimulation-treated rats demonstrated a significant reduction in freezing after a single extinction training session similar to animals that received 5× the number of extinction pairings.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "childs-2015-tool-induce", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning", "authors": "Childs et al.", "authorsFull": "Childs Jessica E.; Alvarez-Dieppa Amanda C.; McIntyre Christa K.; Kroener Sven", "journal": "Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3791/53032", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26325100/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A mechanistic account of using VNS to induce plasticity in extinction-learning pathways relevant to anxiety and PTSD.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "gazi-2022-robust-estimation", "title": "Robust Estimation of Respiratory Variability Uncovers Correlates of Limbic Brain Activity and Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Context of Traumatic Stress", "authors": "Gazi et al.", "authorsFull": "Gazi Asim H.; Wittbrodt Matthew T.; Harrison Anna B.; Sundararaj Srirakshaa; Gurel Nil Z.; Nye Jonathon A.; Shah Amit J.; Vaccarino Viola; Bremner J. Douglas; Inan Omer T.", "journal": "IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2021.3108135", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34449355/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An fMRI study in which respiratory-variability measures tracked amygdala and prefrontal activity and were altered by tcVNS in trauma-exposed individuals.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "yeom-2025-improves-sleep", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) improves sleep quality in chronic insomnia disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial", "authors": "Yeom et al.", "authorsFull": "Yeom Ji Won; Kim Hyojin; Park Soohyun; Yoon Yeaseul; Seo Ju Yeon; Cho Chul-Hyun; Lee Heon-Jeong", "journal": "Sleep medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106579", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40398066/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In the modified intention-to-treat analysis at 6 weeks, the taVNS group exhibited significantly greater reductions in PSQI scores compared to the sham group (mean change: 4.5 ± 3.55 vs.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "krone-2023-brain-techniques", "title": "Brain stimulation techniques as novel treatment options for insomnia: A systematic review", "authors": "Krone et al.", "authorsFull": "Krone Lukas B.; Fehér Kristoffer D.; Rivero Tania; Omlin Ximena", "journal": "Journal of sleep research", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13927", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37202368/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 967, "keyFinding": "A forehead cooling study found no significant group differences in the primary endpoints, but better sleep initiation in the active condition.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yang-2024-effective-safe", "title": "Is transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation effective and safe for primary insomnia? A PRISMA-compliant protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Yang et al.", "authorsFull": "Yang Ting; Cai Yunhuo; Li Xingling; Fang Lianqiang; Hu Hantong", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313101", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39585887/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Therefore, this protocol outlines the framework for a systematic review and meta-analysis designed to comprehensively assess the effectiveness and safety of ta-VNS in treating primary insomnia.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2025-insomnia-disorder", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) for Insomnia Disorder: A Narrative Review of Effectiveness, Mechanisms and Recommendations for Clinical Practice", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Chenshi; Chen Shiyin; Zhang Yuwen; Wu Xiao; Liu Jie", "journal": "Nature and science of sleep", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S515809", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40535058/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Although existing findings support taVNS as a promising strategy for treating insomnia, more high-quality trials are needed to verify its benefits and elucidate its mechanisms of action.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "srinivasan-2024-anxiety-sleep", "title": "Effect of vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on anxiety and sleep disturbances among elderly health care workers in the post COVID-19 pandemic", "authors": "Srinivasan et al.", "authorsFull": "Srinivasan Vignesh; Abathsagayam Kumaresan; Suganthirababu Prathap; Alagesan Jagatheesan; Vishnuram Surya; Vasanthi Rajkumar Krishnan", "journal": "Work (Reading, Mass.)", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-231362", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38143418/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "With a p value of 0.001, taVNS stimulation significantly improved sleep quality and reduced anxiety after 4 weeks.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "he-2022-modulates-prefrontal", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modulates the Prefrontal Cortex in Chronic Insomnia Patients: fMRI Study in the First Session", "authors": "He et al.", "authorsFull": "He Jia-Kai; Jia Bao-Hui; Wang Yu; Li Shao-Yuan; Zhao Bin; Zhou Zeng-Guang; Bi Yan-Zhi; Wu Mo-Zheng; Li Liang; Zhang Jin-Ling; Fang Ji-Liang; Rong Pei-Jing", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.827749", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35401422/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The scores of PSQI (p < 0.01) and FFS (p < 0.05) decreased after 4 weeks in the CI group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhou-2025-neuroregulatory-efficacy", "title": "Neuroregulatory and clinical efficacy of auricular vagus nerve stimulation in elderly patients with chronic insomnia comorbid with functional dyspepsia: protocol for a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Zhou et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhou Hao; Tang Xing; Wang Dan; Huang Zubo; Zeng Yue; Liu Shanshan; Wang Chao", "journal": "Frontiers in medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1537515", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40171499/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Through systematic investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying vagus nerve pathway regulation in ameliorating intestinal inflammatory microenvironment and modulating central neurotransmitter homeostasis, this research aims to provide a novel, neuromodulation-based precision therapeutic a...", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhao-2022-nocturnal-autonomic", "title": "[Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on nocturnal autonomic nervous function in primary insomnia patients]", "authors": "Zhao et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhao YN; Li SY; Li SX; Jiao Y; Wang Y; Zhang S; He JK; Chen Y; Rong PJ", "journal": "Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.13703/j.0255-2930.20210622-k0006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712944/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In insomnia patients, taVNS improved sleep quality and objective sleep structure and shifted nighttime autonomic balance.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wang-2026-transauricular-electrical", "title": "Transauricular vagus nerve electrical stimulation improves postoperative sleep disorders in elderly patients (VNstep): protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Tianyuan; Wu Youxuan; Hou Xuan; Liang Fa; Jian Minyu; Yu Yun; Wang Yunzhen; Liu Haiyang; Han Ruquan", "journal": "Trials", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-026-09459-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41566492/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of transauricular vagal nerve stimulation in improving sleep disorders in elderly patients.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "luo-2017-primary-insomnia", "title": "[Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for primary insomnia and affective disorder:a report of 35 cases]", "authors": "Luo et al.", "authorsFull": "Luo M; Qu X; Li S; Zhao J; Zhao Y; Jiao Y; Rong P", "journal": "Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.13703/j.0255-2930.2017.03.013", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29231433/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Compared before treatment, the PSQI was significantly decreased to (13.20±3.61) at the end of 2nd week (P<0.05); compared before treatment, the 17HAMD and HAMA were significantly decreased at the end of 4th week and 6th week (all P<0.05).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wu-2021-brain-functional", "title": "Brain Functional Mechanisms Determining the Efficacy of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Primary Insomnia", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Xiao; Zhang Yue; Luo Wen-ting; Mai Run-ru; Hou Xiao-yan; Xia Zi-qiang; Xu Bi-yun; Liu Bo", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.609640", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33776631/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A study of the brain-functional mechanisms underlying the variable efficacy of taVNS in primary insomnia.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2022-modulation-default", "title": "[Modulation of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on default mode network in patients with primary insomnia]", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang S; He JK; Zhao YN; Wang Y; Zhao B; Chen Y; Fang JL; Rong PJ", "journal": "Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.13703/j.0255-2930.20210302-0003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35403392/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "After treatment, the total score of PSQI in PI patients was lower than that before treatment (P<0.01).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yang-2024-efficacy-transauricular", "title": "Efficacy of transauricular vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced painful peripheral neuropathy: a randomized controlled exploratory study", "authors": "Yang et al.", "authorsFull": "Yang Yifan; Zhang Ran; Zhong Zhifang; Li Jun; Feng Yi", "journal": "Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-023-07229-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38063922/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Compared with the SS group, the NRS and AIS in the taVNS group were significantly lower at D0.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tian-2024-combined-1hz", "title": "Combined transcutaneous auricular vagus stimulation (taVNS) with 0.1Hz slow breathing enhances insomnia treatment efficacy: A pilot study", "authors": "Tian et al.", "authorsFull": "Tian Qian-Qian; Cheng Chen; Yin Zi-Xin; Yuan Yang-Yang; Wang Cong; Zeng Xiao; Sun Jin-Bo; Yang Qun; Yang Xue-Juan; Qin Wei", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.11.015", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38042286/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining sleep using taVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "qi-2026-predicting-treatment", "title": "Predicting treatment response to transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in patients with insomnia: resting-state functional connectivity based multivoxel pattern analysis", "authors": "Qi et al.", "authorsFull": "Qi Meng; Li Songna; Wu Xiao; Xu Biyun; Mai Runru; Yan Zhaoxian; Zhong Zhiping; Liu Bo; Zhang Yue", "journal": "BMC psychiatry", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07484-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41495721/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "TaVNS group showed significantly improved clinical assessment compared with staVNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2021-protracted-alcohol", "title": "Effect of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Protracted Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms in Male Alcohol-Dependent Patients", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Yong-Mei; Xu Ya-Yun; Zhai Yi; Wu Qian-Qian; Huang Wen; Liang Yan; Sun Yan-Hong; Xu Lian-Yin", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.678594", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34526917/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 114, "keyFinding": "The results showed that the SDS and PSQI scores were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "do-2026-breast-cancer", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in breast cancer: a neuroimmune model to improve quality of life", "authors": "Do et al.", "authorsFull": "Do Melissa; Tyler William J.", "journal": "Frontiers in oncology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1731999", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41717404/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Evidence suggests that tVNS modulates locus coeruleus-norepinephrine activity, regulates arousal and sleep, reduces fatigue and anxiety, enhances cognitive function, and activates the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2025-latest-advances", "title": "The Latest Advances in Non-Invasive Neurostimulation for Insomnia: A Review", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Wenliang; Li Gongying", "journal": "Nature and science of sleep", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S501619", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40395454/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the latest non-invasive neurostimulation approaches for insomnia.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wang-2024-long-term", "title": "Effect of long-term transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in multiple system atrophy-cerebellar subtype: a case report", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Zhao-Di; Cheng Xiao-Ping; Liu Zhen-Yi; Wu Di; Ni Jun; Chen Chuan-Juan; Chen Xin-Yuan", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1499793", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39881809/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In the case, we found that short-term taVNS treatment can alleviate ataxia, sleep problem, anxiety and depression of the MSA-C patient.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "meng-2025-synergistic-acupuncture", "title": "Synergistic acupuncture and neuromodulation for chronic insomnia: a structured narrative review with systematic search and future directions", "authors": "Meng et al.", "authorsFull": "Meng Wang; Mingqiang Wang; Junyang Zhang; Bin Peng; Qiong Wu; Chao Wang", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1663585", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41018181/", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Insomnia represents a significant global public health issue, affecting approximately 10% of adults with chronic symptoms and up to 20% with intermittent episodes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-ridder-2021-tinnitus-perspective", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for tinnitus: A review and perspective", "authors": "De Ridder et al.", "authorsFull": "De Ridder D; Langguth B; Vanneste S", "journal": "Progress in brain research", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.08.011", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33931191/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These findings have been translated into a clinical approach, where a clinically significant, but moderate improvement, in tinnitus distress and a modest benefit in tinnitus loudness perception has been shown.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "stegeman-2021-tinnitus-treatment", "title": "Tinnitus treatment by vagus nerve stimulation: A systematic review", "authors": "Stegeman et al.", "authorsFull": "Stegeman I.; Velde H. M.; Robe P. A. J. T.; Stokroos R. J.; Smit A. L.", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247221", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33705401/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our search identified 9 primary studies of which 2 RCTs, 5 cohort studies and 2 case series or reports.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "rezapour-2024-effectiveness-salicylate", "title": "Effectiveness of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on salicylate-induced tinnitus", "authors": "Rezapour et al.", "authorsFull": "Rezapour Mitra; Farrahizadeh Maryam; Akbari Mehdi", "journal": "Neuroscience letters", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137639", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38224829/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The inhibition percentage of the GPIAS test was significantly reduced post-salicylate injection in the tVNS and AS alone groups, while it was not significant in the tVNS with AS group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wu-2023-meniere-disease", "title": "Meniere Disease treated with transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation combined with betahistine Mesylate: A randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Dong; Liu Bo; Wu Yunqing; Wang Yu; Sun Jingyi; Yang Jun; Duan Jinping; Liu Gang; Cao Kai; Zhang Yi; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.10.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37838094/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS added to betahistine significantly reduced tinnitus and dizziness handicap, aural fullness and hearing thresholds in Meniere's disease.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wu-2024-current-status", "title": "Current status of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for tinnitus: a narrative review of modern research", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Qiqi; Wang Jiawei; Han Dexiong; Qian Lala; Hu Hantong; Gao Hong", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1405310", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39027324/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has demonstrated potential as a substitute or supplementary treatment by activating central vagal pathways.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kochilas-2020-paired-tones", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones for tinnitus suppression: Effects on voice and hearing", "authors": "Kochilas et al.", "authorsFull": "Kochilas Helen L.; Cacace Anthony T.; Arnold Amy; Seidman Michael D.; Tarver W. Brent", "journal": "Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.364", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32337360/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Most of the regression functions for the vocal samples and audiometric variables had slope values that were not significantly different from zero.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hyvarinen-2015-modulates-tinnitus", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates tinnitus-related beta- and gamma-band activity", "authors": "Hyvärinen et al.", "authorsFull": "Hyvärinen Petteri; Yrttiaho Santeri; Lehtimäki Jarmo; Ilmoniemi Risto J.; Mäkitie Antti; Ylikoski Jukka; Mäkelä Jyrki P.; Aarnisalo Antti A.", "journal": "Ear and hearing", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000000123", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25437140/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Tinnitus patients differed from controls in the baseline condition (no tVNS applied), measured by both cortical oscillatory power and synchronization, particularly at beta and gamma frequencies.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "morrison-2019-intensity-influences", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation intensity influences motor cortex plasticity", "authors": "Morrison et al.", "authorsFull": "Morrison Robert A.; Hulsey Daniel R.; Adcock Katherine S.; Rennaker Robert L.; Kilgard Michael P.; Hays Seth A.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.10.017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30409712/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS delivered at 0.8 mA caused a significant increase in motor cortex proximal forelimb representation compared to training alone.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "lin-2024-efficacy-safety", "title": "Efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) in the treatment of tinnitus: protocol for an updated systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Lin et al.", "authorsFull": "Lin Xiaoqi; Fang Yiyan; Hu Hantong; Ye Ziyu", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082906", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38772894/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "With an increasing incidence and significant effects on patients, tinnitus has become a major disease burden.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "aly-2025-role-electrical", "title": "Role of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in alleviation of tinnitus in normal hearing subjects", "authors": "Aly et al.", "authorsFull": "Aly Maha Abdelgaber A.; Ramadan Enas Mostafa O.; Eloseily Amira Mohammad", "journal": "European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-024-09182-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39825198/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "There is a statistically significant difference in tinnitus loudness before and after TEN stimulation as assessed by VAS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "fernandez-hernando-2023-neuromodulation-management-b439", "title": "Effects of Non-Invasive Neuromodulation of the Vagus Nerve for Management of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis", "authors": "Fernández-Hernando et al.", "authorsFull": "Fernández-Hernando David; Fernández-de-las-Peñas Cesar; Machado-Martín Ana; Angulo-Díaz-Parreño Santiago; García-Esteo Francisco J.; Mesa-Jiménez Juan A.", "journal": "Journal of clinical medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113673", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37297867/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The search identified 183 articles with five clinical trials eligible for inclusion in the review and four for the meta-analysis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ylikoski-2020-stress-tinnitus", "title": "Stress and Tinnitus; Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Tinnitus-Triggered Stress Reaction", "authors": "Ylikoski et al.", "authorsFull": "Ylikoski Jukka; Markkanen Marika; Pirvola Ulla; Lehtimäki Jarmo Antero; Ylikoski Matti; Jing Zou; Sinkkonen Saku T.; Mäkitie Antti", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570196", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33041937/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 171, "keyFinding": "The large majority of patients with TRMS suffer from associated symptoms such as sleep disturbances and anxiety.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "suk-2018-characteristics-stimulus", "title": "Characteristics of Stimulus Intensity in Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Tinnitus", "authors": "Suk et al.", "authorsFull": "Choi Won Suk; Kim Su Jin; Chang Dong Sik; Lee Ho Yun", "journal": "The journal of international advanced otology", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.5152/iao.2018.3977", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30256201/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The stimulus intensity did not differ according to sex or laterality.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "yakunina-2018-bold-fmri", "title": "BOLD fMRI effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients with chronic tinnitus", "authors": "Yakunina et al.", "authorsFull": "Yakunina Natalia; Kim Sam Soo; Nam Eui-Cheol", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207281", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30485375/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The locus coeruleus and nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem were activated in response to stimulation of both locations compared with the sham stimulation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hays-2013-targeting-plasticity", "title": "Targeting plasticity with vagus nerve stimulation to treat neurological disease", "authors": "Hays et al.", "authorsFull": "Hays Seth A.; Rennaker Robert L.; Kilgard Michael P.", "journal": "Progress in brain research", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63327-9.00010-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24309259/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This chapter will discuss the current progress of VNS paired with experience to drive specific plasticity to treat these neurological disorders and will evaluate additional future applications of targeted plasticity therapy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "rufener-2023-paired-tones", "title": "Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones on electrophysiological markers of auditory perception", "authors": "Rufener et al.", "authorsFull": "Rufener Katharina S.; Wienke Christian; Salanje Alena; Haghikia Aiden; Zaehle Tino", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.06.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37336282/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a study of taVNS paired with tones, active pairing preserved auditory-evoked responses (N1, theta power) that declined with sham, supporting a targeted-plasticity mechanism for tinnitus.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "meyers-2018-enhances-stable", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Enhances Stable Plasticity and Generalization of Stroke Recovery", "authors": "Meyers et al.", "authorsFull": "Meyers Eric C.; Solorzano Bleyda R.; James Justin; Ganzer Patrick D.; Lai Elaine S.; Rennaker Robert L.; Kilgard Michael P.; Hays Seth A.", "journal": "Stroke", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.019202", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29371435/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS enhances plasticity in corticospinal motor networks to increase synaptic connectivity to musculature of the rehabilitated forelimb.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mastitskaya-2021-selective-therapeutic", "title": "Selective Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of ARDS: A Rationale for Neuro-Immunomodulation in COVID-19 Disease", "authors": "Mastitskaya et al.", "authorsFull": "Mastitskaya Svetlana; Thompson Nicole; Holder David", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.667036", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33927594/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This has motivated this review in which we discuss the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects of VNS, progress in selective VNS techniques, and a possible application for ARDS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "azabou-2021-potential-adjunct", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Potential Adjunct Therapy for COVID-19", "authors": "Azabou et al.", "authorsFull": "Azabou Eric; Bao Guillaume; Bounab Rania; Heming Nicholas; Annane Djillali", "journal": "Frontiers in medicine", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.625836", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34026778/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "Despite improved understanding of the pathophysiology, management, and the great efforts worldwide to produce effective drugs, death rates of COVID-19 patients remain unacceptably high, and effective treatment is unfortunately lacking.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "taha-2024-inflammatory-markers", "title": "Effects of Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Inflammatory Markers in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "authors": "Taha et al.", "authorsFull": "Taha Amira Mohamed; Elrosasy Amr; Mohamed Ahmed S; Mohamed Ahmed Elmorsy; Bani-Salameh Abdallah; Siddiq Abdelmonem; Cadri Shirin; Elshahat Ahmed; Abdelmonteser Atef A; Abouelmagd Moaz E", "journal": "Cureus", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.70613", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39493183/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "Following nVNS treatment, there was a significant increase in IL-10 levels (MD = 1.53, 95% CI: 0.77, 2.29; p < 0.001).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yu-2023-potential-value", "title": "Potential value of neuroimmunotherapy for COVID-19: efficacies and mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation, electroacupuncture, and cholinergic drugs", "authors": "Yu et al.", "authorsFull": "Yu Xianqiang; Kong Qingming", "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197467", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37475861/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An increasing number of animal and clinical studies have shown that neuromodulation has a significant effect on reducing inflammatory markers of COVID-19, thus exerting an effective neuroimmunotherapeutic value.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "khan-2024-management-long", "title": "Vagal nerve stimulation for the management of long COVID symptoms", "authors": "Khan et al.", "authorsFull": "Khan Malik W.Z.; Ahmad Muhammad; Qudrat Salma; Afridi Fatma; Khan Najia Ali; Afridi Zain; Fahad; Azeem Touba; Ikram Jibran", "journal": "Infectious medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imj.2024.100149", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39678231/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of VNS for long-COVID symptoms including fatigue, cognitive impairment and autonomic dysfunction.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "guo-2021-use-adjuvant", "title": "Use of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation as an Adjuvant Therapy for the Depressive Symptoms of COVID-19: A Literature Review", "authors": "Guo et al.", "authorsFull": "Guo Zhi-Peng; Sörös Peter; Zhang Zhu-Qing; Yang Ming-Hao; Liao Dan; Liu Chun-Hong", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.765106", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34975571/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our review suggests that the link between anti-inflammatory processes and brain circuits could be a potential target for treating COVID-19-related multiorgan damage, as well as depressive symptoms using taVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tornero-2022-covid-results", "title": "Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for COVID-19: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial (SAVIOR I)", "authors": "Tornero et al.", "authorsFull": "Tornero Carlos; Pastor Ernesto; Garzando María del Mar; Orduña Jorge; Forner Maria J.; Bocigas Irene; Cedeño David L.; Vallejo Ricardo; McClure Candace K.; Czura Christopher J.; Liebler Eric J.; Staats Peter", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.820864", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35463130/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 110, "keyFinding": "Of the 110 participants who were enrolled and randomly assigned, 97 (nVNS, n = 47; SoC, n = 50) had sufficient available data and comprised the evaluable population.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "santanna-2023-new-option", "title": "Auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a new option to treat inflammation in COVID-19?", "authors": "Sant'Anna et al.", "authorsFull": "Sant’Anna Fernando Mendes; Resende Rodrigo César Lima; Sant’Anna Lucas Bonacossa; Couceiro Sérgio Lívio Menezes; Pinto Romero Bonacossa Soares; Sant’Anna Mariana Bonacossa; Chao Liaw Wen; Szeles Jozsef Constantin; Kaniusas Eugenijus", "journal": "Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992)", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.20230345", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37283364/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A study of auricular VNS to treat inflammation in COVID-19 (results not in the indexed abstract; low confidence).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "staats-2020-use-treat", "title": "The Use of Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Treat Respiratory Symptoms Associated With COVID-19: A Theoretical Hypothesis and Early Clinical Experience", "authors": "Staats et al.", "authorsFull": "Staats Peter; Giannakopoulos Georgios; Blake Justyna; Liebler Eric; Levy Robert M.", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13172", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342609/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Both patients reported clinically meaningful benefits from nVNS therapy.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pfoser-poschacher-2025-feasibility-acceptance", "title": "Feasibility and acceptance of transdermal auricular vagus nerve stimulation using a TENS device in females suffering from long COVID fatigue", "authors": "Pfoser-Poschacher et al.", "authorsFull": "Pfoser-Poschacher Veronika; Keilani Mohammad; Steiner Margarete; Schmeckenbecher Jim; Zwick Ralf Harun; Crevenna Richard", "journal": "Wiener klinische Wochenschrift", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-025-02501-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39969545/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The study revealed that all VNS treatment groups experienced reduction in symptoms associated with long COVID, particularly in fatigue and dyspnea, after 12 weeks.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "szeles-2022-case-report", "title": "Case Report: Auricular vagus nerve stimulation possibly alleviates COVID-19 disease on a high-risk patient", "authors": "Széles et al.", "authorsFull": "Széles József Constantin; Lucny Felix; Tyercha Alexander; Kaniusas Eugenijus; Neumayer Christoph", "journal": "Frontiers in physiology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1000194", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36714322/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A case report suggesting auricular VNS may have alleviated COVID-19 in a high-cardiovascular-risk patient.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "kaniusas-2020-potential-treatment", "title": "Non-invasive Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Potential Treatment for Covid19-Originated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome", "authors": "Kaniusas et al.", "authorsFull": "Kaniusas Eugenijus; Szeles Jozsef C.; Kampusch Stefan; Alfageme-Lopez Nuria; Yucuma-Conde Daniela; Li Xie; Mayol Julio; Neumayer Christoph; Papa Michele; Panetsos Fivos", "journal": "Frontiers in physiology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00890", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32848845/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Finally, we discuss auricular vagus nerve stimulation protective potential, especially in the elderly and co-morbid population with already reduced parasympathetic response.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "venkatakrishnan-2023-headache", "title": "Vagal nerve stimulation for headache", "authors": "Venkatakrishnan et al.", "authorsFull": "Venkatakrishnan Srikant; Thomas Pravin", "journal": "Current opinion in neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000001208", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37973026/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This review aims at describing findings of recent literature pertaining to VNS for headache, to put these findings into the perspective of our current fund of knowledge and future scope of work on the topic.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "rangon-2021-neuromodulation-mass", "title": "Auricular Neuromodulation for Mass Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Insights From SOS COVID-19 a Multicentric, Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind French Pilot Study", "authors": "Rangon et al.", "authorsFull": "Rangon Claire-Marie; Barruet Régine; Mazouni Abdelmadjid; Le Cossec Chloé; Thevenin Sophie; Guillaume Jessica; Léguillier Teddy; Huysman Fabienne; Luis David", "journal": "Frontiers in physiology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.704599", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34408665/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 31, "keyFinding": "Results: The AN procedure was well-tolerated without any reported side effects but with no significant improvement for the measures of both primary (p > 0.3) and secondary (p > 0.05) endpoints at the interim analysis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "seitz-2023-evaluate-safety", "title": "Randomized controlled study to evaluate the safety and clinical impact of percutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in patients with severe COVID-19", "authors": "Seitz et al.", "authorsFull": "Seitz Tamara; Bergmayr Franziska; Kitzberger Reinhard; Holbik Johannes; Grieb Alexander; Hind Julian; Lucny Felix; Tyercha Alexander; Neuhold Stephanie; Krenn Claus; Wenisch Christoph; Zoufaly Alexander; Kaniusas Eugenijus; Széles József Constantin", "journal": "Frontiers in physiology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1223347", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37614753/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "No side effects in aVNS were reported, especially no significant pain at device placement or during stimulation at the stimulation site or significant headache or bleeding after or during device placement or lasting skin irritation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "colzato-2023-prospect-ameliorate", "title": "A Prospect to Ameliorate Affective Symptoms and to Enhance Cognition in Long COVID Using Auricular Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Colzato et al.", "authorsFull": "Colzato Lorenza S.; Elmers Julia; Beste Christian; Hommel Bernhard", "journal": "Journal of clinical medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031198", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36769845/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Given that atVNS can be employed as an ecological momentary intervention (EMI), we outline the translational advantages of atVNS in the context of accelerating the cognitive and affective recovery from long COVID.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bonaz-2020-targeting-cholinergic", "title": "Targeting the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway with vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Covid-19?", "authors": "Bonaz et al.", "authorsFull": "Bonaz Bruno; Sinniger Valérie; Pellissier Sonia", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-020-00051-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32743022/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "Finally, a continuous vagal tone monitoring in patients with COVID-19 could be used as a predictive marker of COVID-19 illness course but also as a predictive marker of response to COVID-19 treatment such as VNS or others.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "uehara-2022-inflammatory-markers", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation effects on inflammatory markers and clinical evolution of patients with COVID-19: a pilot randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Uehara et al.", "authorsFull": "Uehara Laura; Corrêa João Carlos Ferrari; Ritti Raphael; Leite Paulo; de Faria Deivide Rafael Gomes; Pacheco-Barrios Kevin; Castelo-Branco Luis; Fregni Felipe; Corrêa Fernanda Ishida", "journal": "Expert review of medical devices", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2022.2154147", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36540947/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an RCT of hospitalised COVID-19 patients, taVNS significantly lowered C-reactive protein versus sham and was associated with better subjective memory and attention.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "horowitz-2026-update-currently", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: An update of currently registered clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov", "authors": "Horowitz et al.", "authorsFull": "Horowitz Melanie A.; Sussman Jonathan H.; Zomalan Brolyn; Rendler Jacob; Singh Arjit; Birouty Natalie; Seaton Margaret; Patel Saarang; Gendreau Julian Lassiter; Abraham Mickey E.", "journal": "Surgical neurology international", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.25259/SNI_771_2025", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41783176/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 38, "keyFinding": "An examination of ClinicalTrials.gov revealed 440 clinical trials, with 346 meeting our inclusion criteria.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "go-2022-different-parameters", "title": "Different Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Parameters Modulate the Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Inflammation in Mice", "authors": "Go et al.", "authorsFull": "Go Yoon-Young; Ju Won-Min; Lee Chan-Mi; Chae Sung-Won; Song Jae-Jun", "journal": "Biomedicines", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020247", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35203459/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The taVNS-promoted CAP activity significantly recovered LPS-induced tissue injuries (lung, spleen, and intestine) and decreased inflammatory cytokine levels and tissue-infiltrated immune cells.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dedoncker-2021-mental-health", "title": "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: The importance of the vagus nerve for biopsychosocial resilience", "authors": "Dedoncker et al.", "authorsFull": "Dedoncker Josefien; Vanderhasselt Marie-Anne; Ottaviani Cristina; Slavich George M.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.010", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33582230/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "With these biopsychosocial insights in mind, researchers and healthcare professionals will be better equipped to reduce risk for psychopathology and increase resilience during this challenging pandemic period and beyond.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "correa-2022-improves-inflammation", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Inflammation but Does Not Interfere with Cardiac Modulation and Clinical Symptoms of Individuals with COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "authors": "Corrêa et al.", "authorsFull": "Corrêa Fernanda Ishida; Souza Paulo Henrique Leite; Uehara Laura; Ritti-Dias Raphael Mendes; Oliveira da Silva Gustavo; Segheto Wellington; Pacheco-Barrios Kevin; Fregni Felipe; Corrêa João Carlos Ferrari", "journal": "Life (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101644", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36295080/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Results: There was significant reduction in CRP −23.9%, (95% CI −46.3 to −1.4) and IL-6 −37.7%, (95% CI −57.6 to −17.7) for the a-taVNS group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "asadi-2022-obesity-gut", "title": "Obesity and gut-microbiota-brain axis: A narrative review", "authors": "Asadi et al.", "authorsFull": "Asadi Arezoo; Shadab Mehr Negar; Mohamadi Mohamad Hosein; Shokri Fazlollah; Heidary Mohsen; Sadeghifard Nourkhoda; Khoshnood Saeed", "journal": "Journal of clinical laboratory analysis", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.24420", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35421277/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The gut-brain axis (GBA), a bidirectional connection between the gut microbiota and brain, influences physiological function and behavior through three different pathways.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hua-2024-weight-obesity", "title": "Effects of auricular stimulation on weight- and obesity-related parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials", "authors": "Hua et al.", "authorsFull": "Hua Kevin; Usichenko Taras; Cummings Mike; Bernatik Miriam; Willich Stefan N.; Brinkhaus Benno; Dietzel Joanna", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1393826", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39165337/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 333, "keyFinding": "The full texts of 1,274 studies were screened; 22 contained data on obesity-related outcomes, and 15 trials with 1,333 patients were included in the meta-analysis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2025-inhibits-food", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation inhibits food intake and body weight gain through the orexin dependent pathway in high fat diet mice", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Yingying; Song Dake; Liu Ruixia; Gong Hengxin; Wang Chuan; Zhao Ming-gao; Zhang Kun", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01964-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40456821/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "Obesity represents a significant global health challenge, adversely affecting both physical and mental well-being.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "val-laillet-2015-neuroimaging-neuromodulation", "title": "Neuroimaging and neuromodulation approaches to study eating behavior and prevent and treat eating disorders and obesity", "authors": "Val-Laillet et al.", "authorsFull": "Val-Laillet D.; Aarts E.; Weber B.; Ferrari M.; Quaresima V.; Stoeckel L.E.; Alonso-Alonso M.; Audette M.; Malbert C.H.; Stice E.", "journal": "NeuroImage. Clinical", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.016", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26110109/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Third, we will introduce the ethical questions that are concomitant to the emergence of new neuromodulation therapies.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yao-2018-effective-weight", "title": "Effective weight control via an implanted self-powered vagus nerve stimulation device", "authors": "Yao et al.", "authorsFull": "Yao Guang; Kang Lei; Li Jun; Long Yin; Wei Hao; Ferreira Carolina A.; Jeffery Justin J.; Lin Yuan; Cai Weibo; Wang Xudong", "journal": "Nature communications", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07764-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30559435/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This strategy is successfully demonstrated on rat models.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dinkelacker-2016-not-available", "title": "[Not Available]", "authors": "Dinkelacker", "authorsFull": "Dinkelacker V.", "journal": "Revue neurologique", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2016.03.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27344209/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "OSAS is a significant comorbidity of drug-resistant epilepsy that has the potential to yield new treatment options for better seizure control.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "xin-2025-promotes-adipose", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation promotes adipose tissue browning and mitochondrial integrity by regulating BCAA metabolism in obese rats: an experimental study", "authors": "Xin et al.", "authorsFull": "Xin Chen; Li Shaoyuan; Feng Bowen; Sun Lan; Wang Yifei; Zhang Jinling; Zhang Yuzhengheng; Zou Ningyi; Zhou Qing; Rong Peijing", "journal": "International journal of surgery (London, England)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000002451", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40387692/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this study, 6 weeks of taVNS significantly reduced body weight gain, body mass index, and the accumulation of inguinal and epididymal white adipose tissue in high-fat diet-induced obese rats, with effects comparable to those of orlistat.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-lartigue-2016-role-development", "title": "Role of the vagus nerve in the development and treatment of diet-induced obesity", "authors": "de Lartigue", "authorsFull": "de Lartigue Guillaume", "journal": "The Journal of physiology", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271538", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26959077/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In small clinical studies, in patients with depression or epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation has been demonstrated to promote weight loss.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cheng-2020-clinically-derived", "title": "Clinically-derived vagus nerve stimulation enhances cerebrospinal fluid penetrance", "authors": "Cheng et al.", "authorsFull": "Cheng Kevin P.; Brodnick Sarah K.; Blanz Stephan L.; Zeng Weifeng; Kegel Jack; Pisaniello Jane A.; Ness Jared P.; Ross Erika; Nicolai Evan N.; Settell Megan L.; Trevathan James K.; Poore Samuel O.; Suminski Aaron J.; Williams Justin C.; Ludwig Kip A.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.012", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32388045/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that the clinical VNS group showed a significant increase in CSF tracer penetrance as compared to the naïve control and sham groups.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ji-2025-regulation-body", "title": "Non-invasive Regulation of Body Weight and Metabolism by Chronic Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Stimulation of Vagus Nerve", "authors": "Ji et al.", "authorsFull": "Ji Ning; Wei Jingjing; Gao Fansi; Xu Lisheng; Lin Wan-Hua; Li Guanglin", "journal": "Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC58623.2025.11254854", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41335720/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The results showed that the FUS-group rats had significantly lower body weight gain and fat mass during their growth stage in comparison to the Sham and Control groups.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gobel-2017-brain-obesity", "title": "Brain stimulation in obesity", "authors": "Göbel et al.", "authorsFull": "Göbel C H; Tronnier V M; Münte T F", "journal": "International journal of obesity (2005)", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.150", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28663570/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Obesity is taking up epidemic proportions worldwide with significant impacts on the health of both the affected individual and on society as a whole.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "val-laillet-2010-chronic-decreased", "title": "Chronic vagus nerve stimulation decreased weight gain, food consumption and sweet craving in adult obese minipigs", "authors": "Val-Laillet et al.", "authorsFull": "Val-Laillet D.; Biraben A.; Randuineau G.; Malbert C.H.", "journal": "Appetite", "year": 2010, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.06.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20600417/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Still 14 weeks after surgery, VNS animals (70.3±3.3kg, P>0.10) did not significantly gain weight compared to sham animals (80.6±8.0kg, P<0.05).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pardo-2007-weight-loss", "title": "Weight loss during chronic, cervical vagus nerve stimulation in depressed patients with obesity: an observation", "authors": "Pardo et al.", "authorsFull": "Pardo J V; Sheikh S A; Kuskowski M A; Surerus-Johnson C; Hagen M C; Lee J T; Rittberg B R; Adson D E", "journal": "International journal of obesity (2005)", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803666", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17563762/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Here, we report the serendipitous observation that this treatment was associated with highly significant, gradual weight loss despite the patients' report of not dieting or exercising.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "leinen-2024-bilateral-subdiaphragmatic", "title": "Bilateral Subdiaphragmatic Vagal Nerve Stimulation Using a Novel Waveform Decreases Body Weight, Food Consumption, Adiposity, and Activity in Obesity-Prone Rats", "authors": "Leinen et al.", "authorsFull": "Leinen Monique; Grandy Elise F.; Gebel Lourdes M. Ubeira; Santana Tahimi Machin; Rodriguez Amanda L.; Singh Sundip K.; Fernandez Michael I.; Dalugdug Justin C.; Garcia-Colon Elaine M.; Lybeshari Kamela; Alexander Daniel R.; Maura Maria I.; Gonzalez Maria D. Cabrera; De Paula Cunha Almeida Caroline; Anyaso-Samuel Samuel; Datta Somnath; Schiefer Matthew A.", "journal": "Obesity surgery", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-023-06957-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38040984/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Results showed that rats on a high-fat diet that received sVNS attained a similar weight to rats on a standard diet due primarily to a reduction in daily caloric intake.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "shen-2025-metabolism", "title": "Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Shen et al.", "authorsFull": "Shen Tianxiao; Tang Xinyue; Pan Yixin; He Hua; Hu Kejia", "journal": "International journal of obesity (2005)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01871-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40883566/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Of the 529 papers identified, 15 studies were eligible for this meta-analysis, including 12 animal trials and 4 human randomized controlled trials (RCTs).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bodenlos-2014-food-intake", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation and food intake: effect of body mass index", "authors": "Bodenlos et al.", "authorsFull": "Bodenlos Jamie S.; Schneider Kristin L.; Oleski Jessica; Gordon Katherine; Rothschild Anthony J.; Pagoto Sherry L.", "journal": "Journal of diabetes science and technology", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296814525188", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24876624/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 29, "keyFinding": "Animal research suggests that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is associated with weight loss and decreased appetite.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "john-2025-recent-advances", "title": "Recent advances in targeting obesity, with a focus on TGF-β signaling and vagus nerve innervation", "authors": "John et al.", "authorsFull": "John Sahara; Bhowmick Krishanu; Park Andrew; Huang Hai; Yang Xiaochun; Mishra Lopa", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-025-00172-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40301996/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This review explores clinical trials in obesity, novel therapeutic targets, and the role of TGF-β signaling and vagus nerve modulation in obesity-related liver diseases and HCC.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "george-2002-therapy-research", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation therapy: a research update", "authors": "George et al.", "authorsFull": "George M.S.; Nahas Z.; Bohning D.E.; Kozel F.A.; Anderson B.; Chae J.-H.; Lomarev M.; Denslow S.; Li X.; Mu C.", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2002, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.59.6_suppl_4.s56", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12270970/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A research-update review of the rapid expansion of VNS preclinical and clinical work beyond epilepsy.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bugajski-2012-way-decrease", "title": "Is the vagus nerve stimulation a way to decrease body weight in humans?", "authors": "Bugajski et al.", "authorsFull": "Bugajski A; Gil K", "journal": "Folia medica Cracoviensia", "year": 2012, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24852688/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "It is suggested, that interaction onto the vagus nerve (stimulation or blocking) can be an alternative for other ways of obesity treatment.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dai-2020-mechanisms-body", "title": "Effects and Mechanisms of Vagal Nerve Stimulation on Body Weight in Diet-Induced Obese Rats", "authors": "Dai et al.", "authorsFull": "Dai Fei; Yin Jieyun; Chen Jiande D. Z.", "journal": "Obesity surgery", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-019-04365-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31898050/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In DIO rats, the food intake (p < 0.001) and body weight (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased in the VNS group, compared with the sham-VNS group.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "malbert-2017-obesity-associated", "title": "Obesity-Associated Alterations in Glucose Metabolism Are Reversed by Chronic Bilateral Stimulation of the Abdominal Vagus Nerve", "authors": "Malbert et al.", "authorsFull": "Malbert Charles-Henri; Picq Chloé; Divoux Jean-Louis; Henry Christine; Horowitz Michael", "journal": "Diabetes", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2337/db16-0847", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28082456/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We conclude that chronic vagal stimulation improves insulin sensitivity substantially in diet-induced obesity by both peripheral and central mechanisms.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "obst-2022-five-weeks", "title": "Five weeks of intermittent transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation shape neural networks: a machine learning approach", "authors": "Obst et al.", "authorsFull": "Obst Martina. A.; Al-Zubaidi Arkan; Heldmann Marcus; Nolde Janis Marc; Blümel Nick; Kannenberg Swantje; Münte Thomas F.", "journal": "Brain imaging and behavior", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-021-00572-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34966977/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found a classification accuracy (CA) of 79 % in a subset of four brainstem regions suggesting that tVNS leads to lasting changes in brain networks.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "qiu-2024-neuromodulation-treatment", "title": "Neuromodulation for the treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome - A systematic review", "authors": "Qiu et al.", "authorsFull": "Qiu Liming; Chang Andrew; Ma Ruoyu; Strong Theresa V.; Okun Michael S.; Foote Kelly D.; Wexler Anna; Gunduz Aysegul; Miller Jennifer L.; Halpern Casey H.", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00339", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38430811/", "condition": "Prader-Willi Syndrome", "conditions": "Prader-Willi Syndrome", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 47, "keyFinding": "Finally, given the potentially vulnerable population, neuroethical considerations and dialogue should guide the field.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "bodenlos-2007-emotional-responses", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation and emotional responses to food among depressed patients", "authors": "Bodenlos et al.", "authorsFull": "Bodenlos Jamie S.; Kose Samet; Borckardt Jeffrey J.; Nahas Ziad; Shaw Darlene; O'Neil Patrick M.; Pagoto Sherry L.; George Mark S.", "journal": "Journal of diabetes science and technology", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/193229680700100524", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19885147/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Controlling for time since last meal, a significant main effect was found for arousal ratings in response to sweet food images.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "alicart-2021-modulation-visual", "title": "Modulation of visual processing of food by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS)", "authors": "Alicart et al.", "authorsFull": "Alicart Helena; Heldmann Marcus; Göttlich Martin; Obst Martina A.; Tittgemeyer Marc; Münte Thomas F.", "journal": "Brain imaging and behavior", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-020-00382-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32926315/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A study of whether non-invasive VNS modulates the neural regulation of food intake and the visual processing of food.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "li-2015-mechanisms-high", "title": "Effects and mechanisms of auricular vagus nerve stimulation on high-fat-diet--induced obese rats", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Han; Zhang Jian-Bin; Xu Chen; Tang Qing-Qing; Shen Wei-Xing; Zhou Jing-Zhu; Chen Jian-De; Wang Yin-Ping", "journal": "Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.05.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26429664/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In high-fat-diet obese rats, auricular VNS reduced body weight and raised brown-fat thermogenic activity without changing food intake.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "yu-2021-inhibits-hypothalamic", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation inhibits hypothalamic P2Y1R expression and attenuates weight gain without decreasing food intake in Zucker diabetic fatty rats", "authors": "Yu et al.", "authorsFull": "Yu Yutian; He Xun; Zhang Jinling; Tang Chunzhi; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Science progress", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504211009669", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33848220/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Moreover, P2Y1R showed major expression in astrocytes of ZDF rats' hypothalamus.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "stanczak-2024-latest-reports", "title": "The latest reports and treatment methods on polycystic ovary syndrome", "authors": "Stańczak et al.", "authorsFull": "Stańczak Natalia Anna; Grywalska Ewelina; Dudzińska Ewa", "journal": "Annals of medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2024.2357737", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38965663/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "It is mandatory to examine these environmental and lifestyle factors as they not only contribute to the occurrence of the disease but also influence its progression.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zou-2026-brain-gut", "title": "Brain-gut interaction for holistic regulation: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in modulating glucose and lipid metabolic disorders", "authors": "Zou et al.", "authorsFull": "Zou Ningyi; Zhou Peijuan; Zhou Qing; Ma Jizheng; Feng Shuo; Rong Peijing; Li Shaoyuan", "journal": "Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.12.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41483489/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of taVNS and the brain-gut axis for regulating glucose and lipid metabolism.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "dirr-2023-targeted-glucose", "title": "The effects of targeted vagus nerve stimulation on glucose homeostasis in STZ-induced diabetic rodents", "authors": "Dirr et al.", "authorsFull": "Dirr Elliott W.; Patel Yogi; Johnson Richard D.; Otto Kevin J.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1179276", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37397461/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found increased changes in the rate of blood glucose change during stimulation which subsided after stimulation ended paired with increased concentration of circulating insulin.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "villalobos-2023-parameters-directional", "title": "Stimulation parameters for directional vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Villalobos et al.", "authorsFull": "Villalobos Joel; Payne Sophie C.; Ward Glenn M.; Andrikopoulos Sofianos; Hyakumura Tomoko; MacIsaac Richard J.; Fallon James B.", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00117-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37464423/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "During application of blocking at lower frequencies (≤ 4 kHz), the ECAP threshold increased (ANOVA, p < 0.001) and saturation level decreased (p < 0.001).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "payne-2022-blood-glucose", "title": "Blood glucose modulation and safety of efferent vagus nerve stimulation in a type 2 diabetic rat model", "authors": "Payne et al.", "authorsFull": "Payne Sophie C.; Ward Glenn; Fallon James B.; Hyakumura Tomoko; Prins Johannes B.; Andrikopoulos Sofianos; MacIsaac Richard J.; Villalobos Joel", "journal": "Physiological reports", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15257", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35439355/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "Following 5 weeks of implantation, eVNS was still effective, resulting in significantly decreased glycemia (-1.7 ± 0.6 mM h, p = 0.003) during 1 h of eVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zhang-2024-modulates-blood", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation modulates blood glucose in ZDF rats via intestinal melatonin receptors and melatonin secretion", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Yuzhengheng; Zou Ningyi; Xin Chen; Wang Yifei; Zhang Zixuan; Rong Peijing; Li Shaoyuan", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1471387", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39564526/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Compared with the ZL group, the level of FBG and body weight increased (all p < 0.01), plasma MLT secretion and the expression of MRs in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of ZDF rats decreased obviously (all p < 0.05), respectively.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "borgmann-2021-gut-brain", "title": "Gut-brain communication by distinct sensory neurons differently controls feeding and glucose metabolism", "authors": "Borgmann et al.", "authorsFull": "Borgmann Diba; Ciglieri Elisa; Biglari Nasim; Brandt Claus; Cremer Anna Lena; Backes Heiko; Tittgemeyer Marc; Wunderlich F. Thomas; Brüning Jens C.; Fenselau Henning", "journal": "Cell metabolism", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34043943/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In mice, genetically distinct gut sensory neurons were shown to separately control feeding and glucose regulation through gut-brain signalling.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "payne-2020-differential-strategies", "title": "Differential effects of vagus nerve stimulation strategies on glycemia and pancreatic secretions", "authors": "Payne et al.", "authorsFull": "Payne Sophie C.; Ward Glenn; MacIsaac Richard J.; Hyakumura Tomoko; Fallon James B.; Villalobos Joel", "journal": "Physiological reports", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14479", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32512650/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Applying 15 Hz stimulation significantly increased glucose (+2.9 ± 0.2 mM·hr, p = .015) and glucagon (+17.1 ± 8.0 pg·hr/ml, p = .022), compared to no stimulation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kufaishi-2025-possible-glycemic", "title": "Possible Glycemic Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Evaluated by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People with Diabetes and Autonomic Neuropathy: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial", "authors": "Kufaishi et al.", "authorsFull": "Kufaishi Huda; Bertoli Davide; Kornum Ditte Smed; Ranjan Ajenthen Gayathri; Nørgaard Kirsten; Krogh Klaus; Brock Birgitte; Okdahl Tina; Frøkjær Jens Brøndum; Drewes Asbjørn Mohr; Brock Christina; Krag Knop Filip; Hansen Tine Willum; Hansen Christian Stevns; Rossing Peter", "journal": "Diabetes technology & therapeutics", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2024.0175", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39446990/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 145, "keyFinding": "For the 8-week treatment period, changes in CV and TIR between groups were also nonsignificant.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "huang-2014-impaired-glucose", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on impaired glucose tolerance: a pilot randomized study", "authors": "Huang et al.", "authorsFull": "Huang Feng; Dong Jianxun; Kong Jian; Wang Hongcai; Meng Hong; Spaeth Rosa B; Camhi Stephanie; Liao Xing; Li Xia; Zhai Xu; Li Shaoyuan; Zhu Bing; Rong Peijing", "journal": "BMC complementary and alternative medicine", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-203", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24968966/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 100, "keyFinding": "100 participants completed the study and were included in data analysis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dirr-2019-targeted-does", "title": "Targeted Vagus Nerve Stimulation does not Disrupt Cardiac Function in the Diabetic Rat", "authors": "Dirr et al.", "authorsFull": "Dirr Elliott W.; Patel Yogi A.; Lester Lauren; Delgado Francisco; Otto Kevin J.", "journal": "Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2019.8857474", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947279/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Pancreatic vagus nerve stimulation in a diabetic model was not found to influence heart rate demonstrating the ability of targeted stimulation to be used as for organ-specific neuromodulation while minimizing side effects.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "makhmutova-2021-pancreatic-cells", "title": "Pancreatic β-Cells Communicate With Vagal Sensory Neurons", "authors": "Makhmutova et al.", "authorsFull": "Makhmutova Madina; Weitz Jonathan; Tamayo Alejandro; Pereira Elizabeth; Boulina Maria; Almaça Joana; Rodriguez-Diaz Rayner; Caicedo Alejandro", "journal": "Gastroenterology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.034", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33121946/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that pancreatic islets are innervated by vagal sensory axons expressing Phox2b, substance P, calcitonin-gene related peptide, and the serotonin receptor 5-HT3R.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kawana-2024-optogenetic-nerves", "title": "Optogenetic stimulation of vagal nerves for enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and β cell proliferation", "authors": "Kawana et al.", "authorsFull": "Kawana Yohei; Imai Junta; Morizawa Yosuke M.; Ikoma Yoko; Kohata Masato; Komamura Hiroshi; Sato Toshihiro; Izumi Tomohito; Yamamoto Junpei; Endo Akira; Sugawara Hiroto; Kubo Haremaru; Hosaka Shinichiro; Munakata Yuichiro; Asai Yoichiro; Kodama Shinjiro; Takahashi Kei; Kaneko Keizo; Sawada Shojiro; Yamada Tetsuya; Ito Akira; Niizuma Kuniyasu; Tominaga Teiji; Yamanaka Akihiro; Matsui Ko; Katagiri Hideki", "journal": "Nature biomedical engineering", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-023-01113-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37945752/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The two methods show that signals from the vagal nerve, especially from nerve fibres innervating the pancreas, are sufficient to regulate insulin secretion and β cell proliferation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "waataja-2023-combining-celiac", "title": "Combining Celiac and Hepatic Vagus Nerve Neuromodulation Reverses Glucose Intolerance and Improves Glycemic Control in Pre- and Overt-Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus", "authors": "Waataja et al.", "authorsFull": "Waataja Jonathan J.; Asp Anders J.; Billington Charles J.", "journal": "Biomedicines", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092452", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760895/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The present study demonstrated that the neuromodulation reversed glucose intolerance in alloxan-treated swine in both pre- and overt stages of T2DM.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "stauss-2018-impairs-glucose", "title": "Cervical vagal nerve stimulation impairs glucose tolerance and suppresses insulin release in conscious rats", "authors": "Stauss et al.", "authorsFull": "Stauss Harald M.; Stangl Hubert; Clark Karen C.; Kwitek Anne E.; Lira Vitor A.", "journal": "Physiological reports", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13953", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30569658/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 7, "keyFinding": "It remains to be determined if patients treated with VNS are at greater risk of developing glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "guemes-gonzalez-2023-multivariate-physiological", "title": "A multivariate physiological model of vagus nerve signalling during metabolic challenges in anaesthetised rats for diabetes treatment", "authors": "Güemes Gonzalez et al.", "authorsFull": "Güemes Gonzalez Amparo; Carnicer-Lombarte Alejandro; Hilton Sam; Malliaras George", "journal": "Journal of neural engineering", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/acfdcd", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37757803/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A modelling study decoding vagus-nerve activity to map interactions between the nervous and metabolic systems during metabolic challenges.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "tahiri-2025-sensory-neuron", "title": "Vagal sensory neuron-derived FGF3 controls insulin secretion", "authors": "Tahiri et al.", "authorsFull": "Tahiri Azeddine; Youssef Ayman; Inoue Ryota; Moon Sohyun; Alsarkhi Lamyaa; Berroug Laila; Nguyen Xuan Thi Anh; Wang Le; Kwon Hyokjoon; Pang Zhiping P.; Zhao Jerry Yingtao; Shirakawa Jun; Ulloa Luis; El Ouaamari Abdelfattah", "journal": "Developmental cell", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2024.09.016", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39413782/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Systemic and vagal sensory overexpression of Fgf3 enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), improved glucose excursion, and increased energy expenditure and physical activity.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yin-2019-glycemic-control", "title": "Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Glycemic Control in a Rodent Model of Type 2 Diabetes", "authors": "Yin et al.", "authorsFull": "Yin Jieyun; Ji Feng; Gharibani Payam; Chen Jiande DZ", "journal": "Obesity surgery", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-019-03901-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31222497/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "(1) VNS with short pulse width of 0.3 ms but not 3 ms reduced blood glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), with a 38.4% reduction at 15 min and 26.9% at 30 min (P < 0.05, vs.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "hossain-2020-glucose-signaling", "title": "Glucose signaling in the brain and periphery to memory", "authors": "Hossain et al.", "authorsFull": "Hossain Md Shamim; Oomura Yutaka; Fujino Takehiko; Akashi Koichi", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.018", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32111301/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In addition, we also discussed the alteration of glucose-signaling in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a possible link to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2025-future-horizons", "title": "Future horizons in diabetes: integrating AI and personalized care", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Kaiqi; Qi Yun; Wang Wenjun; Tian Xinyi; Wang Jiahui; Xu Lili; Zhai Xu", "journal": "Frontiers in endocrinology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1583227", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40213102/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of artificial intelligence and personalised care in diabetes (only peripheral relevance to vagus nerve stimulation).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2023-mechanism-melatonin", "title": "[Mechanism of melatonin-mediated antihyperglycemic effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation]", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang YZ; Xin C; Zhang ZX; Zhang KQ; Li L; Rong PJ; Li SY", "journal": "Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.13702/j.1000-0607.20221300", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37614140/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In diabetic rats, taVNS lowered fasting blood glucose, an effect linked to melatonin and pancreatic insulin-receptor signalling.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wang-2015-induces-tidal", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation induces tidal melatonin secretion and has an antidiabetic effect in Zucker fatty rats", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Shuxing; Zhai Xu; Li Shaoyuan; McCabe Michael F.; Wang Xing; Rong Peijing", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124195", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25880500/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that naïve ZDF rats develop hyperglycemia naturally with age.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "vosseler-2020-modulation-postprandial", "title": "No modulation of postprandial metabolism by transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a cross-over study in 15 healthy men", "authors": "Vosseler et al.", "authorsFull": "Vosseler Andreas; Zhao Dongxing; Fritsche Louise; Lehmann Rainer; Kantartzis Konstantinos; Small Dana M.; Peter Andreas; Häring Hans-Ulrich; Birkenfeld Andreas L.; Fritsche Andreas; Wagner Robert; Preißl Hubert; Kullmann Stephanie; Heni Martin", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77430-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33235256/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Experimental evidence suggests a crucial role of the autonomic nervous system in whole body metabolism with major regulatory effects of the parasympathetic branch in postprandial adaptation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "fratini-2025-intraneural-device", "title": "Intraneural Device for Electrostimulation of Vagus Nerve in Rats: A Feasibility Study for Modulating Glucose Tolerance", "authors": "Fratini et al.", "authorsFull": "Fratini Emiliano; Pasquali Emanuela; Grilli Maria Luisa; Piscitelli Marta; Zambotti Alessandro; Mancuso Mariateresa; Merla Caterina; Bossi Silvia", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2024.10.004", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39614867/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "EMPATIC treatment in the VNS group significantly affected glucose tolerance tests compared with control and sham groups.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "meyers-2016-contrasting-afferent", "title": "Contrasting effects of afferent and efferent vagal nerve stimulation on insulin secretion and blood glucose regulation", "authors": "Meyers et al.", "authorsFull": "Meyers Erin E.; Kronemberger Ana; Lira Vitor; Rahmouni Kamal; Stauss Harald M.", "journal": "Physiological reports", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12718", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26884478/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 9, "keyFinding": "However, serum insulin levels increased significantly with selective efferent VNS (+71.2 ± 27.0% after 120 min of VNS) that increased [Glu] only temporarily (+28.8 ± 11.7% at 30 min of VNS).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "guyot-2019-pancreatic-electrostimulation", "title": "Pancreatic nerve electrostimulation inhibits recent-onset autoimmune diabetes", "authors": "Guyot et al.", "authorsFull": "Guyot Mélanie; Simon Thomas; Ceppo Franck; Panzolini Clara; Guyon Alice; Lavergne Julien; Murris Emilie; Daoudlarian Douglas; Brusini Romain; Zarif Hadi; Abélanet Sophie; Hugues-Ascery Sandrine; Divoux Jean-Louis; Lewis Stephen J.; Sridhar Arun; Glaichenhaus Nicolas; Blancou Philippe", "journal": "Nature biotechnology", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0295-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31712773/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Pancreatic nerve electrical stimulation (PNES) resulted in β-adrenergic receptor-mediated-accumulation of B and T cells in pLNs and reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines following lipopolysaccharide stimulation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "li-2014-therapeutic-depressive", "title": "Therapeutic effect of vagus nerve stimulation on depressive-like behavior, hyperglycemia and insulin receptor expression in Zucker fatty rats", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Shaoyuan; Zhai Xu; Rong Peijing; McCabe Michael F.; Wang Xing; Zhao Jingjun; Ben Hui; Wang Shuxing", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112066", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25365428/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 6, "keyFinding": "We found that naïve ZDF rats developed hyperglycemia steadily.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bowles-2022-drives-selective", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation drives selective circuit modulation through cholinergic reinforcement", "authors": "Bowles et al.", "authorsFull": "Bowles Spencer; Hickman Jordan; Peng Xiaoyu; Williamson W. Ryan; Huang Rongchen; Washington Kayden; Donegan Dane; Welle Cristin G.", "journal": "Neuron", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35858623/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This suggests that VNS may accelerate motor refinement in M1 via cholinergic signaling, opening new avenues for optimizing VNS to target specific disease-relevant circuitry.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "song-2025-dopaminergic-pathways", "title": "Dopaminergic Pathways in Neuroplasticity After Stroke and Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Song et al.", "authorsFull": "Song Min-Keun; Cramer Steven C.", "journal": "Stroke", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.125.050674", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40207362/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Stroke remains a significant cause of disability worldwide.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sargusingh-2025-enhancing-neuroplasticity", "title": "Enhancing Neuroplasticity via vagus nerve stimulation to improve urinary dysfunction after spinal cord injury: a perspective", "authors": "Sargusingh et al.", "authorsFull": "Sargusingh Mia J.; Addo Juliet J. A.; Damaser Margot S.; Zimmern Philippe; Hays Seth A.; Hernandez-Reynoso Ana G.", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-025-00178-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40542413/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our perspective is that a congruent strategy of pairing VNS with bladder function after incomplete SCI can promote neuroplastic changes in spared neural pathways to strengthen neural control of bladder function.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rosso-2020-neurotrophins-biological", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation and Neurotrophins: a biological psychiatric perspective", "authors": "Rosso et al.", "authorsFull": "Rosso Pamela; Iannitelli Angela; Pacitti Francesca; Quartini Adele; Fico Elena; Fiore Marco; Greco Antonio; Ralli Massimo; Tirassa Paola", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.034", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32278791/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Today, VNS is suggested as possible therapy for a larger spectrum of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorders, and panic disorders.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "keute-2021-brain-plasticity", "title": "Brain plasticity and vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Keute et al.", "authorsFull": "Keute Marius; Gharabaghi Alireza", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102876", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34537681/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Experimental work suggests that VNS fosters a neurochemical milieu that facilitates synaptic plasticity and supports reinforcement mechanisms.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "olsen-2022-induced-cognitive", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation-induced cognitive enhancement: Hippocampal neuroplasticity in healthy male rats", "authors": "Olsen et al.", "authorsFull": "Olsen Laura K.; Moore Raquel J.; Bechmann Naomi A.; Ethridge Victoria T.; Gargas Nathan M.; Cunningham Sylvia D.; Kuang Zhanpeng; Whicker Joshua K.; Rohan Joyce G.; Hatcher-Solis Candice N.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2022.08.001", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35970317/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "Stimulated rats exhibited improved performance in NOR (p < 0.05, n = 12) and PAT (p < 0.05, n = 14).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "evancho-2023-combined-neuromodulation", "title": "A review of combined neuromodulation and physical therapy interventions for enhanced neurorehabilitation", "authors": "Evancho et al.", "authorsFull": "Evancho Alexandra; Tyler William J.; McGregor Keith", "journal": "Frontiers in human neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1151218", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37545593/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We highlight areas needing further research and suggest avenues for future investigation, aiming to enhance the personalization of the unique neuroplastic responses associated with each condition.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ma-2019-promising-adjunctive", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation as a promising adjunctive treatment for ischemic stroke", "authors": "Ma et al.", "authorsFull": "Ma Jingxi; Qiao Peifeng; Li Qin; Wang Yangyang; Zhang Lan; Yan Liang-Jun; Cai Zhiyou", "journal": "Neurochemistry international", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104539", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31445074/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS has been found to attenuate infarct volume, reduce neurological deficits, and improve memory and cognition in rats with stroke injuries.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "altidor-2021-acute-enhances", "title": "Acute vagus nerve stimulation enhances reversal learning in rats", "authors": "Altidor et al.", "authorsFull": "Altidor Lindsay K-P.; Bruner Matthew M.; Deslauriers Josue F.; Garman Tyler S.; Ramirez Saúl; Dirr Elliott W.; Olczak Kaitlynn P.; Maurer Andrew P.; Lamb Damon G.; Otto Kevin J.; Burke Sara N.; Bumanglag Argyle V.; Setlow Barry; Bizon Jennifer L.", "journal": "Neurobiology of learning and memory", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107498", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34332068/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In separate rats, administration of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine also enhanced reversal learning in the same task, consistent with a noradrenergic mechanism through which VNS enhances cognitive flexibility.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "vargas-caballero-2022-potential-therapy", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Potential Therapy in Early Alzheimer's Disease: A Review", "authors": "Vargas-Caballero et al.", "authorsFull": "Vargas-Caballero Mariana; Warming Hannah; Walker Robert; Holmes Clive; Cruickshank Garth; Patel Bipin", "journal": "Frontiers in human neuroscience", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.866434", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35572001/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Whether invasive or non-invasive VNS can produce a significant improvement on memory function and whether its effects can modify the progression of AD will require further investigation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cai-2024-mechanisms-improving", "title": "Mechanisms of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Improving Motor Dysfunction After Stroke", "authors": "Cai et al.", "authorsFull": "Cai Xiaohu; Jiang Jiayao; Zhou Guochao; Zhang Yelei", "journal": "Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S492043", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39723115/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The applications and further exploration are discussed to provide new insights into this novel therapeutic technique.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "saway-2024-evolution-neuromodulation", "title": "The evolution of neuromodulation for chronic stroke: From neuroplasticity mechanisms to brain-computer interfaces", "authors": "Saway et al.", "authorsFull": "Saway Brian F.; Palmer Charles; Hughes Christopher; Triano Matthew; Suresh Rishishankar E.; Gilmore Jordon; George Mark; Kautz Steven A.; Rowland Nathan C.", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00337", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38377638/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "While the field of implantable devices for chronic stroke recovery is still in a nascent stage, the data reviewed are suggestive of immense potential for reducing the impact and impairment from this globally prevalent disorder.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "collins-2021-induces-widespread", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation induces widespread cortical and behavioral activation", "authors": "Collins et al.", "authorsFull": "Collins Lindsay; Boddington Laura; Steffan Paul J.; McCormick David", "journal": "Current biology : CB", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.049", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33740425/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Accumulating evidence suggests that VNS may modulate cortical state and plasticity through activation of broadly projecting neuromodulatory systems.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "carroll-2024-during-training", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation during training fails to improve learning in healthy rats", "authors": "Carroll et al.", "authorsFull": "Carroll Alan M.; Pruitt David T.; Riley Jonathan R.; Danaphongse Tanya T.; Rennaker Robert L.; Engineer Crystal T.; Hays Seth A.; Kilgard Michael P.", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69666-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39147873/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These results contrast recent findings from multiple labs which found VNS pairing during training produced learning enhancements across motor, auditory, and cognitive domains.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sanders-2019-cognition-enhancing", "title": "Cognition-Enhancing Vagus Nerve Stimulation Alters the Epigenetic Landscape", "authors": "Sanders et al.", "authorsFull": "Sanders Teresa H.; Weiss Joseph; Hogewood Luke; Chen Lan; Paton Casey; McMahan Rebekah L.; Sweatt J. David", "journal": "The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2407-18.2019", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30804093/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In agreement with reduced cortical stress-response transcription factor NF-κB1, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed reduced γH2A.X in the ARC promoter.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "giordano-2017-surgical-technique", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: Surgical technique of implantation and revision and related morbidity", "authors": "Giordano et al.", "authorsFull": "Giordano Flavio; Zicca Anna; Barba Carmen; Guerrini Renzo; Genitori Lorenzo", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.13678", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28386925/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A de novo implantation in a naive segment of the left or right vagus nerve may be considered in specific cases; the use of the right vagus nerve is a rare exception that may be chosen with an acceptable result.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "olsen-2023-mechanisms-factors", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: mechanisms and factors involved in memory enhancement", "authors": "Olsen et al.", "authorsFull": "Olsen Laura K.; Solis Ernesto; McIntire Lindsey K.; Hatcher-Solis Candice N.", "journal": "Frontiers in human neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1152064", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37457500/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Along with neurological and psychiatric indications, clinical and preclinical studies suggest that VNS can improve memory.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "galland-2014-gut-microbiome", "title": "The gut microbiome and the brain", "authors": "Galland", "authorsFull": "Galland Leo", "journal": "Journal of medicinal food", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2014.7000", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25402818/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Nutritional tools for altering the gut microbiome therapeutically include changes in diet, probiotics, and prebiotics.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "boon-2006-cognition", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation and cognition", "authors": "Boon et al.", "authorsFull": "Boon Paul; Moors Ine; De Herdt Veerle; Vonck Kristl", "journal": "Seizure", "year": 2006, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2006.02.014", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16651013/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Based on the clinical observation of improved cognition in many epilepsy patients who received VNS, we reviewed the recent literature for evidence concerning the cognitive effects of this treatment.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "aniwattanapong-2022-attention-working", "title": "Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Attention and Working Memory in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review", "authors": "Aniwattanapong et al.", "authorsFull": "Aniwattanapong Daruj; List Justine J.; Ramakrishnan Nithya; Bhatti Gursimrat S.; Jorge Ricardo", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2021.11.009", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35088719/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We identified 20 studies reporting VNS effects on attention and working memory in patients with epilepsy or mood disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "driskill-2022-acute-facilitates", "title": "Acute Vagus Nerve Stimulation Facilitates Short Term Memory and Cognitive Flexibility in Rats", "authors": "Driskill et al.", "authorsFull": "Driskill Christopher M.; Childs Jessica E.; Itmer Bemisal; Rajput Jai S.; Kroener Sven", "journal": "Brain sciences", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091137", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36138873/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our results indicate that acute VNS can improve memory and cognitive flexibility relative to Sham-stimulation, and these effects are independent of unspecific VNS-induced changes in locomotion or anxiety.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shin-2025-enhanced-working", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhanced working memory in older adults with age-related hearing loss", "authors": "Shin et al.", "authorsFull": "Shin Junyoung; Noh Shinhee; Park Jimin; Jun Sang Beom; Sung Jee Eun", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11363-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40696015/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The HI group performed significantly worse than the TH group on the 2-back tasks.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sun-2017-improves-working", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation improves working memory performance", "authors": "Sun et al.", "authorsFull": "Sun Lihua; Peräkylä Jari; Holm Katri; Haapasalo Joonas; Lehtimäki Kai; Ogawa Keith H.; Peltola Jukka; Hartikainen Kaisa M.", "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2017.1285869", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28492363/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A study reporting that VNS improved human working-memory performance (detailed outcomes not in the indexed abstract).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wang-2025-intermittent-reverses", "title": "Intermittent transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reverses acute stress-induced memory deficits via O-GlcNAc modulation", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Jianhui; Liu Jingying; Wang Chengran; Liu Feng; Huang Yan; Yang Hexi; Xia Mengting; Zhou Wenxia; Xiao Zhiyong", "journal": "Experimental neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115359", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40562344/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In rats, intermittent taVNS reversed acute-stress-induced cognitive deficits, associated with O-GlcNAc modification of neuronal proteins.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "konjusha-2023-specifically-enhances", "title": "Auricular Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Specifically Enhances Working Memory Gate Closing Mechanism: A System Neurophysiological Study", "authors": "Konjusha et al.", "authorsFull": "Konjusha Anyla; Yu Shijing; Mückschel Moritz; Colzato Lorenza; Ziemssen Tjalf; Beste Christian", "journal": "The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2004-22.2023", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37221097/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Neurobiological considerations suggest that the catecholaminergic and the GABAergic are likely involved in these dynamics.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mertens-2020-does-not", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Does Not Affect Verbal Memory Performance in Healthy Volunteers", "authors": "Mertens et al.", "authorsFull": "Mertens Ann; Naert Lien; Miatton Marijke; Poppa Tasha; Carrette Evelien; Gadeyne Stefanie; Raedt Robrecht; Boon Paul; Vonck Kristl", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00551", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32351421/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this randomized study, tVNS did not affect the accuracy scores for immediate recall or delayed recognition in both age groups.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lu-2026-ameliorates-learning", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation ameliorates learning-memory deficits and suppresses neuronal apoptosis via the ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway in epileptic rats", "authors": "Lu et al.", "authorsFull": "Lu Yao; Li Yang; Su Wenhao; Lv Yan; Zheng Zhouhong; Zhao Ameng; Wang Zhongqing", "journal": "The International journal of neuroscience", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2025.2542882", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40757650/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Healthy rats exhibited abundant, evenly distributed Nissl bodies and orderly arranged cortical neurons.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "chen-2024-does-not", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation does not modulate working memory capacity but alters pupillary responses in the change detection task", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Jingxin; Ke Yufeng; Ni Guangjian; Ming Dong", "journal": "Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC53108.2024.10782958", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40039171/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 16, "keyFinding": "For the results, we observed no significant modulation of working memory capacity by taVNS but did note distinct alterations in pupillary response (mean amplitude and extremes) during specified intervals in the change detection task.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mertens-2022-potential-improve", "title": "The potential of invasive and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to improve verbal memory performance in epilepsy patients", "authors": "Mertens et al.", "authorsFull": "Mertens Ann; Gadeyne Stefanie; Lescrauwaet Emma; Carrette Evelien; Meurs Alfred; De Herdt Veerle; Dewaele Frank; Raedt Robrecht; Miatton Marijke; Boon Paul; Vonck Kristl", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05842-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35132096/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "It has been demonstrated that acute vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) improves word recognition memory in epilepsy patients.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tan-2024-does-vibrotactile", "title": "Does vibrotactile stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve enhance working memory? A behavioral and physiological investigation", "authors": "Tan et al.", "authorsFull": "Tan Gansheng; Adams Josh; Donovan Kara; Demarest Phillip; Willie Jon T.; Brunner Peter; Gorlewicz Jenna L.; Leuthardt Eric C.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2024.04.002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38593972/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In 4-back tasks, which demand maximal working memory capacity, active vibrotactile taVNS significantly improved the performance metric d' compared to the baseline but not to the sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mary-2026-enhances-episodic", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation enhances episodic memory across valences and memory stages", "authors": "Mary et al.", "authorsFull": "Mary Alison; Nematollahi Haniyeh; Torres Diego; Chernyshkova Yulia; Vonck Kristl; Carrette Evelien", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2026.103051", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41687811/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS significantly enhanced episodic-memory recall versus sham regardless of timing, with emotional stimuli better recalled than neutral.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "thakkar-2023-memory-recall", "title": "The effect of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on memory recall in reading: A pilot study", "authors": "Thakkar et al.", "authorsFull": "Thakkar Vishal J.; Richardson Zoe A.; Dang Annie; Centanni Tracy M.", "journal": "Behavioural brain research", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114164", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36265760/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A pilot study of non-invasive VNS effects on memory recall during reading.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "fisicaro-2025-off-line", "title": "Effects of off-line auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on a short-term memory task: a pilot study", "authors": "Fisicaro et al.", "authorsFull": "Fisicaro Francesco; Cortese Klizia; Bella Rita; Pennisi Manuela; Lanza Giuseppe; Yuasa Kaoru; Ugawa Yoshikazu; Terao Yasuo", "journal": "Frontiers in aging neuroscience", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1549167", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40357230/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 18, "keyFinding": "Subjects were randomized to receive either real or sham taVNS during a digit span task while recording the pupil size, and then switched over to the other treatment group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "vazquez-oliver-2020-improves-memory", "title": "Auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation improves memory persistence in naïve mice and in an intellectual disability mouse model", "authors": "Vázquez-Oliver et al.", "authorsFull": "Vázquez-Oliver Anna; Brambilla-Pisoni Cecilia; Domingo-Gainza Mikel; Maldonado Rafael; Ivorra Antoni; Ozaita Andrés", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.12.024", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31919001/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that atVNS significantly improves memory persistence in naïve mice.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sun-2021-improves-spatial", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Spatial Working Memory in Healthy Young Adults", "authors": "Sun et al.", "authorsFull": "Sun Jin-Bo; Cheng Chen; Tian Qian-Qian; Yuan Hang; Yang Xue-Juan; Deng Hui; Guo Xiao-Yu; Cui Ya-Peng; Zhang Meng-Kai; Yin Zi-Xin; Wang Cong; Qin Wei", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.790793", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35002607/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Results showed that offline taVNS could significantly increase hits in spatial 3-back task, whereas no effect was found in online taVNS or sham group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kamoga-2024-dementia-scoping", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in dementia: A scoping review of clinical and pre-clinical studies", "authors": "Kamoga et al.", "authorsFull": "Kamoga Ronald; Rukundo Godfrey Zari; Kalungi Samuel; Adriko Wilson; Nakidde Gladys; Obua Celestino; Obongoloch Johnes; Ihunwo Amadi Ogonda", "journal": "AIMS neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2024024", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39431268/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "scoping review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A scoping review of clinical and preclinical VNS studies in dementia.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wang-2021-brain-diseases", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in brain diseases: Therapeutic applications and biological mechanisms", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Yue; Zhan Gaofeng; Cai Ziwen; Jiao Bo; Zhao Yilin; Li Shiyong; Luo Ailin", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.018", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33894241/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Furthermore, current evidence showed promising results towards the treatment of more brain diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2023-improves-gait", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves gait and cortical activity in Parkinson's disease: A pilot randomized study", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Heng; Cao Xing‐yue; Wang Li‐na; Tong Qing; Sun Hui‐min; Gan Cai‐ting; Shan Ai‐di; Yuan Yong‐sheng; Zhang Ke‐zhong", "journal": "CNS neuroscience & therapeutics", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14309", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37311693/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "PD patients showed instable gait with insufficient range of motion during usual walking.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "eissazade-2025-parkinson-disease", "title": "Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review", "authors": "Eissazade et al.", "authorsFull": "Eissazade Negin; Eghdami Shayan; Rohani Mohammad; Ajdari Atra; Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad; Fasano Alfonso; Khoeini Tara", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2025.01.012", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40057881/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 287, "keyFinding": "A total of 12 journal articles with data from 287 participants were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sigurdsson-2021-parkinson-disease", "title": "Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson's disease: current status and future prospects", "authors": "Sigurdsson et al.", "authorsFull": "Sigurdsson Hilmar P.; Raw Rachael; Hunter Heather; Baker Mark R.; Taylor John-Paul; Rochester Lynn; Yarnall Alison J.", "journal": "Expert review of medical devices", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2021.1969913", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34461787/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "While dopaminergic medication is the standard therapy in PD, it provides limited symptomatic treatment and non-pharmacological interventions are currently being trialed.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shan-2024-parkinson-disease", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Shan et al.", "authorsFull": "Shan Jiatong; Li Zehong; Ji Minxiu; Zhang Miao; Zhang Caidi; Zhu Yikang; Feng Zhen", "journal": "Frontiers in aging neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1498176", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39877075/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "6 RCTs with 176 PD patient were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "evancho-2024-parkinson-disease", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a scoping review of animal studies and human subjects research", "authors": "Evancho et al.", "authorsFull": "Evancho Alexandra; Do Melissa; Fortenberry Damiana; Billings Rebecca; Sartayev Alibek; Tyler William J.", "journal": "NPJ Parkinson's disease", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-024-00803-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39448636/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "scoping review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Studies showed high variability in VNS parameters and study design.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yang-2025-role-modulating", "title": "The role of vagus nerve stimulation in modulating Parkinson's disease via the microbiota-gut-brain axis: a comprehensive review", "authors": "Yang et al.", "authorsFull": "Yang Lingqing; Fan Shiyu; Sun Li; Han Jingru; Wang Meng; Yu Tao", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1643305", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41059511/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study is the first to integrate the MGBA theory with VNS technology, revealing its cross-system regulatory network in intervening PD and providing new ideas for breaking through the limitations of traditional treatments.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gao-2020-freezing-gait", "title": "Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, risk factors and treatments", "authors": "Gao et al.", "authorsFull": "Gao Chao; Liu Jun; Tan Yuyan; Chen Shengdi", "journal": "Translational neurodegeneration", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-020-00191-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32322387/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "FOG model hypotheses are helpful for better understanding and characterizing FOG and they provide clues for further research exploration.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "matsuoka-2025-healthy-individuals", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in healthy individuals, stroke, and Parkinson's disease: a narrative review of safety, parameters, and efficacy", "authors": "Matsuoka et al.", "authorsFull": "Matsuoka Machiko; Yamaguchi Tomofumi; Fujiwara Toshiyuki", "journal": "Frontiers in physiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1693907", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41211140/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Although systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted on safety and efficacy, the variability of stimulation parameters and the lack of consistency in their effects remain significant issues.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "davidson-2024-neuromodulation-techniques", "title": "Neuromodulation techniques - From non-invasive brain stimulation to deep brain stimulation", "authors": "Davidson et al.", "authorsFull": "Davidson Benjamin; Bhattacharya Amitabh; Sarica Can; Darmani Ghazaleh; Raies Nasem; Chen Robert; Lozano Andres M.", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00330", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38340524/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Ongoing active clinical trials using are uncovering novel applications and paradigms for these interventions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "wang-2022-right-improves", "title": "Right vagus nerve stimulation improves motor behavior by exerting neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease rats", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Chaofan; Su Tong; Xiao Lifei; Wang Yangyang; Huo Xianhao; Li Wenchao; Ding Jiangwei; Sun Tao", "journal": "Annals of translational medicine", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-22-5366", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36660708/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A markedly lower distance traveled and rearing number was observed in the rotenone, rotenone + sham, and rotenone + RVNS groups compared to the vehicle group.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "fu-2024-immediate-modulatory", "title": "Immediate modulatory effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on patients with Parkinson's disease: a crossover self-controlled fMRI study", "authors": "Fu et al.", "authorsFull": "Fu Chengwei; Hou Xiaoyan; Zheng Chunye; Zhang Yue; Gao Zhijie; Yan Zhaoxian; Ye Yongsong; Liu Bo", "journal": "Frontiers in aging neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1444703", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39507202/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Forty-seven participants completed the study and were included in the final analysis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "torrecillos-2022-modulates-subthalamic", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation modulates subthalamic beta activity in Parkinson's disease", "authors": "Torrecillos et al.", "authorsFull": "Torrecillos Flavie; Tan Huiling; Brown Peter; Capone Fioravante; Ricciuti Riccardo; Di Lazzaro Vincenzo; Marano Massimo", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2022.11.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36518556/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A study of how non-invasive VNS modulates subthalamic beta activity in Parkinson's disease (results not in the indexed abstract).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "marano-2024-left-modulates", "title": "Left Vagus Stimulation Modulates Contralateral Subthalamic β Power Improving the Gait in Parkinson's Disease", "authors": "Marano et al.", "authorsFull": "Marano Massimo; Anzini Gaia; Saltarocchi Luca; Ricciuti Riccardo; Capone Fioravante; Tan Huiling; Torrecillos Flavie; Lanzone Jacopo; Di Lazzaro Vincenzo", "journal": "Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.29690", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38111224/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The left taVNS induced a reduction of the total β power in the contralateral (ie, right) subthalamic nucleus and an improvement of TUG time, speed, and variability.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hosomoto-2023-continuous-exerts", "title": "Continuous vagus nerve stimulation exerts beneficial effects on rats with experimentally induced Parkinson's disease: Evidence suggesting involvement of a vagal afferent pathway", "authors": "Hosomoto et al.", "authorsFull": "Hosomoto Kakeru; Sasaki Tatsuya; Yasuhara Takao; Kameda Masahiro; Sasada Susumu; Kin Ittetsu; Kuwahara Ken; Kawauchi Satoshi; Okazaki Yosuke; Yabuno Satoru; Sugahara Chiaki; Kawai Koji; Nagase Takayuki; Tanimoto Shun; Borlongan Cesario V.; Date Isao", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.03.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36914065/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, VNS reduced behavioural impairments and nigral inflammation while increasing locus-coeruleus enzyme density.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "abdelnaby-2021-ultrasonography-parkinson", "title": "Vagus nerve ultrasonography in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Abdelnaby et al.", "authorsFull": "Abdelnaby Ramy; Elsayed Mohamed; Mohamed Khaled A.; Dardeer Khaled T.; Sonbol Yousef Tarek; ELgenidy Anas; Barakat Mahmoud H.; Alwerdani Mariam M.; Maier Andrea", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102835", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34166995/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The estimate mean difference in four studies showed that the VN CSA was smaller in PD patients with 0.29 mm2 (95% CI, -0.52 to -0.06) and 0.23 mm2 (95% CI, -0.42 to -0.05) for right and left VNs respectively.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sigurdsson-2023-safety-tolerability", "title": "Safety and tolerability of adjunct non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in people with parkinson's: a study protocol", "authors": "Sigurdsson et al.", "authorsFull": "Sigurdsson Hilmar P.; Hunter Heather; Alcock Lisa; Wilson Ross; Pienaar Ilse; Want Elizabeth; Baker Mark R.; Taylor John-Paul; Rochester Lynn; Yarnall Alison J.", "journal": "BMC neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-023-03081-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36737716/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recent theories suggest that symptoms of PD may arise due to spread of Lewy-body pathology where the process begins in the gut and propagate transynaptically via the vagus nerve to the central nervous system.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "proietti-2025-movement-disorders", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Movement Disorders, from Principles to a Systematic Review of Evidence", "authors": "Proietti et al.", "authorsFull": "Proietti Francesca; Ottaviani Matteo Maria; Burchi Elisabetta; Vivacqua Giorgio; Anzini Gaia; Ricciuti Riccardo Antonio; Capone Fioravante; Macefield Vaughan G.; Di Lazzaro Vincenzo; Marano Massimo", "journal": "Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.70044", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41025609/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review of 32 studies reported VNS improved symptoms across movement disorders (Parkinson's, tremor, dystonia, Tourette's), though the evidence is mostly small and preliminary.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "morris-2019-target-gait", "title": "Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation to target gait impairment in Parkinson's disease", "authors": "Morris et al.", "authorsFull": "Morris Rosie; Yarnall Alison J.; Hunter Heather; Taylor John‐Paul; Baker Mark R.; Rochester Lynn", "journal": "Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27664", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30889295/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining parkinson's disease using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lench-2023-multi-session", "title": "Multi-session transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for Parkinson's disease: evaluating feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy", "authors": "Lench et al.", "authorsFull": "Lench Daniel H.; Turner Travis H.; McLeod Colin; Boger Heather A.; Lovera Lilia; Heidelberg Lisa; Elm Jordan; Phan Anh; Badran Bashar W.; Hinson Vanessa K.", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1210103", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37554394/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A trial found multi-session taVNS feasible in Parkinson's disease but showed no significant group differences, with daily in-office visits reported as burdensome.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "warsi-2023-modulates-phase", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modulates Phase-Amplitude Coupling in Thalamic Local Field Potentials", "authors": "Warsi et al.", "authorsFull": "Warsi Nebras M.; Yan Han; Wong Simeon M.; Yau Ivanna; Breitbart Sara; Go Cristina; Gorodetsky Carolina; Fasano Alfonso; Kalia Suneil K.; Rutka James T.; Vaughan Kerry; Ibrahim George M.", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2022.05.001", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35840521/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Active VNS was associated with increased PAC between theta, alpha, and beta phase and gamma amplitude in CM (q < 0.05).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kin-2021-mild-intensity", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation with Mild Stimulation Intensity Exerts Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects in Parkinson's Disease Model Rats", "authors": "Kin et al.", "authorsFull": "Kin Ittetsu; Sasaki Tatsuya; Yasuhara Takao; Kameda Masahiro; Agari Takashi; Okazaki Mihoko; Hosomoto Kakeru; Okazaki Yosuke; Yabuno Satoru; Kawauchi Satoshi; Kuwahara Ken; Morimoto Jun; Kin Kyohei; Umakoshi Michiari; Tomita Yousuke; Tajiri Naoki; Borlongan Cesario; Date Isao", "journal": "Biomedicines", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070789", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34356853/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS with 0.25-0.5 mA intensity remarkably improved behavioral impairment, preserved dopamine neurons, reduced inflammatory glial cells, and increased noradrenergic neurons.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "farrand-2020-differential-paradigms", "title": "Differential effects of vagus nerve stimulation paradigms guide clinical development for Parkinson's disease", "authors": "Farrand et al.", "authorsFull": "Farrand Ariana Q.; Verner Ryan S.; McGuire Ryan M.; Helke Kristi L.; Hinson Vanessa K.; Boger Heather A.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2020.06.078", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32629028/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "At higher VNS frequencies, specifically microburst VNS, greater improvements occurred in motor function, attenuation of TH-positive cell loss in SN and LC, and norepinephrine concentration in the PFC.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "e-2024-improvement-vascular", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Improvement of Vascular Cognitive Impairment", "authors": "E et al.", "authorsFull": "E Ridengnaxi; Wang Yan", "journal": "Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S465249", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39072312/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Numerous studies suggest that VNS suppresses the body's inflammatory response, leading to enhanced cognitive function in patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "bairamian-2022-microbiota-neuroinflammation", "title": "Microbiota in neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction: a focus on Alzheimer's disease", "authors": "Bairamian et al.", "authorsFull": "Bairamian Diane; Sha Sha; Rolhion Nathalie; Sokol Harry; Dorothée Guillaume; Lemere Cynthia A.; Krantic Slavica", "journal": "Molecular neurodegeneration", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-022-00522-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35248147/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "There is strong increasing evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, including effects on synaptic dysfunction and neuroinflammation, which contribute to cognitive decline.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "vonck-2014-years-later", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation…25 years later! What do we know about the effects on cognition?", "authors": "Vonck et al.", "authorsFull": "Vonck Kristl; Raedt Robrecht; Naulaerts Joke; De Vogelaere Frederick; Thiery Evert; Van Roost Dirk; Aldenkamp Bert; Miatton Marijke; Boon Paul", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.05.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24858008/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In Alzheimer pathology, NE may act as an anti-inflammatory agent on brainstem nuclei.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "du-2024-cerebral-stroke", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in cerebral stroke: biological mechanisms, therapeutic modalities, clinical applications, and future directions", "authors": "Du et al.", "authorsFull": "Du Li; He Xuan; Xiong Xiaoxing; Zhang Xu; Jian Zhihong; Yang Zhenxing", "journal": "Neural regeneration research", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.389365", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38103236/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Clinical studies have found that invasive vagus nerve stimulation combined with rehabilitation therapy is effective in improving upper limb motor and cognitive abilities in stroke patients.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sjogren-2002-cognition-enhancing", "title": "Cognition-enhancing effect of vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study", "authors": "Sjögren et al.", "authorsFull": "Sjogren Magnus J. C.; Hellstrom Per T. O.; Jonsson Michael A. G.; Runnerstam Magnus; C-son Silander Hans; Ben-Menachem Elinor; Sjögren J. C.; Hellström Per T. O.", "journal": "The Journal of clinical psychiatry", "year": 2002, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v63n1103", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12444809/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "After 3 months of treatment, 7 of 10 patients were responders according to the ADAS-cog (median improvement of 3.0 points), and 9 of 10 patients were responders according to the MMSE (median improvement of 1.5 points).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kaczmarczyk-2017-microglia-modulation", "title": "Microglia modulation through external vagus nerve stimulation in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease", "authors": "Kaczmarczyk et al.", "authorsFull": "Kaczmarczyk Robert; Tejera Dario; Simon Bruce J.; Heneka Michael T.", "journal": "Journal of neurochemistry", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14284", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29266221/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Pilot studies showed first signs of cognitive-enhancing effects of nVNS in AD patients.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cai-2019-protects-against", "title": "Auricular vagus nerve stimulation protects against postoperative cognitive dysfunction by attenuating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in aged rats", "authors": "Cai et al.", "authorsFull": "Cai Liang; Lu Kai; Chen Xin; Huang Jing-Yuan; Zhang Bao-Ping; Zhang Han", "journal": "Neuroscience letters", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.034", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30904576/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been increasingly recognized as a significant complication after surgery, especially in senior patients.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "merrill-2006-alzheimer-disease", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Additional follow-up results of a pilot study through 1 year", "authors": "Merrill et al.", "authorsFull": "Merrill Charley A.; Jonsson Michael A. G.; Minthon Lennart; Ejnell Hasse; Silander Hans C-son; Blennow Kaj; Karlsson Mats; Nordlund Arto; Rolstad Sindre; Warkentin Siegbert; Ben-Menachem Elinor; Sjögren Magnus J. C.", "journal": "The Journal of clinical psychiatry", "year": 2006, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v67n0801", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16965193/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 17, "keyFinding": "VNS was well tolerated.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chang-2018-brain-alzheimer", "title": "Brain Stimulation in Alzheimer's Disease", "authors": "Chang et al.", "authorsFull": "Chang Chun-Hung; Lane Hsien-Yuan; Lin Chieh-Hsin", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00201", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29910746/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Moreover, more standardized study designs with larger sample sizes and longitudinal follow-up are warranted for establishing a structural guide for future studies and clinical application.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "ludwig-2024-evaluating-phasic", "title": "Evaluating phasic transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) with pupil dilation: the importance of stimulation intensity and sensory perception", "authors": "Ludwig et al.", "authorsFull": "Ludwig Mareike; Pereira Calida; Keute Marius; Düzel Emrah; Betts Matthew J.; Hämmerer Dorothea", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72179-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39420188/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The results also suggest that the influence of intensity on pupil dilation may be stronger than that of frequency.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2024-advances-efficiency", "title": "Advances in VNS efficiency and mechanisms of action on cognitive functions", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Wendi; Li Rui; Li Chuangtao; Liang Qimin; Gao Xiaolin", "journal": "Frontiers in physiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1452490", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39444752/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A comprehensive review of 100 articles highlighted the cognitive effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "spicer-2026-exploring-postoperative", "title": "Exploring vagus nerve stimulation in postoperative delirium and dementia", "authors": "Spicer et al.", "authorsFull": "Spicer Rachel M.; Olofsson Peder S.; Harrison Fiona E.", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-026-00200-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41715230/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "utilize percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (pVNS) as a potential novel avenue for the attenuation of neuroinflammation and postoperative cognitive decline, which we have discussed in this commentary.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "schneider-2025-locus-coeruleus", "title": "Locus coeruleus fMRI response to transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation is coupled to changes in salivary alpha amylase", "authors": "Schneider et al.", "authorsFull": "Schneider Christoph; Priovoulos Nikos; Prokopiou Prokopis C.; Verhey Frans RJ.; Poser Benedikt A.; Ivanov Dimo; Sclocco Roberta; Napadow Vitaly; Jacobs Heidi IL.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2025.06.014", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40543702/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining alzheimer's disease using taVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ayabe-2020-improving-hop", "title": "Improving Effects of Hop-Derived Bitter Acids in Beer on Cognitive Functions: A New Strategy for Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Ayabe et al.", "authorsFull": "Ayabe Tatsuhiro; Fukuda Takafumi; Ano Yasuhisa", "journal": "Biomolecules", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10010131", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31940997/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "For instance, resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in red wine, has been well studied and reported to prevent dementia and cognitive decline.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "teckentrup-2025-assessing-stimulator", "title": "Assessing a Stimulator Modification for Simultaneous Noninvasive Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and MRI", "authors": "Teckentrup et al.", "authorsFull": "Teckentrup Vanessa; Ludwig Mareike; Seibt Janis; Hartig Renée; Preissl Hubert; Schuppert Mark; Avdievich Nikolai I.; Scheffler Klaus; Priovoulos Nikos; Ehses Maik; Poser Benedikt A.; Wiggins Christopher J.; Trautner Peter; Honerbach Walter; Jacobs Heidi I. L.; Speck Oliver; Hämmerer Dorothea; Kroemer Nils B.", "journal": "Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.70098", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41199481/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The modified compared to the unmodified cable considerably reduced RF heating as the relative temperature increase stayed well below the 2 K threshold specified by the ASTM F2182 standard.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "szeska-2025-route-memory", "title": "A vagal route to memory: evidence from invasive and non-invasive electrical vagus nerve stimulation studies and areas for future clinical application", "authors": "Szeska et al.", "authorsFull": "Szeska Christoph; Ventura-Bort Carlos; Giraudier Manon; Weymar Mathias", "journal": "Frontiers in human neuroscience", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1595737", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40697334/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The ability to remember emotionally significant stimuli and stimulus associations is critical to survival, as it ensures that rewarding and threatening events can be recalled to guide future behavior.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "kosel-2003-beyond-treatment", "title": "Beyond the treatment of epilepsy: new applications of vagus nerve stimulation in psychiatry", "authors": "Kosel et al.", "authorsFull": "Kosel Markus; Schlaepfer Thomas E.", "journal": "CNS spectrums", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900018988", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894032/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recent data from an open-label, multi-center pilot study involving 60 patients suggest a potential clinical usefulness in the acute and maintenance treatment of drug-resistant depressive disorder.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "shen-2012-enhances-perforant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation enhances perforant path-CA3 synaptic transmission via the activation of β-adrenergic receptors and the locus coeruleus", "authors": "Shen et al.", "authorsFull": "Shen Huilian; Fuchino Yuta; Miyamoto Daisuke; Nomura Hiroshi; Matsuki Norio", "journal": "The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145711000708", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21733240/", "condition": "Alzheimer's Disease", "conditions": "Alzheimer's Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our novel findings suggest that information from the periphery modulates synaptic transmission in the CA3 region of the hippocampus.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "staats-2021-rheumatoid-arthritis", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in rheumatoid arthritis", "authors": "Staats et al.", "authorsFull": "Staats Peter S; Poree Lawrence", "journal": "The Lancet. Rheumatology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30360-X", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38273634/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining rheumatoid arthritis using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "koopman-2014-new-bioelectronics", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: a new bioelectronics approach to treat rheumatoid arthritis?", "authors": "Koopman et al.", "authorsFull": "Koopman F.A.; Schuurman P.R.; Vervoordeldonk M.J.; Tak P.P.", "journal": "Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.015", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25481554/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This led us to study the effects of α7nAChR activation in an animal model of RA, and we could show that this resulted in reduced arthritis activity.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "payne-2022-abdominal-alleviates", "title": "Abdominal vagus nerve stimulation alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in rats", "authors": "Payne et al.", "authorsFull": "Payne Sophie C.; Romas Evange; Hyakumura Tomoko; Muntz Fenella; Fallon James B.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.1012133", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36478876/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 8, "keyFinding": "Despite therapeutic advances, a significant proportion of RA patients are resistant to pharmacological treatment.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "marsal-2021-rheumatoid-arthritis", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for rheumatoid arthritis: a proof-of-concept study", "authors": "Marsal et al.", "authorsFull": "Marsal Sara; Corominas Héctor; de Agustín Juan José; Pérez-García Carolina; López-Lasanta María; Borrell Helena; Reina Delia; Sanmartí Raimón; Narváez Javier; Franco-Jarava Clara; Peterfy Charles; Narváez José Antonio; Sharma Vivek; Alataris Konstantinos; Genovese Mark C; Baker Matthew C", "journal": "The Lancet. Rheumatology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30425-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38279410/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 35, "keyFinding": "Of 35 patients screened for eligibility, 30 (86%) were enrolled at six centres in Spain between Dec 27, 2018, and Oct 24, 2019, of whom 27 (90%) completed the week 12 visit.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tesser-2026-mediated-neuroimmune", "title": "Vagus nerve-mediated neuroimmune modulation for rheumatoid arthritis: a pivotal randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Tesser et al.", "authorsFull": "Tesser John R. P.; Crowley Angela R.; Box Emily Jane; June Joshua P.; Wickersham Pendleton Brewster; Valenzuela Guillermo J.; Gaylis Norman B.; Lam Gordon K. W.; Pacheco Leroy A.; Ridley David J.; Pinto-Patarroyo Gineth Paola; Novack Stuart N.; Churchill Melvin A.; Kohler Minna; Lee Eric C.; Pando Jose A.; Parris Glenn R.; Peterson Jeff R.; Shah Tina; Singhal Atul K.; Vuong Victoria; Levine Yaakov A.; Evangelista Melissa L.; Derosier Amy A.; Curtis Jeffrey R.; Richardson R. Mark; Chernoff David", "journal": "Nature medicine", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-04114-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41429981/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 242, "keyFinding": "ACR20 rates were higher with active simulation than with sham at 3 months (35.2% versus 24.2%, P = 0.0209), which further improved in open-label to 50.0% at 6 months and 52.8% at 12 months (all-completers).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "inoue-2016-mediates-protection", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation mediates protection from kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury through α7nAChR+ splenocytes", "authors": "Inoue et al.", "authorsFull": "Inoue Tsuyoshi; Abe Chikara; Sung Sun-sang J.; Moscalu Stefan; Jankowski Jakub; Huang Liping; Ye Hong; Rosin Diane L.; Guyenet Patrice G.; Okusa Mark D.", "journal": "The Journal of clinical investigation", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI83658", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27088805/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Together, these results demonstrate that VNS-mediated attenuation of AKI and systemic inflammation depends on α7nAChR-positive splenocytes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "shabbir-2026-novel-approach", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: a novel approach for refractory rheumatoid arthritis", "authors": "Shabbir et al.", "authorsFull": "Shabbir Ali Asgher; Afaq Maheen; Mohsin Osama; Anvery Syed Farhad Ali; Mehmood Sameer; Tariq Muhammad Burhan; Farhan Kanza", "journal": "Clinical rheumatology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-025-07875-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41410837/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining rheumatoid arthritis using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "baker-2023-double-blind", "title": "A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Clinical Trial of Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Active Rheumatoid Arthritis", "authors": "Baker et al.", "authorsFull": "Baker Matthew C.; Kavanagh Sarah; Cohen Stanley; Matsumoto Alan K.; Dikranian Ara; Tesser John; Kivitz Alan; Alataris Konstantinos; Genovese Mark C.", "journal": "Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42637", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37390360/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 113, "keyFinding": "A total of 113 patients (mean age 54 years; 82% female) enrolled, and 101 patients (89.4%) completed week 12.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "fleischmann-2023-there-role", "title": "Is There a Role for Vagal Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis?", "authors": "Fleischmann", "authorsFull": "Fleischmann Roy", "journal": "Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42643", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37463120/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining rheumatoid arthritis using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "genovese-2021-rheumatoid-arthritis", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in rheumatoid arthritis - Authors' reply", "authors": "Genovese et al.", "authorsFull": "Genovese Mark C; Levine Yaakov A; Chernoff David", "journal": "The Lancet. Rheumatology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30357-X", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38273635/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining rheumatoid arthritis using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "noller-2019-rodent-models", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Rodent Models: An Overview of Technical Considerations", "authors": "Noller et al.", "authorsFull": "Noller Crystal M.; Levine Yaakov A.; Urakov Timur M.; Aronson Joshua P.; Nash Mark S.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00911", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31551679/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Finally, by integrating clinical and pre-clinical research, we present indeterminate issues as opportunities for future research.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2024-anti-inflammatory", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in anti-inflammatory therapy: mechanistic insights and future perspectives", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Fu-Jun; Wu Jing; Gong Li-Jun; Yang Hong-Shuai; Chen Huan", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1490300", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39605787/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A comprehensive review of the mechanisms and clinical scope of non-invasive VNS in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions including rheumatoid arthritis and IBD.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "peterson-2024-safety-feasibility", "title": "Clinical safety and feasibility of a novel implantable neuroimmune modulation device for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: initial results from the randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled RESET-RA study", "authors": "Peterson et al.", "authorsFull": "Peterson Daniel; Van Poppel Mark; Boling Warren; Santos Perry; Schwalb Jason; Eisenberg Howard; Mehta Ashesh; Spader Heather; Botros James; Vrionis Frank D.; Ko Andrew; Adelson P. David; Lega Bradley; Konrad Peter; Calle Guillermo; Vale Fernando L.; Bucholz Richard; Richardson R. Mark", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00138-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475923/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Sixty patients were implanted during Stage 1 of the study.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "seifert-2024-therapeutic-principle", "title": "Stimulation of the vagus nerve as a therapeutic principle", "authors": "Seifert et al.", "authorsFull": "Seifert O.; Baerwald C.", "journal": "Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-023-01398-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37597013/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Many studies have demonstrated that chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with reduced parasympathetic and increased sympathetic activities.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "das-2011-can-halt", "title": "Can vagus nerve stimulation halt or ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis and lupus?", "authors": "Das", "authorsFull": "Das Undurti N", "journal": "Lipids in health and disease", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-10-19", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21261967/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Collagen induced arthritis in alpha7nAChR(-/-) mice was significantly severe and showed increased synovial inflammation and joint destruction compared to the wild-type mice.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mertens-2018-recent-advances", "title": "Recent advances in devices for vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Mertens et al.", "authorsFull": "Mertens Ann; Raedt Robrecht; Gadeyne Stefanie; Carrette Evelien; Boon Paul; Vonck Kristl", "journal": "Expert review of medical devices", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2018.1507732", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30071175/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "To improve clinical efficacy and minimize side effects, novel device technology for VNS is under development and investigation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "aranow-2025-double-blind", "title": "A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, clinical trial of auricular vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis: comment on the article by Baker et al", "authors": "Aranow et al.", "authorsFull": "Aranow Cynthia; Datta‐Chadhuri Timir; Andersson Ulf; Chavan Sangeeta; Tracey Kevin J.", "journal": "Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42739", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37899500/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining rheumatoid arthritis using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "johnson-2018-therapeutic-intervention", "title": "A review of vagus nerve stimulation as a therapeutic intervention", "authors": "Johnson et al.", "authorsFull": "Johnson Rhaya L; Wilson Christopher G", "journal": "Journal of inflammation research", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S163248", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29844694/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This new preclinical research shows that VNS bears the promise of being applied to a wider range of therapeutic applications.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jensen-2022-modulating-heart", "title": "Modulating Heart Rate Variability through Deep Breathing Exercises and Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Study in Healthy Participants and in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus", "authors": "Jensen et al.", "authorsFull": "Jensen Mette Kjeldsgaard; Andersen Sally Søgaard; Andersen Stine Søgaard; Liboriussen Caroline Hundborg; Kristensen Salome; Jochumsen Mads", "journal": "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207884", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36298234/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 52, "keyFinding": "The findings support a potential use of VNS as a new treatment approach, but the clinical effects need to be investigated in future studies.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "seifert-2023-therapeutic-principle", "title": "[Stimulation of the vagus nerve as a therapeutic principle. German Version]", "authors": "Seifert et al.", "authorsFull": "Seifert O.; Baerwald C.", "journal": "Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-023-01390-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37490129/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Many studies have demonstrated that chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with reduced parasympathetic and increased sympathetic activities.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2020-decreases-pancreatitis", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Decreases Pancreatitis Severity in Mice", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Luyao; Wu Zhiyang; Tong Zhihui; Yao Qi; Wang Ziyu; Li Weiqin", "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.595957", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33519809/", "condition": "Pancreatitis", "conditions": "Pancreatitis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS reduced plasma lipase and amylase activities, blunted the concentrations of TNF-α and protected against pancreas histologic damage in two AP models.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "onuora-2016-rheumatoid-arthritis", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis: Vagus nerve stimulation reduces RA severity in patients", "authors": "Onuora", "authorsFull": "Onuora Sarah", "journal": "Nature reviews. Rheumatology", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.126", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27440426/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining rheumatoid arthritis using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "redgrave-2018-safety-tolerability", "title": "Safety and tolerability of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve stimulation in humans; a systematic review", "authors": "Redgrave et al.", "authorsFull": "Redgrave J.; Day D.; Leung H.; Laud P.J.; Ali A.; Lindert R.; Majid A.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.08.010", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30217648/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 240, "keyFinding": "51 studies were included comprising a total of 1322 human subjects receiving tVNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "henssen-2019-primary-headache", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for primary headache disorders: An anatomical review to explain a clinical phenomenon", "authors": "Henssen et al.", "authorsFull": "Henssen Dylan Jozef Hendrik Augustinus; Derks Berend; van Doorn Mats; Verhoogt Niels; Van Cappellen van Walsum Anne-Marie; Staats Peter; Vissers Kris", "journal": "Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419833076", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30786731/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The first part of this review shows that nVNS in primary headache disorders is moderately effective, safe and well-tolerated.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sigrist-2023-pediatric-treatment", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review of Clinical Treatment Protocols and Stimulation Parameters", "authors": "Sigrist et al.", "authorsFull": "Sigrist Christine; Torki Bushra; Bolz Lars-Oliver; Jeglorz Tobias; Bolz Armin; Koenig Julian", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2022.07.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35995653/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We identified a total of 15 publications (four study protocols) and 15 registered trials applying tVNS in pediatric patients (<18 years of age).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pichardo-rojas-2025-optimizing-super", "title": "Optimizing vagus nerve stimulation for Super Refractory Status Epilepticus: A case series and systematic review", "authors": "Pichardo-Rojas et al.", "authorsFull": "Pichardo‐Rojas Diego; Camarena‐Rubio Karen Janely; Gómez‐Oropeza Irene; Macias‐López Jonathan Ulises; Valenzuela‐Rangel Alder Fernando; Flores‐Patiño Brandon; Castelo‐Pablos María Fernanda; Bravo‐Osorno Valeria Isabel; Quiñones Manuel Alejandro Del Río; Vanegas Laura Hernández; Mejía‐Pérez Sonia Iliana; Paredes‐Aragón Elma", "journal": "Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.70053", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40539748/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 33, "keyFinding": "Further studies are needed to define the role of VNS in SRSE.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "boon-2018-neurostimulation-drug", "title": "Neurostimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic review of clinical evidence for efficacy, safety, contraindications and predictors for response", "authors": "Boon et al.", "authorsFull": "Boon Paul; De Cock Elien; Mertens Ann; Trinka Eugen", "journal": "Current opinion in neurology", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000534", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29493559/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We conducted a systematic review on the currently available neurostimulation modalities primarily with regard to effectiveness and safety.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sprengers-2017-deep-brain", "title": "Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy", "authors": "Sprengers et al.", "authorsFull": "Sprengers Mathieu; Vonck Kristl; Carrette Evelien; Marson Anthony G; Boon Paul", "journal": "The Cochrane database of systematic reviews", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008497.pub3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28718878/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This is an updated version of a previous Cochrane review published in 2014.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zhang-2026-role-chronic", "title": "The role of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in chronic pain: from neurobiological mechanisms to clinical applications", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Jing; Zhang Yang; Zhao Jingxue; Sun Jifei; Zhang Xiaoxu", "journal": "Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2026.1733445", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41694119/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), as an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique, has demonstrated broad application prospects in chronic pain management in recent years.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wu-2018-treating-major", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in treating major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Chunxiao; Liu Peihui; Fu Huaili; Chen Wentao; Cui Shaoyang; Lu Liming; Tang Chunzhi", "journal": "Medicine", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000013845", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30593183/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 222, "keyFinding": "A total of 423 citations from the databases were searched, and 4 studies with 222 individuals were included in the meta-analysis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "makkawi-2025-efficacy-treating", "title": "Efficacy of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (t-VNS) in treating drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Makkawi et al.", "authorsFull": "Makkawi Seraj; Alsamiri Ghadah Y.; Halabi Mumen H.; Bukhari Jawad I.; Alharbi Feras; Alnafisi Fay N.; Alaslab Alanoud K.; Alghamdi Abdulrahman E.; Bamehriz Amal M.; Alhubayshi Madihah; Alanazi Ali", "journal": "Epilepsy research", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107583", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40367687/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 417, "keyFinding": "Out of 2782 studies identified, four RCTs involving 417 subjects were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yan-2022-combined-rehabilitation", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Combined with Rehabilitation Training in the Intervention of Upper Limb Movement Disorders After Stroke: A Systematic Review", "authors": "Yan et al.", "authorsFull": "Yan Long; Qian Yulin; Li Hong", "journal": "Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S376399", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36147448/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 101, "keyFinding": "Total of 101 participants from 4 studies were included in this systematic review.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wei-2023-efficacy-safety", "title": "Efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation on upper extremity motor function in patients with stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Wei et al.", "authorsFull": "Wei Tianqi; Ge Xiangyang; Lu Lingfeng; Li Jing; Xu Panpan; Wu Qinfeng", "journal": "NeuroRehabilitation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-230106", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37694313/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 266, "keyFinding": "Eight RCTs involving 266 patients were analyzed, of which five used direct VNS and three transcutaneous auricular VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lu-2026-postoperative-pain", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for postoperative pain: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Lu et al.", "authorsFull": "Lu Yongyuan; Lv Hengfeng; Bian Zhiyuan; Shen Yanhong; Li Rongrong; Xia Yunfan; Fang Jian-Qiao; Wan Yijia", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-115028", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41775466/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "However, taVNS lacks a comprehensive evaluation and standardised protocols, so further research is needed to provide reliable evidence.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "premaratne-2025-neurostimulation-drug", "title": "Non-invasive neurostimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness, safety, and optimal stimulation parameters", "authors": "Premaratne et al.", "authorsFull": "Premaratne Sayumi; Zoghi Maryam; Antonic-Baker Ana; Chen Zhibin; Chen Leo; Hamer Ryan; Major Brendan; Thomas Elizabeth H. X.; Kwan Patrick; O’Brien Terence J.; Lundstrom Brian N.; Simpson Hugh D.", "journal": "Journal of neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-025-13522-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41351627/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These findings, while encouraging, should be interpreted in the context of methodological heterogeneity between studies and overall low certainty of evidence.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sun-2025-evaluating-efficacy", "title": "Evaluating the efficacy and safety of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for systemic lupus erythematosus: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Sun et al.", "authorsFull": "Sun Haomin; Hu Hantong; Bian Zhiyuan; Liu Hanyu; Huang Mei; Chen Siqi; Wang Li; Xiao Wenjun; Zhang Yuanyuan; Fang Jianqiao; Shao Xiaomei", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-098576", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41125287/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Consequently, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis protocol is to synthesise the available evidence to elucidate the efficacy and safety of tVNS for the treatment of SLE.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "han-2025-pharmaceutical-modulations", "title": "Systematic review for VNS vs. pharmaceutical modulations for multifaceted neurological disorder management through cross-case, network meta-analysis", "authors": "Han et al.", "authorsFull": "Han Hyun-Jee; Kim Hakseung; Kim Dong-Joo", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2025.04.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40220956/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 5773, "keyFinding": "A network meta-analysis of 56 VNS studies (5,773 participants) versus 29 drug studies across epilepsy, depression, migraine, Alzheimer's, inflammation and heart failure, directly comparing VNS with pharmacological options.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "ahmed-2022-adjunct-electric", "title": "The Adjunct of Electric Neurostimulation to Rehabilitation Approaches in Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review With Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "authors": "Ahmed et al.", "authorsFull": "Ahmed Ishtiaq; Yeldan Ipek; Mustafaoglu Rustem", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2022.01.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35216873/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1261, "keyFinding": "We included 38 RCTs with 1261 participants.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tamaoki-2007-other-treatments", "title": "[Other treatments for depressive patients]", "authors": "Tamaoki et al.", "authorsFull": "Tamaoki T; Motohashi N", "journal": "Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine", "year": 2007, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17876990/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) is one of the most important methods in treating depressive patients especially who can not be improved with medication.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "badran-2018-neurophysiologic-electrical", "title": "Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: A concurrent taVNS/fMRI study and review", "authors": "Badran et al.", "authorsFull": "Badran Bashar W.; Dowdle Logan T.; Mithoefer Oliver J.; LaBate Nicholas T.; Coatsworth James; Brown Joshua C.; DeVries William H.; Austelle Christopher W.; McTeague Lisa M.; George Mark S.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2017.12.009", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29361441/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Active stimulation produced significant increased BOLD signal in the contralateral postcentral gyrus, bilateral insula, frontal cortex, right operculum, and left cerebellum.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2024-neural-basis", "title": "The Neural Basis of the Effect of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Emotion Regulation Related Brain Regions: An rs-fMRI Study", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Yujiao; Lin Pan; Wang Ruimin; Zhou Jiang; Xu Xiaoquan; Wang Jianwei; Ge Sheng", "journal": "IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2024.3497893", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40030198/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These findings provide insight into the neural basis through which taVNS influences emotion regulation and hold potential for the development of neuromodulation-based therapeutic strategies for emotional disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2003-bold-fmri", "title": "BOLD fMRI activation induced by vagus nerve stimulation in seizure patients", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu W-C", "journal": "Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.6.811", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12754361/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "All patients showed activation in the frontal and occipital lobes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "han-2024-can-modulate", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation can modulate fronto-parietal brain networks", "authors": "Han et al.", "authorsFull": "Han Sang-Yoon; Shim Leeseul; Lee Hyo-Jeong; Park Moo Kyun", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1368754", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39091347/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "No activated regions were observed in the fMRI scans following both sham stimulation and tVNS after the first session.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chae-2003-functional-neuroimaging", "title": "A review of functional neuroimaging studies of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)", "authors": "Chae et al.", "authorsFull": "Chae Jeong-Ho; Nahas Ziad; Lomarev Mikhail; Denslow Stewart; Lorberbaum Jeffrey P; Bohning Daryl E; George Mark S", "journal": "Journal of psychiatric research", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3956(03)00074-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14563375/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Functional neuroimaging studies have the potential to provide greater insight into the brain circuitry behind the activity of VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2024-insula-medial", "title": "Insula-Medial Prefrontal Cortex Functional Connectivity Modulated by Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation: An fMRI Study", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Yujiao; Lin Pan; Wang Ruimin; Zhou Jiang; Xu Xiaoquan; Jiang Wenhao; Pu Xiongying; Ge Sheng", "journal": "IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2024.3423019", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38963749/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "It has been demonstrated that taVNS can influence interoceptive signals.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2022-cognitive-function", "title": "Cognitive function and brain activation before and after transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation in healthy adults: A concurrent tcVNS-fMRI study", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Han; Guo Zhiwei; Qu Yun; Zhao Yu; Yang Yuxuan; Du Juan; Yang Chunlan", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003411", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36438376/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The present study showed that tcVNS had beneficial effects on cognitive performance, mainly improving memory and language skills and attention.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "komisaruk-2022-afferent-projection", "title": "Vagus nerve afferent stimulation: Projection into the brain, reflexive physiological, perceptual, and behavioral responses, and clinical relevance", "authors": "Komisaruk et al.", "authorsFull": "Komisaruk Barry R.; Frangos Eleni", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102908", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34823149/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In the present review, we address these multiple roles of the afferent vagus under normal and pathological conditions, based on both animal and human evidence.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "berger-2024-identifying-responders", "title": "Identifying responders to vagus nerve stimulation based on microstructural features of thalamocortical tracts in drug-resistant epilepsy", "authors": "Berger et al.", "authorsFull": "Berger Alexandre; Cerra Michele; Joris Vincent; Danthine Venethia; Macq Benoit; Dricot Laurence; Vandewalle Gilles; Delinte Nicolas; El Tahry Riëm", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00422", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38964949/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Multiple diffusion metrics consistently demonstrated significantly higher white matter fiber integrity in patients with a better response to VNS (pFDR < 0.05) in different subsegments of thalamocortical tracts.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ma-2023-functional-connectivity", "title": "[Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on functional connectivity in the related brain regions of patients with depression based on the resting-state fMRI]", "authors": "Ma et al.", "authorsFull": "Ma Y; Guo CL; Sun JF; Gao SS; Luo Y; Chen QY; Hong Y; Zhang L; Cao JD; Xiao X; Rong PJ; Fang JL", "journal": "Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.13703/j.0255-2930.20221007-k0002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37068810/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The scores of HAMD and HAMA in the depression group were all higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "moller-2020-trigeminal-autonomic", "title": "Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation and the trigeminal autonomic reflex: An fMRI study", "authors": "Möller et al.", "authorsFull": "Möller Maike; Mehnert Jan; Schroeder Celina F.; May Arne", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008865", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32029547/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An fMRI RCT found non-invasive VNS altered activation and connectivity across pontine, hypothalamic and parahippocampal regions linked to the trigeminal-autonomic reflex.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "peng-2018-transauricular-acupoints", "title": "Transauricular vagus nerve stimulation at auricular acupoints Kindey (CO10), Yidan (CO11), Liver (CO12) and Shenmen (TF4) can induce auditory and limbic cortices activation measured by fMRI", "authors": "Peng et al.", "authorsFull": "Peng Liyan; Mu Ketao; Liu Aiguo; Zhou Liangqiang; Gao Yueyue; Shenoy Imrit Tejvansh; Mei Zhigang; Chen Qingguo", "journal": "Hearing research", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2017.12.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29305037/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 8, "keyFinding": "We found that taVNS at auricular acupoints CO10-12, TF4 can instantly and effectively generate blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal changes in the prefrontal, auditory and limbic cortices of healthy subjects by fMRI.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "middlebrooks-2024-compatibility-standard", "title": "Compatibility of Standard Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Investigational Microburst Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy with fMRI", "authors": "Middlebrooks et al.", "authorsFull": "Middlebrooks Erik H.; Szaflarski Jerzy P.; Begnaud Jason; Thaker Ashesh; Henderson Kenny; Bolding Mark; Sellers Jill A.; Allendorfer Jane", "journal": "AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8235", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38448165/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our results support the safety of standard and investigational microburst vagus nerve stimulation therapy during MR imaging and fMRI scans.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "borgmann-2021-technical-note", "title": "Technical Note: Modulation of fMRI brainstem responses by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Borgmann et al.", "authorsFull": "Borgmann Diba; Rigoux Lionel; Kuzmanovic Bojana; Edwin Thanarajah Sharmili; Münte Thomas F.; Fenselau Henning; Tittgemeyer Marc", "journal": "NeuroImage", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118566", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34509623/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found a significant response to acute taVNS stimulation, relative to the control condition, in downstream targets of vagal afferents, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "narayanan-2002-cerebral-activation", "title": "Cerebral activation during vagus nerve stimulation: a functional MR study", "authors": "Narayanan et al.", "authorsFull": "Narayanan Jaishree T.; Watts Richard; Haddad Naim; Labar Douglas R.; Li P. Mark; Filippi Christopher G.", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2002, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.16102.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12460253/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An fMRI study mapped VNS-induced activation across the thalamus, insula, basal ganglia and cortex.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "kraus-2007-bold-fmri", "title": "BOLD fMRI deactivation of limbic and temporal brain structures and mood enhancing effect by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Kraus et al.", "authorsFull": "Kraus T.; Hösl K.; Kiess O.; Schanze A.; Kornhuber J.; Forster C.", "journal": "Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-007-0755-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17564758/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 22, "keyFinding": "Our study shows the feasibility and beneficial effects of transcutaneous nerve stimulation in the left auditory canal of healthy subjects.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ma-2022-immediate-treatment", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve immediate stimulation treatment for treatment-resistant depression: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study", "authors": "Ma et al.", "authorsFull": "Ma Yue; Wang Zhi; He Jiakai; Sun Jifei; Guo Chunlei; Du Zhongming; Chen Limei; Luo Yi; Gao Deqiang; Hong Yang; Zhang Lei; Liu Yong; Fang Jiliang", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.931838", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36119681/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In treatment-resistant depression, taVNS reduced medial-orbitofrontal regional homogeneity and altered its connectivity with parietal and temporal regions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "kuzan-fischer-2020-challenges-epilepsy", "title": "Challenges of Epilepsy Surgery", "authors": "Kuzan-Fischer et al.", "authorsFull": "Kuzan-Fischer Claudia M.; Parker Whitney E.; Schwartz Theodore H.; Hoffman Caitlin E.", "journal": "World neurosurgery", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.032", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32689697/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We review several challenges of epilepsy surgery that must be thoughtfully addressed in order to ensure its success.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sonmez-2025-impact-anterior", "title": "The impact of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on anterior cingulate cortex activity in a cognitive control task", "authors": "Sönmez et al.", "authorsFull": "Sönmez Özde; Holstein Elfriede; Puschmann Sebastian; Schmitt Tina; Witt Karsten; Thiel Christiane M.", "journal": "Psychophysiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14739", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39780300/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An RCT examining whether tVNS-induced changes in cognitive control are mediated by anterior-cingulate-cortex activity.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "lomarev-2002-synchronized-bold", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) synchronized BOLD fMRI suggests that VNS in depressed adults has frequency/dose dependent effects", "authors": "Lomarev et al.", "authorsFull": "Lomarev Mikhail; Denslow Stewart; Nahas Ziad; Chae Jeong-Ho; George Mark S.; Bohning Daryl E.", "journal": "Journal of psychiatric research", "year": 2002, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3956(02)00013-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12191626/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In addition to the acute immediate effects of VNS on regional brain activity, this study suggests further that VNS at different frequencies likely has frequency or dose dependent modulatory effects on other brain activities (e.g.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "murakami-2019-intraoperative-accelerates", "title": "Intraoperative Vagus Nerve Stimulation Accelerates Postoperative Recovery in Rats", "authors": "Murakami et al.", "authorsFull": "Murakami Haruaki; Li Shiying; Foreman Robert; Yin Jieyun; Hirai Toshihiro; Chen Jiande D.Z.", "journal": "Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-018-3969-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30264388/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "IM delayed GE that was normalized by iVNS (P < 0.05).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2025-transauricular-prevention", "title": "'Transauricular vagus nerve stimulation' for prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing major surgery: a study protocol for a multicentre, participant-blinded and assessor-blinded, randomised, controlled trial", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Jun; Shen Qi-Hong; Lin Xinru; Liu Tieshuai; Yu Yunyun; Li Yu; Song Keqin; Yu Xin; Chen Gang", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093647", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40187777/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Research has shown that neuroinflammation, postoperative pain and autonomic nervous system dysfunction play significant roles in its onset.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "xia-2025-transauricular-postoperative", "title": "Transauricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Postoperative Analgesia following Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial", "authors": "Xia et al.", "authorsFull": "Xia Jia-yi; Hou Xiao-min; Liu Ke; Kong Min; Ma Ying; Saif Dania; Ni Hua-dong; Shen Qi-hong", "journal": "Pain and therapy", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-025-00785-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083890/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS reduced postoperative opioid consumption, resting pain scores and rescue-analgesia need after arthroscopic shoulder surgery versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "maisiyiti-2023-acceleration-postoperative", "title": "Acceleration of postoperative recovery with brief intraoperative vagal nerve stimulation mediated ", "authors": "Maisiyiti et al.", "authorsFull": "Maisiyiti Alimujiang; Tian Ming; Chen Jiande D. Z.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1188781", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37404466/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "(1) iVNS shortened initiate times to water and food intake (p = 0.004) and increased the number of fecal pellets (p < 0.05, vs.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "huang-2025-accelerates-postoperative", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation accelerates postoperative ileus recovery by enhancing gastric motility complexity: A clinical study", "authors": "Huang et al.", "authorsFull": "Huang Chih-Hsu; Wu Chun-Hsien; Chan Ren-Hao; Chen Chian-Hui; Lin Bo-Wen; Lin Chou-Ching K.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2025.05.002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40404089/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining postoperative recovery using taVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liao-2025-prevention-postoperative", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Prevention of Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol", "authors": "Liao et al.", "authorsFull": "Liao Xincheng; Zhang Tongtong; Zhang Jingxuan; Yang Jialin; Li Junyu; Chen Lei; Qian Bin", "journal": "Clinical interventions in aging", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S546762", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41146865/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "If effective, taVNS could provide a practical, non-invasive method to reduce delirium incidence in elderly patients undergoing knee replacement, potentially improving postoperative outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mazzotta-2020-postoperative-ileus", "title": "Postoperative Ileus and Postoperative Gastrointestinal Tract Dysfunction: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Treatment Strategies Beyond Colorectal Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocols", "authors": "Mazzotta et al.", "authorsFull": "Mazzotta Elvio; Villalobos-Hernandez Egina Criseida; Fiorda-Diaz Juan; Harzman Alan; Christofi Fievos L.", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.583422", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33390950/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "However, despite colorectal enhanced recovery after surgery, it remains a significant medical problem and burden on the healthcare system.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhou-2025-postoperative-delirium", "title": "Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on postoperative delirium in older patients with hip fracture: protocol for a randomised controlled trial", "authors": "Zhou et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhou Hongyan; Song Ailin; Zhang Hui; Zhang Liang", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092413", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39979049/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This clinical study will evaluate the effectiveness of TAVNS in reducing the incidence of POD in older patients and further elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wu-2025-prevents-postoperative", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation prevents postoperative delirium in elderly patients (VNSTAR): protocol for a multicentre, randomised controlled trial", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Youxuan; Hou Xuan; Wang Tianyuan; Wang Xinyan; Zhang Kangda; Liang Fa; Jian Minyu; Wang Bo; Liu Haiyang; Wang Anxin; Han Ruquan", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099736", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40447430/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Vagus nerve stimulation, a novel technique in the field of neuroscience, has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential in improving neurocognitive disorders.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2025-postoperative-liver", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on postoperative liver function in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy: a study protocol for a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Yuanyuan; Sun Zhengxiu; Lin Yongao; Tao Mingshu; Zhao Wenxin; Liu Jinling; Guo Xiaoqin; Hang Chuyu; Wang Mingyuan; Tan Wen; Xiong Xingyu; Cao Jun-Li; Liu He", "journal": "Frontiers in medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1603543", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40873804/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "However, several intraoperative factors, including surgical manipulation, substantial blood loss, the need for blood transfusions, and hypoxic stress, can significantly impair liver function.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pan-2025-perioperative-autonomic", "title": "Effect of perioperative autonomic nervous system imbalance on surgical outcomes: a systematic review", "authors": "Pan et al.", "authorsFull": "Pan Wei-Tong; Ji Mu-huo; Ma Daqing; Yang Jian-Jun", "journal": "British journal of anaesthesia", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2025.06.004", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40615330/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Maintaining balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is an important prospect in perioperative medicine that could benefit surgical patients' short- or long-term recovery.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yin-2025-new-intervention", "title": "New intervention strategy for postoperative fatigue syndrome in elderly patients with colorectal cancer: a clinical hypothesis study based on vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Yin et al.", "authorsFull": "Yin Xuefeng; Qiao Shuang; Zhang Ling; Li Zhonghua; Zhang Qin; Shen Yu; Fan Keyu; Liu Mingxia; Wang Dongxu; Cao Ya; Zhang Yuxuan; Qian Lu; Wu Danru; Wei Jingqiu; Yang Ying; Liu He", "journal": "Frontiers in medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1588850", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40529134/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "While the etiology of POFS remains complex, recent evidence suggests that external stimuli may induce pro-inflammatory cytokine release, leading to fatigue.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "tian-2020-ameliorating-mechanisms", "title": "Ameliorating Effects and Mechanisms of Intra-Operative Vagal Nerve Stimulation on Postoperative Recovery After Sleeve Gastrectomy in Rats", "authors": "Tian et al.", "authorsFull": "Tian Ming; Alimujiang Maisiyiti; Chen Jiande DZ", "journal": "Obesity surgery", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-020-04626-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32318995/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an animal model, intra-operative VNS sped first drinking and defecation, increased stool weight and reduced 24-hour postoperative pain.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "chapman-2021-reduce-ileus", "title": "Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation to reduce ileus after major colorectal surgery: early development study", "authors": "Chapman et al.", "authorsFull": "Chapman Stephen J.; Helliwell Jack A.; Naylor Maureen; Tassinari Cerys; Corrigan Neil; Jayne David G.", "journal": "Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.15561", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33539637/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Forty patients were randomized and one withdrew, leaving 39 for analysis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ning-2025-efficacy-mechanisms", "title": "Clinical efficacy and mechanisms of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation targeting the gut-brain axis for postoperative complications of aortic dissection: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Ning et al.", "authorsFull": "Ning Bo; Yang Liangbin; Wei Yi; Luo Cheng; Zheng Feisheng; Ge Teng; Ou Haining; Wang Chaojie; Hu Jinlin; Zhao Qingzuo; Bo Jingyu; Wang Kai; Zhang Zhan; Chen Hongyu; Zou Rongjun; Fan Xiaoping; Peng Jihai", "journal": "Frontiers in medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1692356", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41488091/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of taVNS in regulating the GBA among postoperative AD patients through a randomized controlled trial.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sun-2025-perioperative-psychological", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on perioperative psychological symptoms in patients undergoing elective thoracoscopic pneumonectomy under general anaesthesia: study protocol for a single-centre, prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled study", "authors": "Sun et al.", "authorsFull": "Sun Zhengxiu; Wang Yuanyuan; Chen Junda; Lin Yongao; Ma Tianxi; Zhou Mingkai; Li Pinghao; Liu Jinling; Zhao Wenxing; Xiong Xingyu; Tan Wen; Tao Mingshu; Cao Jun-Li; Liu He", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-110216", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41371726/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of taVNS in managing perioperative psychological symptoms in patients undergoing elective thoracoscopic pneumonectomy under general anaesthesia.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lubbers-2010-controlling-postoperative", "title": "Controlling postoperative ileus by vagal activation", "authors": "Lubbers et al.", "authorsFull": "Lubbers Tim", "journal": "World journal of gastroenterology", "year": 2010, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i14.1683", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20379998/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Over the last decade, clinical strategies focusing on reduction of surgical stress and promoting postoperative recovery have improved the course of postoperative ileus.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "khajanchee-2003-electrical-restores", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve restores motility in an animal model of achalasia", "authors": "Khajanchee et al.", "authorsFull": "Khajanchee Yashodhan S.; VanAndel Roger; Jobe Blair A.; Barra Michael J.; Hansen Paul D.; Swanstrom Lee L.", "journal": "Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-003-0028-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14592656/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 6, "keyFinding": "Animals in group 2 demonstrated a vigorous variety of achalasia (high-amplitude, simultaneous, repetitive contractions), moderate esophageal dilatation, and degeneration of 40% to 60% of intramuscular nerve plexi.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wu-2014-nicotine-gum", "title": "Nicotine gum chewing: a novel strategy to shorten duration of postoperative ileus via vagus nerve activation", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Z.; Boersema G.S.A.; Jeekel J.; Lange J.F.", "journal": "Medical hypotheses", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.06.011", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24998667/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Substantial evidences suggest that gum chewing accelerate the recovery of bowel motility after surgery.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schneider-2013-continuous-intraoperative", "title": "Continuous intraoperative vagus nerve stimulation for identification of imminent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury", "authors": "Schneider et al.", "authorsFull": "Schneider Rick; Randolph Gregory W.; Sekulla Carsten; Phelan Eimear; Thanh Phuong Nguyen; Bucher Michael; Machens Andreas; Dralle Henning; Lorenz Kerstin", "journal": "Head & neck", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.23187", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23169450/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 8, "keyFinding": "There was 1 imminent loss of signal (LOS) with intraoperative signal recovery and there were 4 losses of signal with corresponding unilateral transient RLN palsy.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schneider-2019-impact-continuous", "title": "Impact of continuous intraoperative vagus stimulation on intraoperative decision making in favor of or against bilateral surgery in benign goiter", "authors": "Schneider et al.", "authorsFull": "Schneider Rick; Machens Andreas; Randolph Gregory; Kamani Dipti; Lorenz Kerstin; Dralle Henning", "journal": "Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2019.06.001", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31221571/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of continuous intra-operative vagal stimulation and nerve monitoring in thyroid surgery.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "tang-2025-perioperative-anxiety", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on perioperative anxiety in patients undergoing radical mastectomy: study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial", "authors": "Tang et al.", "authorsFull": "Tang Jiayi; Yao Ming; Wu Tong; Ni Huadong", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1682692", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41602967/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Breast cancer patients often experience significant concerns regarding surgery, which predisposes them to negative emotions such as anxiety, adversely affecting both surgical outcomes and postoperative recovery.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "punia-2025-landscape-epilepsy", "title": "The landscape of epilepsy surgery in older adults: Challenges and opportunities", "authors": "Punia", "authorsFull": "Punia Vineet", "journal": "Epilepsia open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/epi4.70062", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40388418/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Each case deserves careful, personalized evaluation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "hamilton-2019-continuous-intraoperative", "title": "Continuous intraoperative nerve monitoring in thyroidectomy using automatic periodic stimulation in 256 at-risk nerves", "authors": "Hamilton et al.", "authorsFull": "Hamilton N; Morley H; Haywood M; Arman S; Mochloulis G", "journal": "Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2019.0053", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31155893/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A total of 256 at-risk nerves were examined (132 hemi- and 62 total thyroidectomies) in cases involving benign and malignant disease.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schneider-2016-continuous-intraoperative", "title": "Continuous intraoperative neural monitoring of the recurrent nerves in thyroid surgery: a quantum leap in technology", "authors": "Schneider et al.", "authorsFull": "Schneider Rick; Randolph Gregory W.; Barczynski Marcin; Dionigi Gianlorenzo; Wu Che-Wei; Chiang Feng-Yu; Machens Andreas; Kamani Dipti; Dralle Henning", "journal": "Gland surgery", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2016.11.10", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28149807/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "CIONM is a recent but rapidly evolving technique, constantly being refined by various studies focusing on improvement in its implementation and interpretation, as well as on the elimination of the technical snags.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "perin-2025-potential-modulate", "title": "Potential of Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Modulate Fibromyalgia's Network Physiology: A Systematic Review", "authors": "Perin et al.", "authorsFull": "Perin Joao Pedro; Pastora-Sesín Carla; Kang Sungjoon; Navarro-Flores Alba; Fregni Felipe; Pacheco-Barrios Kevin", "journal": "Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk11010015", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41562733/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Conclusions: By reframing FMS from a symptom-centric pharmacologic model to a network-centric neuromodulation approach, taVNS is a promising tool for mechanism-based therapeutics in central sensitization syndromes and chronic pain.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dolcini-2025-fibromyalgia-additional", "title": "Vagal nerve stimulation and fibromyalgia: an additional therapeutic option", "authors": "Dolcini et al.", "authorsFull": "Dolcini Giulio; Favretti Martina; Franculli Daniele; Buoncuore Giorgia; Pellegrino Greta; Di Carlo Marco; Sarzi Puttini Piercarlo; Conti Fabrizio; Iannuccelli Cristina; Di Franco Manuela", "journal": "Clinical and experimental rheumatology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/johqvo", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576705/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "After two weeks of treatment, an early reduction in the WPI score (p=0.03) was detected, then confirmed at week 4 (p=0.004).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "woodbury-2024-editorial-minimally", "title": "Editorial: Non-invasive and minimally invasive vagus nerve stimulation for chronic pain", "authors": "Woodbury et al.", "authorsFull": "Woodbury Anna; Staats Peter", "journal": "Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2024.1402918", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38812854/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining fibromyalgia using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "martins-2021-role-fibromyalgia", "title": "The role of the vagus nerve in fibromyalgia syndrome", "authors": "Martins et al.", "authorsFull": "Martins Daniel F.; Viseux Frederic J.F.; Salm Daiana C.; Ribeiro Anny Caroline Avelino; da Silva Helen Kassiana Lopes; Seim Lynsey A.; Bittencourt Edsel B.; Bianco Gianluca; Moré Ari Ojeda Ocampo; Reed William R.; Mazzardo-Martins Leidiane", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.021", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34710514/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A model of FM pathogenesis suggests biological and psychosocial variables interact to influence the genetic predisposition, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "lommano-2026-fibromyalgia-impacts", "title": "Non-invasive auricular vagus nerve stimulation in fibromyalgia: Impacts on autonomic function, central sensitization and pain catastrophizing", "authors": "Lommano et al.", "authorsFull": "Lommano Maria Giovanna; Farah Sonia; Bianchi Benedetta; Risa Anna Maria; Sarzi-Puttini Piercarlo; Salaffi Fausto; Di Carlo Marco", "journal": "Joint bone spine", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2025.105966", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40935122/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Significant improvements were observed in total COMPASS-31 scores (P<0.05), particularly within the orthostatic (P<0.05), vasomotor (P<0.05), and pupillomotor (P<0.05) subdomains.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yadav-2026-novel-therapeutic", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation as a novel therapeutic approach for musculoskeletal diseases", "authors": "Yadav et al.", "authorsFull": "Yadav Shivmurat; Stavrakis Stavros; Chu Constance R.; Humphrey Mary Beth", "journal": "The American journal of the medical sciences", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2025.09.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40914202/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has gained significant attention as a therapy for various medical conditions due to its ability to modulate chronic diseases, pain, and inflammation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "cai-2024-evaluating-efficacy", "title": "Evaluating the efficacy and acceptability of vagus nerve stimulation for fibromyalgia: a PRISMA-compliant protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Cai et al.", "authorsFull": "Cai Yunhuo; Zhang Yajun; Fang Yiyan; Hu Hantong; Li Xingling; Fang Lianqiang", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1367295", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38450074/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The findings of our study are anticipated to ascertain the efficacy and acceptability of VNS as a promising treatment option for fibromyalgia.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "paccione-2022-meditative-diaphragmatic", "title": "Meditative-based diaphragmatic breathing vs. vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia-A randomized controlled trial: Body vs. machine", "authors": "Paccione et al.", "authorsFull": "Paccione Charles Ethan; Stubhaug Audun; Diep Lien My; Rosseland Leiv Arne; Jacobsen Henrik Børsting", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.1030927", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36438970/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "No significant across-group changes in heart rate variability were found.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "akkurt-2025-left-bilateral", "title": "Effects of left and bilateral transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on pain, mood, and autonomic nervous system in female patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Akkurt et al.", "authorsFull": "Akkurt Mustafa Ferit; Özden Ali Veysel; Akkurt Halil Ekrem; Akkurt Burcu; Bildik Celaleddin", "journal": "Physiotherapy theory and practice", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2025.2594572", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41332177/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "No significant differences were observed between groups except for FIQ and BAI on day 28 (p = .002-0.008).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "paccione-2020-motivational-nondirective", "title": "Motivational nondirective resonance breathing versus transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Paccione et al.", "authorsFull": "Paccione Charles Ethan; Diep Lien My; Stubhaug Audun; Jacobsen Henrik Børsting", "journal": "Trials", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04703-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32967704/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "However, current research within the field of vagal nerve innervation suggests psychophysiological and electrical means by which FM may be treated.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lange-2011-safety-efficacy", "title": "Safety and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in fibromyalgia: a phase I/II proof of concept trial", "authors": "Lange et al.", "authorsFull": "Lange Gudrun; Janal Malvin N.; Maniker Allen; FitzGibbons Jennifer; Fobler Malusha; Cook Dane; Natelson Benjamin H.", "journal": "Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.)", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01203.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21812908/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Side effects were similar to those reported in patients treated with VNS for epilepsy or depression and, in addition, dry mouth and fatigue were reported.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "neves-2026-laterality-dependent", "title": "Laterality-Dependent Biological Effects of Manual Acupuncture Stimulation of the Auricular Vagus Nerve in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial", "authors": "Neves et al.", "authorsFull": "Neves Marcos Lisboa; Coutinho Bernardo Diniz; Speretta Guilherme Fleury Fina; Kraus Scheila Iria; Ferreira Jeane Bachi; Amaral Pedro André Hermes; Bud Juliana Elizabete dos Santos; Da Silva Ana Merian; Wippel Vinícius Alexandre; Rodrigues Igor Kunze; Duarte Marta Maria Medeiros Frescura; Ilha Jocemar; da Silva Morgana Duarte", "journal": "Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.)", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnag013", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41619761/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "While no significant between-group differences were observed in pain intensity, left-sided stimulation (aVNS-L) was associated with a modest but significant reduction in global symptom severity.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "schoenen-2018-efficacy-mode", "title": "Efficacy and mode of action of external trigeminal neurostimulation in migraine", "authors": "Schoenen et al.", "authorsFull": "Schoenen Jean; Coppola Gianluca", "journal": "Expert review of neurotherapeutics", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2018.1488588", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29897267/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "It remains to be determined if this might be a common mechanism to other peripheral noninvasive neurostimulation methods.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "pina-mojica-2025-noise-medicine", "title": "Noise as Medicine: The Role of Microbial and Electrical Noise in Restoring Neuroimmune Tolerance Through Stochastic Resonance", "authors": "Piña Mojica et al.", "authorsFull": "Piña Mojica Eneidy; Ribeiro Joao Victor; Fregni Felipe", "journal": "NeuroSci", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6040118", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41283307/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review proposing that microbial and electrical 'noise', including VNS, may help restore neuroimmune tolerance in disorders such as multiple sclerosis and fibromyalgia.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "gebre-2018-functional-magnetic", "title": "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Auricular Percutaneous Electrical Neural Field Stimulation for Fibromyalgia: Protocol for a Feasibility Study", "authors": "Gebre et al.", "authorsFull": "Gebre Melat; Woodbury Anna; Napadow Vitaly; Krishnamurthy Venkatagiri; Krishnamurthy Lisa C; Sniecinski Roman; Crosson Bruce", "journal": "JMIR research protocols", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2196/resprot.8692", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29410385/", "condition": "Fibromyalgia", "conditions": "Fibromyalgia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This trial has been funded by the Veterans Health Administration Program Office.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "natarajan-2024-electrical-ameliorates", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve ameliorates inflammation and disease activity in a rat EAE model of multiple sclerosis", "authors": "Natarajan et al.", "authorsFull": "Natarajan Chandramohan; Le Linh H. D.; Gunasekaran Manojkumar; Tracey Kevin J.; Chernoff David; Levine Yaakov A.", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2322577121", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38968104/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an animal model of multiple sclerosis, electrical VNS reduced inflammation and disease activity.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "fukuda-2024-therapy-drug", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Children-A Literature Review", "authors": "Fukuda et al.", "authorsFull": "Fukuda Mitsumasa; Matsuo Takeshi; Fujimoto So; Kashii Hirofumi; Hoshino Ai; Ishiyama Akihiko; Kumada Satoko", "journal": "Journal of clinical medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030780", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38337474/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This review describes the VNS system, the mechanism of the therapeutic effect, the specific stimulation adjustment method, antiepileptic effects, and other clinical effects in patients with childhood DRE.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kaur-2023-anti-inflammatory", "title": "Anti-inflammatory effects of vagus nerve stimulation in pediatric patients with epilepsy", "authors": "Kaur et al.", "authorsFull": "Kaur Supender; Selden Nathan R.; Aballay Alejandro", "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093574", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36845140/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The analysis showed downregulation of genes related to stress, inflammatory response, and immunity, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of VNS in epilepsy patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bachmann-2024-enhances-remyelination", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation enhances remyelination and decreases innate neuroinflammation in lysolecithin-induced demyelination", "authors": "Bachmann et al.", "authorsFull": "Bachmann Helen; Vandemoortele Boris; Vermeirssen Vanessa; Carrette Evelien; Vonck Kristl; Boon Paul; Raedt Robrecht; Laureys Guy", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2024.04.012", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38648972/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Immunohistochemistry showed that cVNS significantly reduced microglial and astrocytic activation in the lesion and lesion border, and significantly reduced the Olig2+ cell count at 3 dpi.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "chrastina-2022-outcome-prediction", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation outcome prediction: from simple parameters to advanced models", "authors": "Chrastina et al.", "authorsFull": "CHRASTINA Jan; NOVAK Zdenek; ZEMAN Tomas; DOLEZALOVA Irena; ZATLOUKALOVA Eva; BRAZDIL Milan", "journal": "Bratislavske lekarske listy", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4149/BLL_2022_103", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36039882/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Keywords: epilepsy, vagus nerve stimulation, response predictor, EEG.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "marrosu-2007-improves-cerebellar", "title": "Vagal nerve stimulation improves cerebellar tremor and dysphagia in multiple sclerosis", "authors": "Marrosu et al.", "authorsFull": "Marrosu F.; Maleci A.; Cocco E.; Puligheddu M.; Barberini L.; Marrosu M.G.", "journal": "Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458507078399", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17623740/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The results obtained suggest an additional therapeutic application for VNS and may represent a novel form of treatment in patients with severe MS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "herr-2025-motor-symptoms", "title": "Effect of non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on non-motor symptoms in multiple sclerosis: study protocol for a randomised, controlled trial", "authors": "Herr et al.", "authorsFull": "Herr Thorsten; Gamain Julie; Strauss Sebastian; Szeska Christoph; Flöel Agnes; Penner Iris-Katharina; Weymar Mathias; Grothe Matthias", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103998", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41213698/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been found to be a cognitive enhancer in preclinical research and was successfully used for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders to combat dysfunctional cognitive and affective processes.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "huang-2024-paired-drives", "title": "Paired vagus nerve stimulation drives precise remyelination and motor recovery after myelin loss", "authors": "Huang et al.", "authorsFull": "Huang Rongchen; Carter Elise R.; Hughes Ethan G.; Welle Cristin G.", "journal": "bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.10.593609", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38766201/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that VNS promotes remyelination by increasing the generation of myelinating oligodendrocytes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "marrosu-2005-cerebellar-tremor", "title": "Vagal nerve stimulation effects on cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis", "authors": "Marrosu et al.", "authorsFull": "Marrosu F.; Maleci A.; Cocco E.; Puligheddu M.; Marrosu M. G.", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000172343.45110.79", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16087927/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "case report", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A case report of VNS effects on cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis (details not in the indexed abstract).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "calderone-2025-artificial-intelligence", "title": "Artificial Intelligence-Driven Neuromodulation in Neurodegenerative Disease: Precision in Chaos, Learning in Loss", "authors": "Calderone et al.", "authorsFull": "Calderone Andrea; Latella Desirèe; La Fauci Elvira; Puleo Roberta; Sergi Arturo; De Francesco Mariachiara; Mauro Maria; Foti Angela; Salemi Leda; Calabrò Rocco Salvatore", "journal": "Biomedicines", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092118", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41007681/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Advancing this paradigm will require rigorous external validation, standardized reporting of control policies and artifacts, clinician-in-the-loop governance, and privacy-preserving analytics.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bachmann-2024-proteomics-dataset", "title": "Proteomics dataset of lysolecithin-induced demyelinated lesions in corpus callosum of Lewis rats, treated with Vagus nerve stimulation or sham treatment", "authors": "Bachmann et al.", "authorsFull": "Bachmann Helen; Vandemoortele Boris; Vermeirssen Vanessa; Carrette Evelien; Vonck Kristl; Boon Paul; Raedt Robrecht; Laureys Guy", "journal": "Data in brief", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.111048", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39554548/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD050858.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "herr-2023-cerebral-motor", "title": "Effect of non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cerebral motor excitability-Study protocol for a randomized, sham controlled trial", "authors": "Herr et al.", "authorsFull": "Herr Thorsten; Kleger Paula; Strauss Sebastian; Szeska Christoph; Khalil Nura; Badran Bashar W.; Weymar Mathias; Grothe Matthias", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1341898", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38283680/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "All investigations performed in the study were reviewed and approved by the local ethics committee of the University Medical Center Greifswald (study reference number: BB048/22).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kashyap-2026-device-procedure", "title": "Device and Procedure for Closed-Loop Endovascular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Evoked Response Sensing", "authors": "Kashyap et al.", "authorsFull": "Kashyap Varun; Sanger Zachary; Ashby Mark; Stanslaski Scott; Nguyen Kevin; Nageswaran Ashok; Olson Robert; Seeley Dale; Huna Heather; Shi Alan; Fahimi Erik; Falkner Phillip; Khalessi Alexander A.", "journal": "Neurosurgery", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000003958", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41660985/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We demonstrate accurate detection of nerve activation via endovascular evoked compound action potential along with an indication of the specific fibers being activated.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "polak-2013-somatosensory-evoked", "title": "Vagus somatosensory-evoked potentials are prolonged in patients with multiple sclerosis with brainstem involvement", "authors": "Polak et al.", "authorsFull": "Polak Thomas; Zeller Daniel; Fallgatter Andreas J.; Metzger Florian G.", "journal": "Neuroreport", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835f00a3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23407276/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "Vagus somatosensory-evoked potentials (VSEP) were proposed as a neurophysiological indicator of brainstem dysfunction based on prolonged latencies found in Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's disease.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "haney-2018-intraoperative-gastrointestinal", "title": "Effects of Intraoperative Vagal Nerve Stimulation on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis", "authors": "Haney et al.", "authorsFull": "Haney Megan M; Ericsson Aaron C; Lever Teresa E", "journal": "Comparative medicine", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-CM-18-000039", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30424824/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Future studies are warranted to determine whether different stimulation parameters or chronic use of VNS affect GM profiles.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "tang-2021-intestinal-flora", "title": "[Intestinal flora and neurological disorders]", "authors": "Tang et al.", "authorsFull": "Tang Q; Cao L", "journal": "Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.210253", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34841782/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "It is expected the research on intestinal flora would lead to novel approaches for treatment of some neurological disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sanya-2005-abnormal-heart", "title": "Abnormal heart rate and blood pressure responses to baroreflex stimulation in multiple sclerosis patients", "authors": "Sanya et al.", "authorsFull": "Sanya Emmanuel O.; Tutaj Marcin; Brown Clive M.; Goel Nursel; Neundörfer Bernhard; Hilz Max J.", "journal": "Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-005-0274-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15944871/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A study separately evaluating parasympathetic and sympathetic cardiovascular autonomic regulation via baroreflex responses in multiple sclerosis.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "leon-ariza-2022-somatosensory-evoked", "title": "The Vagus Nerve Somatosensory-evoked Potential in Neural Disorders: Systematic Review and Illustrative Vignettes", "authors": "Leon-Ariza et al.", "authorsFull": "Leon-Ariza Juan S.; Mosquera Mario A.; Siomin Vitaly; Fonseca Angelo; Leon-Ariza Daniel S.; Gualdron Mayra A.; Leon-Sarmiento Fidias E.", "journal": "Clinical EEG and neuroscience", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594211001221", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33709798/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 297, "keyFinding": "Scalp responses marked as the VSEP showed high variability, low validity, and poor reproducibility.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "beleza-2009-refractory-epilepsy", "title": "Refractory epilepsy: a clinically oriented review", "authors": "Beleza", "authorsFull": "Beleza Pedro", "journal": "European neurology", "year": 2009, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000222775", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19521080/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "New treatments under investigation are described.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zamponi-2008-effective-treating", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is effective in treating catastrophic 1 epilepsy in very young children", "authors": "Zamponi et al.", "authorsFull": "Zamponi Nelia; Rychlicki Franco; Corpaci Ludovica; Cesaroni Elisabetta; Trignani Roberto", "journal": "Neurosurgical review", "year": 2008, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-008-0134-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18446391/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Four of six children have shown a significant, persistent improvement in seizure control (range, 60-90%).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pindrik-2018-preoperative-evaluation", "title": "Preoperative evaluation and surgical management of infants and toddlers with drug-resistant epilepsy", "authors": "Pindrik et al.", "authorsFull": "Pindrik Jonathan; Hoang Nguyen; Smith Luke; Halverson Mark; Wojnaroski Mary; McNally Kelly; Gedela Satyanarayana; Ostendorf Adam P.", "journal": "Neurosurgical focus", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.7.FOCUS18220", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30173613/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A review of preoperative evaluation and surgical management of infants and toddlers with drug-resistant epilepsy (epilepsy surgery, not VNS-specific).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "halasz-2004-surgical-treatment", "title": "[Surgical treatment of epilepsy]", "authors": "Halász et al.", "authorsFull": "Halász P; Vajda J; Czirják S", "journal": "Ideggyogyaszati szemle", "year": 2004, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15264694/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a brief chapter the importance of postsurgical rehabilitation is emphasized.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "kalkman-2016-modulatory-nachrs", "title": "Modulatory effects of α7 nAChRs on the immune system and its relevance for CNS disorders", "authors": "Kalkman et al.", "authorsFull": "Kalkman Hans O.; Feuerbach Dominik", "journal": "Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2175-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26979166/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Information from tobacco smoking, vagus nerve stimulation, and cholinesterase inhibition is used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of selective α7 nAChR agonists in these inflammation-related disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "schubert-bast-2021-treatment-options", "title": "Review of the treatment options for epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex: towards precision medicine", "authors": "Schubert-Bast et al.", "authorsFull": "Schubert-Bast Susanne; Strzelczyk Adam", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/17562864211031100", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34349839/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Epilepsy occurs frequently and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality; however, the management is challenging due to the intractable nature of the seizures.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "marshall-2015-bioelectrical-reduction", "title": "Bioelectrical Stimulation for the Reduction of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease", "authors": "Marshall et al.", "authorsFull": "Marshall Ryan; Taylor Ian; Lahr Christopher; Abell Thomas L.; Espinoza Ingrid; Gupta Nitin K.; Gomez Christian R.", "journal": "Clinical medicine insights. Gastroenterology", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4137/CGast.S31779", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26692766/", "condition": "Multiple Sclerosis", "conditions": "Multiple Sclerosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of splenic and vagus nerve functions in the inflammatory process through the production of certain cytokines.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "srihagulang-2022-potential-roles", "title": "Potential roles of vagus nerve stimulation on traumatic brain injury: Evidence from in vivo and clinical studies", "authors": "Srihagulang et al.", "authorsFull": "Srihagulang Chanon; Vongsfak Jirapong; Vaniyapong Tanat; Chattipakorn Nipon; Chattipakorn Siriporn C.", "journal": "Experimental neurology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113887", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34624329/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Several previous studies also demonstrated that VNS has beneficial effects for TBI in animal models and patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "huang-2013-traumatic-brain", "title": "Traumatic brain injury", "authors": "Huang", "authorsFull": "Huang Jason H", "journal": "Neurological research", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000178", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23485048/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The authors aim to provide some insight on TBI to neurosurgeons, neurologists, rehabilitation doctors, and other specialists treating TBI patients as well as neuroscientists who are involved in neurotrauma research.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "neren-2016-other-neuromodulation", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Other Neuromodulation Methods for Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury", "authors": "Neren et al.", "authorsFull": "Neren Daniel; Johnson Matthew D.; Legon Wynn; Bachour Salam P.; Ling Geoffrey; Divani Afshin A.", "journal": "Neurocritical care", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-015-0203-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26399249/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Data from previous studies have demonstrated VNS-mediated improvement following TBI in animal models.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ren-2026-attenuates-cognitive", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Cognitive Impairment in Traumatic Brain Injury via the mtDNA/cGAS-STING/NLRP3 Inflammasome Axis", "authors": "Ren et al.", "authorsFull": "Ren Bingkai; Kang Junwei; Dong Xiaoyang; Huang Lianghua; Wu Xiao; Tang Yunliang", "journal": "Neurocritical care", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-025-02351-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40908417/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a mouse model of traumatic brain injury, VNS attenuated cognitive impairment via mitochondrial and cGAS-STING pathway modulation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2022-neuroprotective-mechanisms", "title": "Effects and neuroprotective mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation on cognitive impairment with traumatic brain injury in animal studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Han; Li Chun-liu; Qu Yun; Yang Yu-xuan; Du Juan; Zhao Yu", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.963334", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36237612/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Overall, nine studies were identified in animal models (36 mice, 268 rats, and 27 rabbits).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "el-baassiri-2025-attenuates-neuroinflammation", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation attenuates neuroinflammation in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury", "authors": "El Baassiri et al.", "authorsFull": "El Baassiri Mahmoud G.; Lawandos Leonard; Scheese Daniel; Tragesser Cody; Duess Johannes W.; Fulton William B.; Sodhi Chhinder P.; Fridman Gene Y.; Hackam David J.; Nasr Isam W.", "journal": "The journal of trauma and acute care surgery", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000004849", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41417669/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a mouse model of traumatic brain injury, taVNS activated vagal brainstem nuclei and attenuated neuroinflammation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "kumaria-2021-scope-traumatic", "title": "Scope for Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Traumatic Brain Injury", "authors": "Kumaria et al.", "authorsFull": "Kumaria Ashwin; Tolias Christos M.", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13283", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33020980/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining traumatic brain injury using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kang-2025-promising-strategy", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: a promising strategy to combat pyroptosis and inflammation in traumatic brain injury through the OX-A/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway", "authors": "Kang et al.", "authorsFull": "Kang Junwei; Ren Binkai; Wang Jia; Tang Yunliang; Dong Xiaoyang", "journal": "European journal of medical research", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02870-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40624560/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The findings revealed that VNS significantly enhanced neurological function, as indicated by lower mNSS scores and improved performance in the MWM test, suggesting a marked recovery in TBI-affected rats.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2024-magnetic-traumatic", "title": "Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Magnetic Stimulation in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Feasibility Study", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Han; Zhao Yu; Qu Yun; Du Juan; Peng Yi", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2023.09.004", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37865889/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The findings showed that daily half-hour VNMS for ten days was feasible in patients with TBI, with minimal side effects and no clinically significant effects on physiological parameters.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kumaria-2012-there-role", "title": "Is there a role for vagus nerve stimulation therapy as a treatment of traumatic brain injury?", "authors": "Kumaria et al.", "authorsFull": "Kumaria Ashwin; Tolias Christos M.", "journal": "British journal of neurosurgery", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2012.663517", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22404761/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of VNS in animal models of traumatic brain injury and its potential for human TBI, noting the human evidence is minimal.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "tang-2020-attenuates-early", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Early Traumatic Brain Injury by Regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway", "authors": "Tang et al.", "authorsFull": "Tang Yunliang; Dong Xiaoyang; Chen Gengfa; Ye Wen; Kang Junwei; Tang Yang; Feng Zhen", "journal": "Neurorehabilitation and neural repair", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968320948065", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32772884/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The results showed that VNS significantly ameliorated tissue damage, neurological deficits, and cerebral edema, compared with the sham VNS group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhou-2014-neuroprotective-traumatic", "title": "Neuroprotective effects of vagus nerve stimulation on traumatic brain injury", "authors": "Zhou et al.", "authorsFull": "Yu Yigang; Zhou Long; Lin Jinhuang; Lin Junming; Kui Guoju; Zhang Jianhua", "journal": "Neural regeneration research", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.141783", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25368644/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Results showed that vagus nerve stimulation could reduce the degree of brain edema, decrease tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β concentrations, and increase interleukin-10 concentration after brain explosive injury in rabbits.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "hakon-2020-severe-traumatic", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Feasibility Trial", "authors": "Hakon et al.", "authorsFull": "Hakon Jakob; Moghiseh Melika; Poulsen Ingrid; Øland Christoffer M.L.; Hansen Christian P.; Sabers Anne", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13148", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32227429/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The tVNS regime of four hours daily for eight weeks was feasible and well tolerated with little side effects and no clinically relevant effects on physiological parameters.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "korupolu-2024-neurorehabilitation", "title": "Neurorehabilitation with vagus nerve stimulation: a systematic review", "authors": "Korupolu et al.", "authorsFull": "Korupolu Radha; Miller Alyssa; Park Andrew; Yozbatiran Nuray", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1390217", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38872818/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our review suggests that VNS (non-invasive or invasive) paired with rehabilitation can improve motor outcomes after stroke in humans.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "divani-2023-improves-brain", "title": "Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Brain Lesion Volume and Neurobehavioral Outcomes in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury", "authors": "Divani et al.", "authorsFull": "Divani Afshin A.; Salazar Pascal; Ikram Hafiz A.; Taylor Erik; Wilson Colin M.; Yang Yirong; Mahmoudi Javad; Seletska Alina; SantaCruz Karen S.; Torbey Michel T.; Liebler Eric J.; Bragina Olga A.; Morton Russel A.; Bragin Denis E.", "journal": "Journal of neurotrauma", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2022.0153", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36869619/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The lesion volume for the higher dose nVNS group was significantly smaller than either the lower dose nVNS or the control groups on days 1 and 7 post-injury.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lopez-2012-decreases-blood", "title": "Vagal nerve stimulation decreases blood-brain barrier disruption after traumatic brain injury", "authors": "Lopez et al.", "authorsFull": "Lopez Nicole E.; Krzyzaniak Michael J.; Costantini Todd W.; Putnam James; Hageny Ann-Marie; Eliceiri Brian; Coimbra Raul; Bansal Vishal", "journal": "The journal of trauma and acute care surgery", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182569875", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22695423/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Six hours after TBI, cerebral vascular permeability was increased fourfold compared with sham (mean [SD], 6.6(E+08) [5.5(E+07)] arbitrary fluorescence units [afu] vs.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pruitt-2016-delivered-motor", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Delivered with Motor Training Enhances Recovery of Function after Traumatic Brain Injury", "authors": "Pruitt et al.", "authorsFull": "Pruitt David T.; Schmid Ariel N.; Kim Lily J.; Abe Caroline M.; Trieu Jenny L.; Choua Connie; Hays Seth A.; Kilgard Michael P.; Rennaker Robert L.", "journal": "Journal of neurotrauma", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2015.3972", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26058501/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We have developed a method using electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve paired with forelimb use by which we have demonstrated enhanced recovery from ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jin-2023-exploring-potential", "title": "Exploring the potential of vagus nerve stimulation in treating brain diseases: a review of immunologic benefits and neuroprotective efficacy", "authors": "Jin et al.", "authorsFull": "Jin Zeping; Dong Jing; Wang Yang; Liu Yunpeng", "journal": "European journal of medical research", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01439-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853458/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recent studies have found that VNS can inhibit inflammation, promote neuroprotection, help maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, have multisystemic modulatory effects, and even transmit signals from the gut flora to the brain.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "shi-2013-augment-recovery", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation to augment recovery from severe traumatic brain injury impeding consciousness: a prospective pilot clinical trial", "authors": "Shi et al.", "authorsFull": "Shi Chen; Flanagan Steven R; Samadani Uzma", "journal": "Neurological research", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000167", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23485054/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In addition to decreased seizure frequency and severity, patients report enhanced mood, reduced daytime sleepiness independent of seizure control, increased slow wave sleep, and improved cognition, memory, and quality of life.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hall-2014-role-overactivity", "title": "The role of vagus nerve overactivity in the increased incidence of pneumonia following traumatic brain injury", "authors": "Hall et al.", "authorsFull": "Hall Samuel; Kumaria Ashwin; Belli Antonio", "journal": "British journal of neurosurgery", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2013.835373", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24024980/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "By extrapolating this evidence we suggest a possible mechanism for immunosuppression following TBI which also has the potential to be targeted to reduce the incidence of pneumonia.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ziesel-2023-electrical-methods", "title": "Electrical stimulation methods and protocols for the treatment of traumatic brain injury: a critical review of preclinical research", "authors": "Ziesel et al.", "authorsFull": "Ziesel D.; Nowakowska M.; Scheruebel S.; Kornmueller K.; Schäfer U.; Schindl R.; Baumgartner C.; Üçal M.; Rienmüller T.", "journal": "Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-023-01159-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37098582/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Studies with animal models address these questions and investigate beneficial long- and short-term changes mediated by these novel modalities.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mahoney-2020-transcranial-magnetic", "title": "Transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and other forms of neuromodulation for substance use disorders: Review of modalities and implications for treatment", "authors": "Mahoney et al.", "authorsFull": "Mahoney James J.; Hanlon Colleen A.; Marshalek Patrick J.; Rezai Ali R.; Krinke Lothar", "journal": "Journal of the neurological sciences", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117149", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33002757/", "condition": "Addiction", "conditions": "Addiction", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "One such approach involves neuromodulation which has been used therapeutically for neurological and psychiatric disorders and has demonstrated positive preliminary findings for the treatment of substance use disorder.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lambert-2022-leveraging-accelerometry", "title": "Leveraging Accelerometry as a Prognostic Indicator for Increase in Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms", "authors": "Lambert et al.", "authorsFull": "Lambert Tamara P.; Gazi Asim H.; Harrison Anna B.; Gharehbaghi Sevda; Chan Michael; Obideen Malik; Alavi Parvaneh; Murrah Nancy; Shallenberger Lucy; Driggers Emily G.; Alvarado Ortega Rebeca; Washington Brianna; Walton Kevin M.; Tang Yi-Lang; Gupta Rahul; Nye Jonathon A.; Welsh Justine W.; Vaccarino Viola; Shah Amit J.; Bremner J. Douglas; Inan Omer T.", "journal": "Biosensors", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110924", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36354433/", "condition": "Addiction", "conditions": "Addiction", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 23, "keyFinding": "Treating opioid use disorder (OUD) is a significant healthcare challenge in the United States.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "luigjes-2013-neuromodulation-intervention", "title": "[Neuromodulation as an intervention for addiction: overview and future prospects]", "authors": "Luigjes et al.", "authorsFull": "Luigjes J; Breteler R; Vanneste S; de Ridder D", "journal": "Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie", "year": 2013, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24242143/", "condition": "Addiction", "conditions": "Addiction", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Studies using EEG neurofeedback were shown to have positive effects on drug use, treatment compliance, and cue reactivity in patients with cocaine and alcohol dependence.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "young-2020-brain-modalities", "title": "Non-invasive brain stimulation modalities for the treatment and prevention of opioid use disorder: a systematic review of the literature", "authors": "Young et al.", "authorsFull": "Young Jonathan R.; Smani Shayan A.; Mischel Nicholas A.; Kritzer Michael D.; Appelbaum Lawrence G.; Patkar Ashwin A.", "journal": "Journal of addictive diseases", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2020.1736756", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32469286/", "condition": "Addiction", "conditions": "Addiction", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "TMS and tDCS have demonstrated effects on cravings, although published studies were limited by small sample sizes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "ashare-2012-blunted-reactivity", "title": "Blunted vagal reactivity predicts stress-precipitated tobacco smoking", "authors": "Ashare et al.", "authorsFull": "Ashare Rebecca L.; Sinha Rajita; Lampert Rachel; Weinberger Andrea H.; Anderson George M.; Lavery Meaghan E.; Yanagisawa Katherine; McKee Sherry A.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2473-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21938416/", "condition": "Addiction", "conditions": "Addiction", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "As expected, stress and ad-lib smoking additively decreased HF-HRV and increased LF/HF.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2006-gastric-obese", "title": "Gastric stimulation in obese subjects activates the hippocampus and other regions involved in brain reward circuitry", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Gene-Jack; Yang Julia; Volkow Nora D.; Telang Frank; Ma Yeming; Zhu Wei; Wong Christopher T.; Tomasi Dardo; Thanos Panayotis K.; Fowler Joanna S.", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "year": 2006, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601977103", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17023542/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Metabolism also was significantly higher in right anterior cerebellum, orbitofrontal cortex, and striatum during the on condition.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "engineer-2017-potential-adjuvant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation as a potential adjuvant to behavioral therapy for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders", "authors": "Engineer et al.", "authorsFull": "Engineer Crystal T.; Hays Seth A.; Kilgard Michael P.", "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-017-9203-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28690686/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS paired with behavioral therapy may represent a potential new approach to enhance rehabilitation that could significantly improve the outcomes of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "kumaria-2019-can-improve", "title": "Can vagus nerve stimulation improve social cognition in autism?", "authors": "Kumaria et al.", "authorsFull": "Kumaria Ashwin; Sitaraman Murugan", "journal": "Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.02.020", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29615199/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining autism using taVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "van-hoorn-2019-neuromodulation-autism", "title": "Neuromodulation of autism spectrum disorders using vagal nerve stimulation", "authors": "van Hoorn et al.", "authorsFull": "van Hoorn Alje; Carpenter Thomas; Oak Katy; Laugharne Richard; Ring Howard; Shankar Rohit", "journal": "Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.01.042", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30732986/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "From the 242 results identified search strategy 11 were found to satisfy the full search criteria and used to discuss the hypothesis.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2024-therapy-dravet", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for the therapy of Dravet syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Shuang; Li Man; Huang Ming", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1402989", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39045432/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 173, "keyFinding": "Sixteen trials with a total of 173 patients were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "alvarez-dieppa-2025-rescues-impaired", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation rescues impaired fear extinction and social interaction in a rat model of autism spectrum disorder", "authors": "Alvarez-Dieppa et al.", "authorsFull": "Alvarez-Dieppa Amanda C.; Griffin Kimberly; Cavalier Sheridan; Souza Rimenez R.; Engineer Crystal T.; McIntyre Christa K.", "journal": "Journal of affective disorders", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.098", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39837463/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a rat model of autism, VNS rescued impaired fear extinction and social interaction.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "gargus-2024-mechanisms-treatment", "title": "Mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders: a focus on microglia and neuroinflammation", "authors": "Gargus et al.", "authorsFull": "Gargus Makenna; Ben-Azu Benneth; Landwehr Antonia; Dunn Jaclyn; Errico Joseph P.; Tremblay Marie-Ève", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1527842", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39881804/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Evidence suggests that altered VN signaling is linked to changes in the neuroimmune system, including microglia.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "subramaniam-2023-comparing-resective", "title": "Comparing vagus nerve stimulation and resective surgery outcomes in patients with co-occurring autism and epilepsy to patients with epilepsy alone: A population-based study", "authors": "Subramaniam et al.", "authorsFull": "Subramaniam Varun R.; Mu Lan; Kwon Churl‐Su", "journal": "Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.3020", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37646480/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Compared to patients with epilepsy alone, patients with autism and epilepsy who underwent either surgery showed no differences for in-hospital mortality, discharge status, mean LOS, hospitalization cost, and surgical/medical complications.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shivaswamy-2022-treatment-fear", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Treatment for Fear and Anxiety in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder", "authors": "Shivaswamy et al.", "authorsFull": "Shivaswamy T; Souza RR; Engineer CT; McIntyre CK", "journal": "Journal of psychiatry and brain science", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.20900/jpbs.20220007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36303861/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We also discuss potential uses of VNS to treat depression and epilepsy in the context of ASD, and noninvasive methods to stimulate the vagus nerve.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jin-2016-promising-method", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Promising Method for Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders", "authors": "Jin et al.", "authorsFull": "Jin Yu; Kong Jian", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00609", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28163670/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Although the mechanism of tVNS is not yet completely understood, studies have demonstrated the potential role of vagal afferent nerve stimulation in the regulation of mood and visceral state associated with social communication.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "williams-2025-speech-paired", "title": "Speech paired vagus nerve stimulation restores neural sound processing in a rat model of autism", "authors": "Williams et al.", "authorsFull": "Williams Brendan M.; Tamaoki Yuko; Danaphongse Tanya T.; Myers Isabella K.; Kroon Samantha L.; Solano Maria P.; Jacob Allan A.; Riley Jonathan R.; Chen Min; Hays Seth A.; Engineer Crystal T.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1600024", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40584881/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that VPA-exposed rats had degraded spectral, temporal, and speech sound processing compared to saline-exposed control rats.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhu-2022-therapeutic-applications", "title": "Therapeutic applications of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation with potential for application in neurodevelopmental or other pediatric disorders", "authors": "Zhu et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhu Siyu; Zhang Xiaolu; Zhou Menghan; Kendrick Keith M.; Zhao Weihua", "journal": "Frontiers in endocrinology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1000758", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36313768/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We conclude from these initial findings that taVNS may be a promising alternative treatment for pediatric disorders which do not respond to other interventions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "wang-2022-stable-efficacy", "title": "Effects of Stable Vagus Nerve Stimulation Efficacy on Autistic Behaviors in Ten Pediatric Patients With Drug Resistant Epilepsy: An Observational Study", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Zhiyan; Yuan Xing; Zhang Qian; Wen Jialun; Cheng Tungyang; Qin Xiaoya; Ji Taoyun; Shu Xiaomei; Jiang Yuwu; Liao Jianxiang; Hao Hongwei; Li Luming; Wu Ye", "journal": "Frontiers in pediatrics", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.846301", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35311037/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "Their autistic behaviors, especially in language, social and self-help, were reduced at follow-up 2 compared to follow-up 1 (p = 0.01, p = 0.01, respectively).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mezjan-2021-outpatient-surgery", "title": "Outpatient vagus nerve stimulation surgery in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy with severe intellectual disability", "authors": "Mezjan et al.", "authorsFull": "Mezjan Insafe; Gourfinkel-An Isabelle; Degos Vincent; Clemenceau Stéphane; Navarro Vincent; Masson Véronique; Carpentier Alexandre; Mathon Bertrand", "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107931", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33770612/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The male-to-female ratio was 0.9 and the mean age on surgery day was 23.1 years.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "sun-2024-exploration-brain", "title": "Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and exploration of brain network mechanisms in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Sun et al.", "authorsFull": "Sun Ke; Li Ying; Zhai Zhenhang; Yin Heqing; Liang Shuli; Zhai Feng; Cui Yonghua; Zhang Guojun", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337101", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38374975/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Therefore, in this study, we intend to provide a study protocol to examine the therapeutic effects of taVNS in individuals diagnosed with HFA and to investigate the process of brain network remodeling in individuals with ASD using functional imaging techniques to observe alterations in large-scal...", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tamaoki-2024-pairing-tones", "title": "Pairing tones with vagus nerve stimulation improves brain stem responses to speech in the valproic acid model of autism", "authors": "Tamaoki et al.", "authorsFull": "Tamaoki Yuko; Pasapula Varun; Danaphongse Tanya T.; Reyes Alfonso R.; Chandler Collin R.; Borland Michael S.; Riley Jonathan R.; Carroll Alan M.; Engineer Crystal T.", "journal": "Journal of neurophysiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00325.2024", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39319784/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Contrarily, VNS-speech pairing significantly decreased the IC response to speech compared with VPA-exposed rats by 5%.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "calikusu-2026-targeting-brain", "title": "Targeting Brain Plasticity: Vagal Nerve Stimulation as a Therapy for Autism-Like Symptoms in a Valproic Acid Mouse Model", "authors": "Calikusu et al.", "authorsFull": "Calikusu Aysen; Ince Merve Sevgi; Bolay Hayrunnisa; Atalar Kerem; Yigman Zeynep; Topa Elif; Dagidir Hale Gok; Kılınç Hasan; Omeroglu Suna; Gozil Rabet; Bukan Neslihan; Alim Ece; Barc Deniz; Dizakar Saadet Ozen Akarca; Bahcelioglu Meltem", "journal": "Developmental neurobiology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.23019", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41273029/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In a rat model, transauricular VNS improved autism-like social deficits and anxiety via brain plasticity.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hays-2023-how-fail", "title": "How to fail with paired VNS therapy", "authors": "Hays et al.", "authorsFull": "Hays Seth A.; Rennaker Robert L.; Kilgard Michael P.", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.08.009", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37595833/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the pitfalls of paired-VNS therapy, which has shown clinical success for stroke recovery.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hull-2015-autistic-spectrum", "title": "Autistic spectrum disorder, epilepsy, and vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Hull et al.", "authorsFull": "Hull Mariam Mettry; Madhavan Deepak; Zaroff Charles M.", "journal": "Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-015-2720-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922052/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Following vagus nerve stimulation implantation, initial, if temporary, improvement was observed in seizure control.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "sirigu-2021-neuroscience-boosting", "title": "Neuroscience: Boosting the brain", "authors": "Sirigu et al.", "authorsFull": "Sirigu Angela; Desmurget Michel", "journal": "Current biology : CB", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033769/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "New research provides evidence that this effect results from extensive increase of physiological arousal and brain activation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "danielsson-2008-lack-drug", "title": "Lack of effects of vagus nerve stimulation on drug-resistant epilepsy in eight pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorders: a prospective 2-year follow-up study", "authors": "Danielsson et al.", "authorsFull": "Danielsson Susanna; Viggedal Gerd; Gillberg Christopher; Olsson Ingrid", "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B", "year": 2008, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.10.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18053767/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "It has been suggested that there may be positive cognitive and/or behavioral effects independent of seizure control.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "levy-2010-therapy-autism", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in patients with autism spectrum disorder and intractable epilepsy: results from the vagus nerve stimulation therapy patient outcome registry", "authors": "Levy et al.", "authorsFull": "Levy Michael L.; Levy Karen M.; Hoff Dayna; Amar Arun Paul; Park Min S.; Conklin Jordan M.; Baird Lissa; Apuzzo Michael L. J.", "journal": "Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics", "year": 2010, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.3.PEDS09153", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20515333/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 315, "keyFinding": "A comparative registry study of VNS in epilepsy patients with versus without autism (315 non-autism controls), examining seizure and behavioural outcomes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "smucny-2015-could-target", "title": "Could vagus nerve stimulation target hippocampal hyperactivity to improve cognition in schizophrenia?", "authors": "Smucny et al.", "authorsFull": "Smucny Jason; Visani Adrienne; Tregellas Jason R.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00043", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25852579/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review asking whether VNS could target hippocampal hyperactivity to improve cognition in schizophrenia.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "tseng-2022-assessment-brain", "title": "Assessment of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Interventions for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis", "authors": "Tseng et al.", "authorsFull": "Tseng Ping-Tao; Zeng Bing-Syuan; Hung Chao-Ming; Liang Chih-Sung; Stubbs Brendon; Carvalho Andre F.; Brunoni Andre R.; Su Kuan-Pin; Tu Yu-Kang; Wu Yi-Cheng; Chen Tien-Yu; Li Dian-Jeng; Lin Pao-Yen; Hsu Chih-Wei; Chen Yen-Wen; Suen Mein-Woei; Satogami Kazumi; Takahashi Shun; Wu Ching-Kuan; Yang Wei-Cheng; Shiue Yow-Ling; Huang Tiao-Lai; Li Cheng-Ta", "journal": "JAMA psychiatry", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1513", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35731533/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 2211, "keyFinding": "Forty-eight RCTs involving 2211 participants (mean [range] age, 38.7 [24.0-57.0] years; mean [range] proportion of female patients, 30.6% [0%-70.0%]) were included.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "corsi-zuelli-2017-neuroimmune-interactions", "title": "Neuroimmune Interactions in Schizophrenia: Focus on Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Activation of the Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor", "authors": "Corsi-Zuelli et al.", "authorsFull": "Corsi-Zuelli Fabiana Maria das Graças; Brognara Fernanda; Quirino Gustavo Fernando da Silva; Hiroki Carlos Hiroji; Fais Rafael Sobrano; Del-Ben Cristina Marta; Ulloa Luis; Salgado Helio Cesar; Kanashiro Alexandre; Loureiro Camila Marcelino", "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00618", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28620379/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Although elucidating the mechanism that induces this inflammatory profile remains a challenge, mounting evidence suggests that neuroimmune interactions may provide therapeutic advantages to control inflammation and hence schizophrenia.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "nayok-2022-understanding-interoception", "title": "Understanding the interoception in schizophrenia through the window of Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Nayok et al.", "authorsFull": "Nayok Swarna Buddha; Sreeraj Vanteemar S.; Shivakumar Venkataram; Venkatasubramanian Ganesan", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104844", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36037979/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A study examining interoception in schizophrenia through the lens of VNS (results not in the indexed abstract).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "cui-2025-efficacy-safety", "title": "Efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia with predominantly negative symptoms: a randomized clinical trial and efficacy sensitivity biomarkers", "authors": "Cui et al.", "authorsFull": "Cui Yapeng; Sun Jinbo; Zhang Bingkui; Guo Taipin; Zhang Shumin; Li Zhiqin; Chen Ying; Su Mingbing; Wu Dongniya; Wu Jingxia; Wang Qian; Yuan Yangyang; Wang Jianan; Tian Qianqian; He Fang; Wu Lei; Li Xinghua; Gong Yi; Qin Wei", "journal": "Molecular psychiatry", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03132-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40858781/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 50, "keyFinding": "An RCT of taVNS for the persistent negative symptoms of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (detailed outcomes not in the indexed abstract).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "keatch-2023-functional-connectivity", "title": "Functional Connectivity Analysis of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) Using Magnetoencephalography (MEG)", "authors": "Keatch et al.", "authorsFull": "Keatch Charlotte; Lambert Elisabeth; Kameneva Tatiana; Woods Will", "journal": "IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2023.3297736", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37478038/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Varying the stimulation frequency led to alterations in different brain areas, which may suggest that personalized stimulation protocols can be developed for the targeted treatment of different medical conditions using tVNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hasan-2015-treatment-schizophrenia", "title": "Transcutaneous noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) in the treatment of schizophrenia: a bicentric randomized controlled pilot study", "authors": "Hasan et al.", "authorsFull": "Hasan Alkomiet; Wolff-Menzler Claus; Pfeiffer Sebastian; Falkai Peter; Weidinger Elif; Jobst Andrea; Hoell Imke; Malchow Berend; Yeganeh-Doost Peyman; Strube Wolfgang; Quast Silke; Müller Norbert; Wobrock Thomas", "journal": "European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-015-0618-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26210303/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We could not observe a statistically significant difference in the improvement of schizophrenia psychopathology during the observation period.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "osoegawa-2018-brain-negative", "title": "Non-invasive brain stimulation for negative symptoms in schizophrenia: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Osoegawa et al.", "authorsFull": "Osoegawa Caio; Gomes July Silveira; Grigolon Ruth Bartelli; Brietzke Elisa; Gadelha Ary; Lacerda Acioly L.T.; Dias Álvaro Machado; Cordeiro Quirino; Laranjeira Ronaldo; de Jesus Danilo; Daskalakis Zafiris Jeff; Brunelin Jerome; Cordes Joachim; Trevizol Alisson Paulino", "journal": "Schizophrenia research", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.01.010", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29397282/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1272, "keyFinding": "31 RCTs (n = 1272) were included, most with small-to-modest sample sizes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "perez-2014-reverses-aberrant", "title": "Vagal nerve stimulation reverses aberrant dopamine system function in the methylazoxymethanol acetate rodent model of schizophrenia", "authors": "Perez et al.", "authorsFull": "Perez S. M.; Carreno F. R.; Frazer A.; Lodge D. J.", "journal": "The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0588-14.2014", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25009259/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We have previously demonstrated that hyperactivity within ventral regions of the hippocampus (vHipp) drives the dopamine system dysregulation in this model.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-salles-2022-modern-neurosurgical", "title": "Modern neurosurgical techniques for psychiatric disorders", "authors": "De Salles et al.", "authorsFull": "De Salles A; Lucena L; Paranhos T; Ferragut MA; de Oliveira-Souza R; Gorgulho A", "journal": "Progress in brain research", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.025", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35396030/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of modern neurosurgical (psychosurgery) techniques, including VNS, for treatment-refractory psychiatric disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "maley-2019-electroconvulsive-therapy", "title": "Electroconvulsive Therapy and Other Neuromodulation Techniques for the Treatment of Psychosis", "authors": "Maley et al.", "authorsFull": "Maley Christopher Todd; Becker Jonathan Essary; Shultz Elizabeth K.B.", "journal": "Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2018.07.004", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30389079/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "There is also evidence to suggest that electroconvulsive therapy can be a safe, effective treatment in first episode psychosis, such as schizophrenia spectrum disorders, particularly in treatment-resistant patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "markiewicz-gospodarek-2023-self-regulatory", "title": "Self-Regulatory Neuronal Mechanisms and Long-Term Challenges in Schizophrenia Treatment", "authors": "Markiewicz-Gospodarek et al.", "authorsFull": "Markiewicz-Gospodarek Agnieszka; Markiewicz Renata; Borowski Bartosz; Dobrowolska Beata; Łoza Bartosz", "journal": "Brain sciences", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040651", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37190616/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of self-regulatory neuronal mechanisms and long-term challenges in schizophrenia treatment.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "micoulaud-franchi-2015-negative-symptoms", "title": "[Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: from electrophysiology to electrotherapy]", "authors": "Micoulaud Franchi et al.", "authorsFull": "Franchi J.-A. Micoulaud; Quiles C.; Belzeaux R.; Adida M.; Azorin J.-M.", "journal": "L'Encephale", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7006(16)30011-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26776393/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This is in line with electrophysiological measurements that found a change in EEG spectral power in the alpha frequency band over prefrontal brain regions.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-toffol-2020-interictal-psychosis", "title": "[Interictal psychosis of epilepsy]", "authors": "de Toffol et al.", "authorsFull": "de Toffol B.; Adachi N.; Kanemoto K.; El-Hage W.; Hingray C.", "journal": "L'Encephale", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.014", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32594995/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Neuropathological data suggest that IIP are not the result of classic epileptic pathology of the temporal lobe.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hasan-2015-brain-treatment", "title": "[Non-invasive brain stimulation for treatment of schizophrenic psychoses]", "authors": "Hasan et al.", "authorsFull": "Hasan A.; Wobrock T.; Palm U.; Strube W.; Padberg F.; Falkai P.; Fallgatter A.; Plewnia C.", "journal": "Der Nervenarzt", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-015-4323-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26341690/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Studies using other non-invasive brain stimulation techniques showed promising results but further research is needed to establish the clinical efficacy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "fennema-2024-neural-signatures", "title": "Neural signatures of emotional biases predict clinical outcomes in difficult-to-treat depression", "authors": "Fennema et al.", "authorsFull": "Fennema Diede; Barker Gareth J.; O’Daly Owen; Godlewska Beata R.; Carr Ewan; Goldsmith Kimberley; Young Allan H.; Moll Jorge; Zahn Roland", "journal": "Research directions. Depression", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1017/dep.2024.6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40028885/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A linear regression model showed that baseline severity of depressive symptoms explained 3% of the variance in outcomes at follow-up (F[3,34] = .33, p = .81).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2014-brain-treatment", "title": "Brain stimulation in the treatment of late-life severe mental illness other than unipolar nonpsychotic depression", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Angela Y.; Rajji Tarek K.; Blumberger Daniel M.; Daskalakis Zafiris J.; Mulsant Benoit H.", "journal": "The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.02.017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23891366/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These interventions could also be combined with other non-brain stimulation treatments for possible synergistic effects.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2025-prenatal-electroacupuncture", "title": "Prenatal electroacupuncture modulates maternal-fetal immune activation via a brain-to-splenic signal", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Zhiqing; Lin Weipeng; Yan Jinglan; Wang Xiaotong; Wang Jingya; Wang Feixue; He Teng; Xu Jing; Xia Yucen; Chen Yongjun", "journal": "Cell reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116576", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41259207/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These findings position the brain-spleen axis as a promising therapeutic target and support prenatal ES as a viable non-pharmacological strategy for preventing MIA-related complications.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "george-2007-brain-treatment", "title": "Brain stimulation for the treatment of psychiatric disorders", "authors": "George et al.", "authorsFull": "George Mark S; Nahas Ziad; Borckardt Jeffrey J; Anderson Berry; Foust Milton J; Burns Carol; Kose Samet; Short E Baron", "journal": "Current opinion in psychiatry", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280ad4698", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17415078/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The methods in this class range from non-invasive (transcranial magnetic stimulation) to invasive brain surgery (deep brain stimulation).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "glenthj-2025-treatment-trials", "title": "Treatment trials for negative symptoms in schizophrenia", "authors": "Glenthøj et al.", "authorsFull": "Glenthøj Louise Birkedal; Nielsen Mette Ødegaard; Nordentoft Merete", "journal": "Current opinion in psychiatry", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000001067", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41542807/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recent guidelines and meta-analyses suggest that some pharmacological and psychosocial interventions show modest efficacy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "dong-2023-disorders-consciousness", "title": "Stimulation of vagus nerve for patients with disorders of consciousness: a systematic review", "authors": "Dong et al.", "authorsFull": "Dong Xiaoyang; Tang Yunliang; Zhou Yifan; Feng Zhen", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1257378", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37781261/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A total of 1,269 articles were retrieved, and 10 studies met the inclusion criteria.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jang-2022-disorders-consciousness", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in disorders of consciousness: A mini-narrative review", "authors": "Jang et al.", "authorsFull": "Jang Sung Ho; Cho Min Jye", "journal": "Medicine", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000031808", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550876/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Furthermore, neuroimaging studies should be undertaken to elucidate the neurological mechanisms for the recovery of impaired consciousness in DOC and the lasting effects of taVNS on the brain.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2023-current-status", "title": "Current status and prospect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Yifei; Zhang Jinling; Zhai Weihang; Wang Yu; Li Shaoyuan; Yang Yi; Zheng Yanfeng; He Jianghong; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1274432", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38260020/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this paper, we review the literature on taVNS and DOC to better understand the current status and development prospect of taVNS treament as a non-invasive neuromodulation method with sensitivity and/or specificity at the single subject.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "guo-2023-neuroinflammation-mechanisms", "title": "Neuroinflammation mechanisms of neuromodulation therapies for anxiety and depression", "authors": "Guo et al.", "authorsFull": "Guo Bingqi; Zhang Mengyao; Hao Wensi; Wang Yuping; Zhang Tingting; Liu Chunyan", "journal": "Translational psychiatry", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02297-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36624089/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression; Anxiety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of the neuroinflammation mechanisms of neuromodulation therapies for anxiety and depression.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wang-2023-treatment-disorders", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of disorders of consciousness: mechanisms and applications", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Likai; Gao Fei; Wang Zhan; Liang Feng; Dai Yongli; Wang Mengchun; Wu Jingyi; Chen Yaning; Yan Qinjie; Wang Litong", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1286267", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37920298/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Beginning with an exploration of the vagus nerve's role in modulating brain function and consciousness, we then delve into the neuroprotective potential of taVNS demonstrated in animal models.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wan-2024-update-neuromodulation", "title": "An update on noninvasive neuromodulation in the treatment of patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Wan et al.", "authorsFull": "Wan Xiaoping; Zhang Ye; Li Yanhua; Song Weiqun", "journal": "CNS neuroscience & therapeutics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14757", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38747078/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Variable techniques of neuromodulation are used in pDoC.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lopez-rodriguez-2025-transauricular-electroencephalographic", "title": "Transauricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Electroencephalographic Assessment in Disorders of Consciousness", "authors": "López-Rodríguez et al.", "authorsFull": "López-Rodríguez Samuel; Galvao-Carmona Alejandro; O‘Valle-Rodríguez Myrtha; Postigo-Alonso Barbara; Gómez-Herranz Marta; Navarro-Pérez María D.; Ferri-Campos Joan; Noé-Sebastián Enrique", "journal": "Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3791/68062", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40720340/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In terms of clinical outcomes, the current study protocol demonstrated promising results with taVNS in patients with Disorders of Consciousness, showing significant improvement in alertness recovery and response to stimuli.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2024-physical-therapy", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: a physical therapy with promising potential for central nervous system disorders", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Chaoran; Wu Bangqi; Lin Ruolan; Cheng Yupei; Huang Jingjie; Chen Yuyan; Bai Jing", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1516242", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39734634/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) often cause irreversible damage to the human body and have a poor prognosis, posing a significant threat to human health.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "osinska-2022-treatment-disorders", "title": "Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Treatment of Disorders of Consciousness - Longitudinal Case Study", "authors": "Osińska et al.", "authorsFull": "Osińska Albertyna; Rynkiewicz Andrzej; Binder Marek; Komendziński Tomasz; Borowicz Anna; Leszczyński Antoni", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.834507", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35600632/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Scores obtained in a 2 months follow-up period, though, suggest this may not have been a lasting improvement.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "briand-2020-disorders-consciousness", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation and Disorders of Consciousness: A Hypothesis for Mechanisms of Action", "authors": "Briand et al.", "authorsFull": "Briand Marie-Michele; Gosseries Olivia; Staumont Bernard; Laureys Steven; Thibaut Aurore", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00933", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32982941/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A hypothesis paper proposing taVNS as a therapy for disorders of consciousness.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "jiao-2025-electroencephalographic-characteristics", "title": "Electroencephalographic characteristics of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for prolonged disorders of consciousness: a study protocol", "authors": "Jiao et al.", "authorsFull": "Jiao Haoyang; Zhai Weihang; Zhang Jinling; Xu Long; Geng Xiaoli; Chen Xueling; Yang Yi; Wang Yifei", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1539232", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40395691/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Therefore, screening out the indications for patients with pDOC who are suitable for taVNS treatment is a key scientific issue that requires urgent resolution at present.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhou-2023-efficacy-safety", "title": "The efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for patients with minimally conscious state: a sham-controlled randomized double-blind clinical trial", "authors": "Zhou et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhou Yifan; Sun Yejing; He Pei; Xiong Qi; Kang Junwei; Tang Yunliang; Feng Zhen; Dong Xiaoyang", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1323079", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38156271/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an RCT, active taVNS improved Coma Recovery Scale and Glasgow Coma Scale scores over 3–4 weeks versus sham in patients with disorders of consciousness.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bourdillon-2019-electromagnetic-brain", "title": "Electromagnetic Brain Stimulation in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness", "authors": "Bourdillon et al.", "authorsFull": "Bourdillon Pierre; Hermann Bertrand; Sitt Jacobo D.; Naccache Lionel", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00223", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30936822/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Surgical techniques less invasive than DBS, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) might represent a good compromise between efficacy and invasiveness but still need to be further investigated.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "vitello-2025-pharmacologic-interventions", "title": "Non-pharmacologic interventions in disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Vitello et al.", "authorsFull": "Vitello MM; Laureys S; Thibaut A; Gosseries O", "journal": "Handbook of clinical neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00007-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39986722/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Severely brain-injured patients with disorders of consciousness pose significant challenges in terms of management, particularly due to the limited therapeutic options available.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "corazzol-2017-restoring-consciousness", "title": "Restoring consciousness with vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Corazzol et al.", "authorsFull": "Corazzol Martina; Lio Guillaume; Lefevre Arthur; Deiana Gianluca; Tell Laurence; André-Obadia Nathalie; Bourdillon Pierre; Guenot Marc; Desmurget Michel; Luauté Jacques; Sirigu Angela", "journal": "Current biology : CB", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.060", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28950091/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The neural signature of spontaneous recovery is linked to increased thalamo-cortical activity and improved fronto-parietal functional connectivity [3].", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yifei-2022-vague-improved", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vague nerve stimulation improved brain connection activity on patients of disorders of consciousness: a pilot study", "authors": "Yifei et al.", "authorsFull": "Yifei W; Yi Y; Yu W; Jinling Z; Weihang Z; Shaoyuan LI; Mozheng WU; Jianghong HE; Peijing R", "journal": "Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2022.03.012", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35610018/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The energy of delta and beta bands is positively correlated with the brain activity of patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhai-2023-optimizing-modulation", "title": "Optimizing the modulation paradigm of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness: A prospective exploratory pilot study protocol", "authors": "Zhai et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhai Weihang; Jiao Haoyang; Zhuang Yutong; Yang Yi; Zhang Jinling; Wang Yifei; Wang Yu; Zhao Ya-nan; Zhang Shuai; He Jianghong; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1145699", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37008222/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Several studies have reported the effectiveness of taVNS in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC); however, differences in the modulation paradigm have led to inconsistent treatment outcomes.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhuang-2023-simultaneous-high", "title": "Effects of simultaneous transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on disorders of consciousness: a study protocol", "authors": "Zhuang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhuang Yutong; Zhai Weihang; Li Qinghua; Jiao Haoyang; Ge Qianqian; Rong Peijing; He Jianghong", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1165145", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37693756/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this regard, we propose to enhance from bottom to top the thalamic-cortical connection by using transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) and increase from top to bottom cortical-cortical connections using simultaneous high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-...", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhou-2024-consciousness-recovery", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation for consciousness recovery in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (TAVREC): study protocol for a multicenter, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial in China", "authors": "Zhou et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhou Long-yun; Peng Li-jun; Liu Ya-feng; Wang Shu-wei; Qiu Yue; Chen Si-jing; Feng Ming-ming; Liu Jin; Wu Shan-shan; Luo Ting; Liu Zhen-yu; Wu Hui-juan; Ge Jiang-ping; Reinhardt Jan D; Lu Xiao", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-083888", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38821572/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We developed a protocol for a randomised controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of taVNS on consciousness recovery in patients with pDoC (TAVREC).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2022-preliminary-magnetic", "title": "Preliminary Study of Vagus Nerve Magnetic Modulation in Patients with Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Lingling; Wu Qing; Yang Zhenglei; Yang Yuxuan; Luo Yaomin; Cao Yuhong; Wu Li; Xie Yulei; Wang Yinxu", "journal": "Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S381681", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36187561/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Both CRS-R and GCS results showed significant improvement in p DOC patients after VNMM treatment.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2024-efficacy-safety", "title": "The efficacy and safety of bilateral synchronous transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for prolonged disorders of consciousness: a multicenter, double-blind, stratified, randomized controlled trial protocol", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Yan; Yang Li; Liu Wei; Zhou Qianhui; Huang Meiling; Zou Leyao; Feng Zhen; Bai Yang", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1418937", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38882693/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Thereby, we propose a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, stratified, two-arm randomized controlled trial protocol to investigate the efficacy and safety of bilateral synchronous taVNS for treatment of DOC.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gao-2025-neuromodulation-disorders", "title": "Noninvasive neuromodulation for disorders of consciousness: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Gao et al.", "authorsFull": "Gao Yong; Bai Jianling; Gu Zhaohua; Xie Yudi; An Wenting; Liu Zhenyu; Tang Shaowen; Lu Xiao", "journal": "Critical care (London, England)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-025-05429-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40611258/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 147, "keyFinding": "We included 24 studies and six studies (147 participants) provided data for meta-analysis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "othman-2025-medical-surgical", "title": "Medical and surgical treatments in disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Othman et al.", "authorsFull": "Othman MH; Amiri M; Kondziella D", "journal": "Handbook of clinical neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00004-X", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39986721/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of medical and surgical treatments for disorders of consciousness, including neuromodulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "noe-2020-feasibility-safety", "title": "Feasibility, safety and efficacy of transauricular vagus nerve stimulation in a cohort of patients with disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Noé et al.", "authorsFull": "Noé Enrique; Ferri Joan; Colomer Carolina; Moliner Belén; O'Valle Myrtha; Ugart Patricia; Rodriguez Clara; Llorens Roberto", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.12.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31866491/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining disorders of consciousness using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "thakar-2008-syncope", "title": "Auricular syncope", "authors": "Thakar et al.", "authorsFull": "Thakar A; Deepak K K; Shyam Kumar S", "journal": "The Journal of laryngology and otology", "year": 2008, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215107000758", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17931450/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "case report", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Reflex syncope consequent to stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve is proposed as the pathophysiological mechanism for this previously undocumented syndrome.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "roth-2023-added-value", "title": "Added value of corpus callosotomy following vagus nerve stimulation in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: A multicenter, multinational study", "authors": "Roth et al.", "authorsFull": "Roth Jonathan; Bergman Lottem; Weil Alexander G.; Brunette‐Clement Tristan; Weiner Howard L.; Treiber Jeffrey M.; Shofty Ben; Cukiert Arthur; Cukiert Cristine Mella; Tripathi Manjari; Sarat Chandra Poodipedi; Bollo Robert J.; Machado Hélio Rubens; Santos Marcelo Volpon; Gaillard William D.; Oluigbo Chima O.; Ibrahim George M.; Jallo George I.; Shimony Nir; O'Neill Brent R.; Budke Marcelo; Pérez‐Jiménez María Ángeles; Mangano Francesco T.; Iwasaki Masaki; Iijima Keiya; Gonzalez‐Martinez Jorge; Kawai Kensuke; Ishishita Yohei; Elbabaa Samer K.; Bello‐Espinosa Luis; Fallah Aria; Maniquis Cassia A. B.; Ben‐Zvi Ido; Tisdall Martin; Panigrahi Manas; Jayalakshmi Sita; Blount Jeffrey P.; Dorfmüller Georg; Bulteau Christine; Stone Scellig S.; Bolton Jeffrey; Singhal Ashutosh; Connolly Mary; Alsowat Daad; Alotaibi Faisal; Ragheb John; Uliel‐Sibony Shimrit", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17796", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37823366/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 102, "keyFinding": "A total of 127 cases were reviewed (80 males).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "mac-2025-electrical-immune", "title": "Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Electrical Stimulation for Immune Modulation in Sepsis Therapy", "authors": "Mac et al.", "authorsFull": "Mac Cam-Hoa; Nguyen Giang Le Thi; Nguyen Dien Thi My; Huang Sheng-Min; Peng Hsu-Hsia; Chang Yen; Lo Shih-Kai; Chiang Hui-Hua Kenny; Yang Yuan-Zhen; Song Hsiang-Lin; Chia Wei-Tso; Lin Yu-Jung; Sung Hsing-Wen", "journal": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c16367", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40033812/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Sepsis presents a significant medical challenge due to its intense inflammatory response to infection, often resulting in high mortality rates.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "murray-2025-inhibition-acute", "title": "Inhibition of acute lung inflammation by a neuroimmune circuit induced by vagal nerve stimulation", "authors": "Murray et al.", "authorsFull": "Murray Kaitlin; Cremin Michael; Tay Emmy; Sanchez Kristina; Schreiber Sierra; Lloyd Elliot; Brust-Mascher Ingrid; Leigh Wesley; Ashfaq Jannat; Gareau Melanie G.; Reardon Colin", "journal": "Science advances", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adw7080", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40465722/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These findings demonstrate a previously unidentified neuroimmune circuit elicited by VNS that can control acute lung inflammation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "yang-2025-sepsis-induced", "title": "Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on sepsis-induced coagulopathy: protocol for a randomised controlled trial", "authors": "Yang et al.", "authorsFull": "Yang Chun; Zhu Jixiang; Zhang Yingying; Li Feng; Ni Kun; Xu Ke; Li Quanye; Ma Zhengliang; Yin Mingzhu", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-102904", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789727/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of taVNS in improving coagulation dysfunction in patients with SIC, with the primary outcome being the proportion of patients achieving a ≥2-point improvement in SIC score by day 7.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "falvey-2024-electrical-dorsal", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in male mice can regulate inflammation without affecting the heart rate", "authors": "Falvey et al.", "authorsFull": "Falvey Aidan; Palandira Santhoshi P.; Chavan Sangeeta S.; Brines Michael; Dantzer Robert; Tracey Kevin J.; Pavlov Valentin A.", "journal": "Brain, behavior, and immunity", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.027", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38670240/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Either left or right eDMNS at 500 μA and 250 μA decreased HR, compared with baseline pre-stimulation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bauhofer-2007-mechanical-new", "title": "Mechanical vagus nerve stimulation--A new adjunct in sepsis prophylaxis and treatment?", "authors": "Bauhofer et al.", "authorsFull": "Bauhofer Artur; Torossian Alexander", "journal": "Critical care medicine", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000288083.32202.DC", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18043211/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Study examining sepsis using iVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rana-2018-constitutive-activation", "title": "Constitutive Vagus Nerve Activation Modulates Immune Suppression in Sepsis Survivors", "authors": "Rana et al.", "authorsFull": "Rana Minakshi; Fei-Bloom Yurong; Son Myoungsun; La Bella Andrea; Ochani Mahendar; Levine Yaakov A.; Chiu Pui Yan; Wang Ping; Chavan Sangeeta S.; Volpe Bruce T.; Sherry Barbara; Diamond Betty", "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02032", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30237803/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Moreover, vagus nerve stimulation in control mice diminished the LPS-induced TNFα responses while having no effect in CLP mice, suggesting constitutive activation of vagus nerve signaling in CLP-survivors.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "huston-2012-inflammatory-reflex", "title": "The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex: wandering on a new treatment paradigm for systemic inflammation and sepsis", "authors": "Huston", "authorsFull": "Huston Jared M.", "journal": "Surgical infections", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2012.126", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22913335/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The central nervous system recognizes peripheral inflammation via afferent vagus nerve signaling.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "li-2015-protective-rats", "title": "[Protective effects of vagus nerve stimulation on rats with sepsis-associated encephalopathy]", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li N; Li Z; Xiang H; Wang X; Zhang X; Li J", "journal": "Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue", "year": 2015, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26049193/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Compared with sham group, the percentage of α wave on EEG was significantly increased at 2, 4 and 6 hours after LPS administration in model group [(14.52±0.50)%, (16.70±0.85)%, (17.35±0.36)% vs.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chen-2023-attenuates-septic", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates septic shock-induced cardiac injury in rats", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Shen Y; Cui M; Cui Y", "journal": "Physiological research", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.935136", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38215060/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This study suggests that VNS contributes to the reduction of myocardial apoptosis and improvement of left ventricular function to attenuate septic shock-induced cardiac injury in rats.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kox-2012-vagotomy-systemic", "title": "Effects of vagus nerve stimulation and vagotomy on systemic and pulmonary inflammation in a two-hit model in rats", "authors": "Kox et al.", "authorsFull": "Kox Matthijs; Vaneker Michiel; van der Hoeven Johannes G.; Scheffer Gert-Jan; Hoedemaekers Cornelia W.; Pickkers Peter", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034431", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22493690/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "No beneficial effects of vagus nerve stimulation performed following LPS administration were found.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "hong-2019-prevents-postoperative", "title": "Non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation prevents postoperative ileus and endotoxemia in mice", "authors": "Hong et al.", "authorsFull": "Hong Gun‐Soo; Zillekens Anne; Schneiker Bianca; Pantelis Dimitrios; de Jonge Wouter J.; Schaefer Nico; Kalff Joerg C.; Wehner Sven", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13501", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30406957/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an animal model, tVNS activated vagal brainstem nuclei, reduced intestinal inflammation and improved gastrointestinal transit after surgical handling and endotoxemia.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2022-attenuates-lipopolysaccharide", "title": "Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Neutrophil Infiltration and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Luyao; Lu Jun; Wu Zhiyang", "journal": "Shock (Augusta, Ga.)", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000001855", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34482317/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an animal model of LPS-induced acute lung injury, auricular VNS attenuated inflammation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "huston-2007-reduces-serum", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces serum high mobility group box 1 levels and improves survival in murine sepsis", "authors": "Huston et al.", "authorsFull": "Huston Jared M.; Gallowitsch-Puerta Margot; Ochani Mahendar; Ochani Kanta; Yuan Renqi; Rosas-Ballina Mauricio; Ashok Mala; Goldstein Richard S.; Chavan Sangeeta; Pavlov Valentin A.; Metz Christine N.; Yang Huan; Czura Christopher J.; Wang Haichao; Tracey Kevin J.", "journal": "Critical care medicine", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000288102.15975.BA", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17901837/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation is an efficacious treatment for mice with lethal endotoxemia or polymicrobial sepsis.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lei-2016-electrical-inhibits", "title": "Vagus nerve electrical stimulation inhibits serum levels of S100A8 protein in septic shock rats", "authors": "Lei et al.", "authorsFull": "LEI MING; LIU XIN-XIN", "journal": "Molecular medicine reports", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27035526/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The present study revealed that Sprague‑Dawley rats exhibited progressive hypotension and significantly increased serum AST and ALT levels following CLP challenge compared with the sham group.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kessler-2012-role-modulation", "title": "The role of the vagus nerve: modulation of the inflammatory reaction in murine polymicrobial sepsis", "authors": "Kessler et al.", "authorsFull": "Kessler Wolfram; Diedrich Stephan; Menges Pia; Ebker Tobias; Nielson Michael; Partecke Lars Ivo; Traeger Tobias; Cziupka Katharina; van der Linde Julia; Puls Ralf; Busemann Alexandra; Heidecke Claus-Dieter; Maier Stefan", "journal": "Mediators of inflammation", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/467620", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22547905/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Vagotomy significantly increases mortality in polymicrobial sepsis.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "falvey-2023-electrical-dorsal", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus regulates inflammation without affecting the heart rate", "authors": "Falvey et al.", "authorsFull": "Falvey Aidan; Palandira Santhoshi P.; Chavan Sangeeta S.; Brines Michael; Tracey Kevin J.; Pavlov Valentin A.", "journal": "bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.17.541191", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292846/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Either left or right eDMNS at 250 μA and 500 μA decreased HR, compared with pre- and post-stimulation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "stakenborg-2017-abdominal-new", "title": "Abdominal vagus nerve stimulation as a new therapeutic approach to prevent postoperative ileus", "authors": "Stakenborg et al.", "authorsFull": "Stakenborg N.; Wolthuis A. M.; Gomez‐Pinilla P. J.; Farro G.; Di Giovangiulio M.; Bosmans G.; Labeeuw E.; Verhaegen M.; Depoortere I.; D'Hoore A.; Matteoli G.; Boeckxstaens G. E.", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13075", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28429863/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "As this approach requires an additional cervical procedure, we explored the possibility of peroperative abdominal VNS in mice and human.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "strohl-2025-dysregulated-neural", "title": "Dysregulated neural coding in the vagus nerve during long sepsis", "authors": "Strohl et al.", "authorsFull": "Strohl Joshua J.; Huerta Tomás S.; Robbiati Sergio; Huerta Patricio T.", "journal": "Brain, behavior, & immunity - health", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101043", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40613006/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that LS mice exhibited significantly higher baseline vagal activity compared to controls, with elevated firing rates during both respiratory bursts and inter-burst intervals.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "huguenard-2024-subarachnoid-hemorrhage", "title": "Non-invasive Auricular Vagus nerve stimulation for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (NAVSaH): Protocol for a prospective, triple-blinded, randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Huguenard et al.", "authorsFull": "Huguenard Anna; Tan Gansheng; Johnson Gabrielle; Adamek Markus; Coxon Andrew; Kummer Terrance; Osbun Joshua; Vellimana Ananth; Limbrick Jr David; Zipfel Gregory; Brunner Peter; Leuthardt Eric", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301154", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39178291/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The aim of the Non-invasive Auricular Vagus nerve stimulation for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (NAVSaH) trial is to translate the use of non-invasive transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) to spontaneous SAH, with our central hypothesis being that implementing taVNS in the acute period following spontan...", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "huffman-2019-modulation-neuroinflammation", "title": "Modulation of neuroinflammation and memory dysfunction using percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in mice", "authors": "Huffman et al.", "authorsFull": "Huffman William J.; Subramaniyan Saraswathi; Rodriguiz Ramona M.; Wetsel William C.; Grill Warren M.; Terrando Niccolò", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.10.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30337243/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an animal model, percutaneous VNS reduced LPS-induced TNF-α and neuroinflammation-related memory dysfunction.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "mihaylova-2012-anti-inflammatory", "title": "Effects of anti-inflammatory vagus nerve stimulation on the cerebral microcirculation in endotoxinemic rats", "authors": "Mihaylova et al.", "authorsFull": "Mihaylova Stanka; Killian Anke; Mayer Konstantin; Pullamsetti Soni Savai; Schermuly Ralph; Rosengarten Bernhard", "journal": "Journal of neuroinflammation", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-9-183", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22830560/", "condition": "Sepsis", "conditions": "Sepsis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In endotoxinemic rats, vagus nerve stimulation tended to increase anti-inflammatory cytokine levels and resulted in a stabile hemodynamic response (28 ± 13%; versus baseline).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wu-2024-magnetic-ameliorates", "title": "Magnetic vagus nerve stimulation ameliorates contrast-induced acute kidney injury by circulating plasma exosomal miR-365-3p", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Tianyu; Zhu Wenwu; Duan Rui; Sun Jianfei; Bao Siyuan; Chen Kaiyan; Han Bing; Chen Yuqiong; Lu Yao", "journal": "Journal of nanobiotechnology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02928-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39468562/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an animal model of contrast-induced acute kidney injury, magnetic VNS improved renal function and reduced kidney damage.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "shimoura-2023-targeted-reduces", "title": "Targeted stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces renal injury in female mice with systemic lupus erythematosus", "authors": "Shimoura et al.", "authorsFull": "Shimoura Caroline Gusson; Stubbs Cassandra Y.; Chaudhari Sarika; Dinh Viet Q.; Mathis Keisa W.", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2023.103129", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37950930/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "At 35 weeks, mean arterial pressure (MAP; mmHg) was increased in SLE mice compared to NZW mice, but selective activation of DMV neurons did not significantly alter MAP in either group.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lai-2019-protects-against", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation protects against acute liver injury induced by renal ischemia reperfusion via antioxidant stress and anti-inflammation", "authors": "Lai et al.", "authorsFull": "Lai Yanqiu; Deng Jielin; Wang Menglong; Wang Meng; Zhou Liping; Meng Guannan; Zhou Zhen; Wang Yuhong; Guo Fuding; Yin Ming; Zhou Xiaoya; Jiang Hong", "journal": "Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109062", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31177065/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Kidney and liver function was severely damaged in the I/R group compared to the sham group.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "uni-2020-even-after", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation even after injury ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephropathy via reducing macrophage infiltration", "authors": "Uni et al.", "authorsFull": "Uni Rie; Inoue Tsuyoshi; Nakamura Yasuna; Fukaya Daichi; Hasegawa Sho; Wu Chia-Hsien; Fujii Rie; Surattichaiyakul Bongkod; Peerapanyasut Wachirasek; Ozeki Atsuko; Akimitsu Nobuyoshi; Wada Youichiro; Nangaku Masaomi; Inagi Reiko", "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66295-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32528023/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "However, there have been no reports that have demonstrated the effectiveness of VNS after injury.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sage-2024-safety-profile", "title": "Safety profile of abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed for renal disease surveillance in tuberous sclerosis complex patients with vagus nerve stimulation: Safety of MRI for TSC Patients with VNS", "authors": "Sage et al.", "authorsFull": "Sage Ethan; Choudhri Asim F.; Lee-Diaz Jorge A.; Bissler John; Wheless James W.", "journal": "Seizure", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2024.11.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39571475/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Sixteen patients with 48 total MRIs of the abdomen were found: 34 (71 %) scans were conducted under sedation and 14 (29 %) without sedation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "tanaka-2019-aki-neuroimmune", "title": "AKI and the Neuroimmune Axis", "authors": "Tanaka et al.", "authorsFull": "Tanaka Shinji; Okusa Mark D.", "journal": "Seminars in nephrology", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.10.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30606410/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this review, we discuss several neural circuits with respect to the control of renal inflammation and AKI as well as optogenetics as a novel tool for understanding these complex neural circuits.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "choudhary-2022-threshold-adjusted", "title": "Threshold adjusted vagus nerve stimulation after asphyxial cardiac arrest results in neuroprotection and improved survival", "authors": "Choudhary et al.", "authorsFull": "Choudhary Rishabh C.; Ahmed Umair; Shoaib Muhammad; Alper Eric; Rehman Abdul; Kim Junhwan; Shinozaki Koichiro; Volpe Bruce T.; Chavan Sangeeta; Zanos Stavros; Tracey Kevin J.; Becker Lance B.", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-022-00092-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35854394/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In comparison to the control group, tVNS significantly improved 72 h survival and brain functional recovery after 12 minutes of CA.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "inoue-2021-neuroimmune-system", "title": "Neuroimmune system-mediated renal protection mechanisms", "authors": "Inoue", "authorsFull": "Inoue Tsuyoshi", "journal": "Clinical and experimental nephrology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-021-02062-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33877485/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Previous animal studies demonstrated that vagus nerve stimulation reduced renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hasegawa-2019-neuroimmune-interactions", "title": "Neuroimmune interactions and kidney disease", "authors": "Hasegawa et al.", "authorsFull": "Hasegawa Sho; Inoue Tsuyoshi; Inagi Reiko", "journal": "Kidney research and clinical practice", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.23876/j.krcp.19.014", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31422643/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recent studies have demonstrated that vagus nerve stimulation, ultrasound, and restraint stress elicit protective effects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-jong-2018-renal-identifies", "title": "Renal nerve stimulation identifies aorticorenal innervation and prevents inadvertent ablation of vagal nerves during renal denervation", "authors": "de Jong et al.", "authorsFull": "de Jong Mark R.; Hoogerwaard Annemiek F.; Adiyaman Ahmet; Smit Jaap Jan J.; Heeg Jan-Evert; van Hasselt Boudewijn A. A. M.; Misier Anand R. Ramdat; Elvan Arif", "journal": "Blood pressure", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/08037051.2018.1463817", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29653494/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 35, "keyFinding": "A total of 289 RNS sites in 35 patients were analyzed.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "salman-2017-chronic-kidney", "title": "Chronic kidney disease impairs renal nerve and haemodynamic reflex responses to vagal afferent input through a central mechanism", "authors": "Salman et al.", "authorsFull": "Salman Ibrahim M.; Hildreth Cara M.; Phillips Jacqueline K.", "journal": "Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2016.10.001", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27776979/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 63, "keyFinding": "In juvenile LPK versus age-matched Lewis, sympathoinhibition was reduced when responses were expressed as % baseline (P<0.05), but not as microvolts, while bradycardic responses were greater.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "goggins-2025-neuroimmune-control", "title": "Neuroimmune Control of Inflammation in Acute Kidney Injury and Multiorgan Dysfunction", "authors": "Goggins et al.", "authorsFull": "Goggins Eibhlin; Inoue Hiro; Okusa Mark D.", "journal": "Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.0000000813", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40622772/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Understanding and targeting these neural circuits may offer novel therapeutic strategies for AKI and related conditions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hoeger-2010-modulation-brain", "title": "Modulation of brain dead induced inflammation by vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Hoeger et al.", "authorsFull": "Hoeger S; Bergstraesser C; Selhorst J; Fontana J; Birck R; Waldherr R; Beck G; Sticht C; Seelen M.A; van Son WJ; Leuvenink H; Ploeg R; Schnuelle P; Yard A", "journal": "American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons", "year": 2010, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02951.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20055812/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "HRV was significantly lower in BD animals.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "petkovich-2015-modulation-hypertension", "title": "Vagal modulation of hypertension", "authors": "Petkovich et al.", "authorsFull": "Petkovich Bradley W.; Vega Joshua; Thomas Sabu", "journal": "Current hypertension reports", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-015-0532-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25794951/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In this article, we review some of the key concepts of different vagal modulations for resistant hypertension including baroreflex activation therapy, renal sympathetic denervation, and direct vagal nerve stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dai-2024-anatomic-functional", "title": "Anatomic and functional evidence for renal autonomic innervation in normotensive and hypertensive rats", "authors": "Dai et al.", "authorsFull": "Dai Min; Li Cai-Yu; Wang Jing-Xiao; Xu Xiao-Yu; Sun Shi-Xiu; Kang Ying; Chen Ai-Dong; Han Ying; Zhu Guo-Qing", "journal": "American journal of physiology. Renal physiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00133.2024", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39298550/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Norepinephrine (NE) increased and α-receptor antagonist reduced vascular ring tension of renal arteries.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "davis-1991-somatic-kidney", "title": "Effect of somatic nerve stimulation on the kidney in intact, vagotomized and carotid sinus-denervated rats", "authors": "Davis et al.", "authorsFull": "Davis G; Johns E J", "journal": "The Journal of physiology", "year": 1991, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018401", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1886069/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "However, urine flow rate and absolute and fractional sodium excretions decreased by 50, 59 and 47% respectively, responses which were significantly greater than in the intact group.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "davis-1995-renal-sympathetic", "title": "Renal sympathetic nerve responses to somato-sensory nerve stimulation in normotensive rats", "authors": "Davis et al.", "authorsFull": "Davis Gerard; Johns Edward J.", "journal": "Journal of the autonomic nervous system", "year": 1995, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(94)00190-u", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7594212/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In the vagotomised group, power at heart rate was significantly lower at each stimulus frequency compared to intact rats although coherence was similar and the phase difference was larger.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tan-2019-selective-renal", "title": "Selective renal denervation guided by renal nerve stimulation: mapping renal nerves for unmet clinical needs", "authors": "Tan et al.", "authorsFull": "Tan Kunyue; Lai Yinchuan; Chen Weijie; Liu Hang; Xu Yanping; Li Yidan; Zhou Hao; Song Wenxin; Wang Jie; Woo Kamsang; Yin Yuehui", "journal": "Journal of human hypertension", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-019-0244-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31477828/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We further identify five different BP response patterns to RNS and provide an explanation of the underlying neuroanatomical basis.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pham-2018-pharmacological-potentiation", "title": "Pharmacological potentiation of the efferent vagus nerve attenuates blood pressure and renal injury in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus", "authors": "Pham et al.", "authorsFull": "Pham Grace S.; Wang Lei A.; Mathis Keisa W.", "journal": "American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00362.2017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30332305/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recent evidence suggests hypertension may be secondary to chronic inflammation that results from hypoactive neuro-immune regulatory mechanisms.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "inoue-2019-bioelectronic-approaches", "title": "Bioelectronic Approaches to Control Neuroimmune Interactions in Acute Kidney Injury", "authors": "Inoue et al.", "authorsFull": "Inoue Tsuyoshi; Tanaka Shinji; Rosin Diane L.; Okusa Mark D.", "journal": "Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a034231", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30126836/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Examination of the differences among these three modalities might lead to a further elucidation of the neuroimmune axis involved in renal protection and is of interest for developing new therapeutic approaches.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tanaka-2017-nonpharmacological-biomechanical", "title": "Nonpharmacological, Biomechanical Approaches to Control Inflammation in Acute Kidney Injury", "authors": "Tanaka et al.", "authorsFull": "Tanaka Shinji; Inoue Tsuyoshi; Hossack John A.; Okusa Mark D.", "journal": "Nephron", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000477218", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28595190/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of non-pharmacological, biomechanical approaches (including vagal neuromodulation) to control inflammation in acute kidney injury.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "shen-2015-interventional-device", "title": "Interventional and device-based autonomic modulation in heart failure", "authors": "Shen et al.", "authorsFull": "Shen Mark J.; Zipes Douglas P.", "journal": "Heart failure clinics", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2014.12.010", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25834979/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Results of preclinical animal studies and early clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of these therapies in heart failure.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schmidt-1985-kidney-function", "title": "Kidney function during arterial chemoreceptor stimulation. I. Influence of unilateral renal nerve section, bilateral cervical vagotomy, constant artificial ventilation, and carotid body chemoreceptor inactivation", "authors": "Schmidt et al.", "authorsFull": "Schmidt M; Ledderhos C; Honig A", "journal": "Biomedica biochimica acta", "year": 1985, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4062916/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An early physiological study in cats of renal responses to carotid-body stimulation, with vagal involvement (marginal relevance to VNS).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hering-2017-autonomic-nervous", "title": "Autonomic nervous system in acute kidney injury", "authors": "Hering et al.", "authorsFull": "Hering Dagmara; Winklewski Pawel J", "journal": "Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12694", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28116780/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The contribution of renal nerves to the pathogenesis of AKI has been extensively demonstrated in a series of experimental models over the past decades.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "husain-syed-2023-neuroimmune-control", "title": "Neuroimmune Control of Inflammation in Acute Kidney Injury: From Mouse Models to Human Disease", "authors": "Husain Syed et al.", "authorsFull": "Husain Syed Faeq; Okusa Mark D.", "journal": "Nephron", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000531293", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37257419/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The ultimate goal of these trials is to design strategies using noninvasive approaches, such as splenic pulsed ultrasonography, to prevent or attenuate inflammatory conditions at the bedside, including AKI.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "algheffari-2025-role-neuromodulation", "title": "The role of neuromodulation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction", "authors": "Algheffari et al.", "authorsFull": "Algheffari Jumana; Salameh Abdel Rahman; Adil Lina; Hameed Aamir; Araz Kurdo", "journal": "Current problems in cardiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2025.103189", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41077105/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Neuromodulation therapies show potential in improving symptoms and QoL for HFpEF patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zoccali-2025-autonomic-nervous", "title": "The autonomic nervous system and inflammation in chronic kidney disease", "authors": "Zoccali et al.", "authorsFull": "Zoccali Carmine; Mallamaci Francesca; Kanbay Mehmet; Tuttle Katherine R; Kotanko Peter; De Caterina Raffaele; Grassi Guido; Mancia Giuseppe", "journal": "Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaf020", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39870376/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Dysregulation of the autonomic system, characterized by increased sympathetic activity and reduced parasympathetic tone, is a common feature in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "inoue-2015-neuroimmune-control", "title": "Neuroimmune Control of Acute Kidney Injury and Inflammation", "authors": "Inoue et al.", "authorsFull": "Inoue Tsuyoshi; Okusa Mark D.", "journal": "Nephron", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000438496", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26376049/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recently, we demonstrated the effect of a non-pharmacologic, noninvasive, ultrasound-based method to prevent renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and sepsis-induced AKI in mice.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kopp-1993-neural-regulation", "title": "Neural regulation of renin secretion", "authors": "Kopp et al.", "authorsFull": "Kopp UC; DiBona GF", "journal": "Seminars in nephrology", "year": 1993, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8278687/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The degree of interaction between the neural and non-neural mechanisms is dependent on the level of activation of the non-neural mechanisms and the intensity of renal sympathetic nerve activity.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "napadow-2012-evoked-pain", "title": "Evoked pain analgesia in chronic pelvic pain patients using respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation", "authors": "Napadow et al.", "authorsFull": "Napadow Vitaly; Edwards Robert R.; Cahalan Christine M.; Mensing George; Greenbaum Seth; Valovska Assia; Li Ang; Kim Jieun; Maeda Yumi; Park Kyungmo; Wasan Ajay D.", "journal": "Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.)", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01385.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22568773/", "condition": "Endometriosis", "conditions": "Endometriosis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "RAVANS demonstrated a trend for reduced evoked pain intensity and temporal summation of mechanical pain, and significantly reduced anxiety in N = 15 CPP patients, compared with NVAS, with moderate to large effect sizes (η(2) > 0.2).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zeng-2025-reduced-tone", "title": "Reduced vagal tone in women with adenomyosis", "authors": "Zeng et al.", "authorsFull": "Zeng Weiwei; Zhang Tingting; Wu Fan; Guo Sun-Wei", "journal": "Reproduction & fertility", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-25-0039", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41026638/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 75, "keyFinding": "This study was undertaken to investigate whether vagal tone is reduced in patients with adenomyosis compared with healthy women.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zhi-2024-potential-therapy", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a potential therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: modulation of the noradrenergic pathway in the prefrontal lobe", "authors": "Zhi et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhi Jincao; Zhang Shiwen; Huang Meiling; Qin Huan; Xu He; Chang Qing; Wang Yan", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1494272", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39697776/", "condition": "ADHD", "conditions": "ADHD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In recent years, transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, has demonstrated promising potential in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "zaehle-2021-attention-deficit", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A viable option?", "authors": "Zaehle et al.", "authorsFull": "Zaehle T; Krauel K", "journal": "Progress in brain research", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.03.001", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34167655/", "condition": "ADHD", "conditions": "ADHD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "At the system level, reduced availability of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) but also γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been repeatedly demonstrated.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wong-2019-neurostimulation-treating", "title": "Neurostimulation in Treating ADHD", "authors": "Wong et al.", "authorsFull": "Wong HC; Zaman R", "journal": "Psychiatria Danubina", "year": 2019, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488739/", "condition": "ADHD", "conditions": "ADHD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Mixed results have been found in the effectiveness of neurostimulatory methods in treating ADHD.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "doruk-camsari-2018-therapeutic-applications", "title": "Therapeutic Applications of Invasive Neuromodulation in Children and Adolescents", "authors": "Doruk Camsari et al.", "authorsFull": "Doruk Camsari Deniz; Kirkovski Melissa; Croarkin Paul E.", "journal": "The Psychiatric clinics of North America", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.04.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098659/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "DBS and VNS have demonstrated utility in young patients especially for dystonia and epilepsy.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "kaeberle-2018-epilepsy-disorders", "title": "Epilepsy Disorders and Treatment Modalities", "authors": "Kaeberle", "authorsFull": "Kaeberle Jean", "journal": "NASN school nurse (Print)", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X18785246", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30024820/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Diagnosis and treatment of these disorders has improved over time.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "chai-2025-investigation-inhibiting", "title": "Investigation on Inhibiting SPHK - S1P Pathway to Improve ADHD Model Rats Behavior via Lipidomics", "authors": "Chai et al.", "authorsFull": "Chai Dingyue; Sun Yuzi; Lu Jiamin; Yao Yuhui; Jiang Chunyu; Wu Lihui; Cai Qianqian", "journal": "Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S530564", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955201/", "condition": "ADHD", "conditions": "ADHD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The ADHD model group exhibited significantly elevated ganglioside and lysophospholipid levels.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "perrault-2025-towards-optimizing", "title": "Towards optimizing target engagement in non-invasive trigeminal nerve stimulation: anatomical characterization of the human trigeminal nerve", "authors": "Perrault et al.", "authorsFull": "Perrault Jennifer L; Kozma Keith D; Zeng Weifeng; Nkana Zeeda; Albano Nicholas J; Gunderson Kirsten A; Hurley Samuel A; Lake Wendell B; Williams Justin C; Poore Samuel O; Ludwig Kip A; Dingle Aaron M; Suminski Aaron J", "journal": "Journal of neural engineering", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ae1dae", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41213181/", "condition": "ADHD", "conditions": "ADHD", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The SON was found to be significantly more superficial than the ION and MN with a higher nerve-to-connective tissue ratio compared to the MN.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hawksley-2015-role-autonomic", "title": "The role of the autonomic nervous system in Tourette Syndrome", "authors": "Hawksley et al.", "authorsFull": "Hawksley Jack; Cavanna Andrea E.; Nagai Yoko", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00117", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26074752/", "condition": "ADHD", "conditions": "ADHD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The central neural mechanisms of tic generation are not clearly understood, however recent neuroimaging investigations suggest impaired cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical activity during motor control.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hirshberg-2005-emerging-brain", "title": "Emerging brain-based interventions for children and adolescents: overview and clinical perspective", "authors": "Hirshberg et al.", "authorsFull": "Hirshberg Laurence M.; Chiu Sufen; Frazier Jean A.", "journal": "Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2004.07.011", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15564050/", "condition": "ADHD", "conditions": "ADHD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Several conditions are discussed regarding the use of evidence based thinking related to these emerging interventions and future directions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "akgun-2025-genetic-evaluation", "title": "A Clinical and Genetic Evaluation of Cases with Folate Receptor α Gene Mutation: A Case Series from Türkiye", "authors": "Akgun et al.", "authorsFull": "Akgun Abdurrahman; Tas Ibrahim", "journal": "Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070892", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40218241/", "condition": "ADHD", "conditions": "ADHD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A case series evaluating the clinical and genetic features of folate-receptor-α gene mutation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "mustika-2024-central-amygdala", "title": "Central amygdala is related to the reduction of aggressive behavior by monosodium glutamate ingestion during the period of development in an ADHD model rat", "authors": "Mustika et al.", "authorsFull": "Mustika Dewi; Nishimura Yu; Ueno Shinya; Tominaga Shiori; Shimizu Takeshi; Tajiri Naoki; Jung Cha-Gyun; Hida Hideki", "journal": "Frontiers in nutrition", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1356189", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38765817/", "condition": "ADHD", "conditions": "ADHD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The resident intruder test revealed that SHR/Izm rats were the most aggressive among the four strains for all aggression parameters tested.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "niederhofer-2006-seasonal-hyperkinetic", "title": "[\"Seasonal\" hyperkinetic disorder in adolescence: Improvement of symptomatology caused by additional light therapy]", "authors": "Niederhofer", "authorsFull": "Niederhofer H", "journal": "Psychiatria Danubina", "year": 2006, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17099613/", "condition": "ADHD", "conditions": "ADHD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A case report of a treatment-resistant adolescent with a 'seasonal' hyperkinetic/depressive disorder.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "biniaz-harris-2023-neuropsychiatric-lyme", "title": "Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease and Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "authors": "Biniaz-Harris et al.", "authorsFull": "Biniaz-Harris Nicholas; Kuvaldina Mara; Fallon Brian A.", "journal": "Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12091347", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760644/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease and the potential role of VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "tarn-2019-fatigue-immune", "title": "The Effects of Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Fatigue and Immune Responses in Patients With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome", "authors": "Tarn et al.", "authorsFull": "Tarn Jessica; Legg Sarah; Mitchell Sheryl; Simon Bruce; Ng Wan-Fai", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12879", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30328647/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Pro-F and ESS scores were significantly reduced across all three visits.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zinglersen-2022-novel-treatment", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation as a novel treatment for systemic lupus erythematous: study protocol for a randomised, parallel-group, sham-controlled investigator-initiated clinical trial, the SLE-VNS study", "authors": "Zinglersen et al.", "authorsFull": "Zinglersen Amanda Hempel; Drange Ida Lynghøj; Myhr Katrine Aagaard; Fuchs Andreas; Pfeiffer-Jensen Mogens; Brock Christina; Jacobsen Søren", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064552", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36127117/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Recent studies suggest that transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) has few side effects and beneficial effects on fatigue, pain, disease activity and organ function.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "nicholson-2017-potential-role", "title": "The potential role of vagus-nerve stimulation in the treatment of HIV-associated depression: a review of literature", "authors": "Nicholson et al.", "authorsFull": "Nicholson William C; Kempf Mirjam-Colette; Moneyham Linda; Vance David E", "journal": "Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S136065", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28721049/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Estimates suggest that the prevalence rate for depression among HIV-infected individuals is three times that of the general population.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "contreras-2023-optimizing-systemic", "title": "Optimizing Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Protocol for a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial", "authors": "Contreras et al.", "authorsFull": "Contreras Ivan; Navarro-Otano Judith; Rodríguez-Pintó Ignasi; Güemes Amparo; Alves Eduarda; Rios-Garcés Roberto; Espinosa Gerard; Alejaldre Aida; Beneyto Aleix; Ramkissoon Charrise Mary; Vehi Josep; Cervera Ricard", "journal": "JMIR research protocols", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2196/48387", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37831494/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "On November 2022, data collection was initiated.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "venkatasamy-2021-ameliorates-cognitive", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment and Increased Hippocampal Astrocytes in a Mouse Model of Gulf War Illness", "authors": "Venkatasamy et al.", "authorsFull": "Venkatasamy Lavanya; Nizamutdinov Damir; Jenkins Jaclyn; Shapiro Lee A", "journal": "Neuroscience insights", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/26331055211018456", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34104886/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The results also showed an increased number of GFAP-labeled astrocytes in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus that was ameliorated by VNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kim-2024-neuron-microglia", "title": "Neuron-Microglia Interaction is Involved in Anti-inflammatory Response by Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rats Injected with Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid", "authors": "Kim et al.", "authorsFull": "Kim Ki-Joong; Hwang Jinyeon; Lee Kang-Woo; Kim Jieun; Han Yunha; Namgung Uk", "journal": "Molecular neurobiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04054-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38383920/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Neuronal production of fractalkine (CX3CL1) in the PFC was markedly reduced by poly(I:C), but recovered by aVNS.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "baptista-2020-applications-neuromodulation", "title": "Applications of Non-invasive Neuromodulation for the Management of Disorders Related to COVID-19", "authors": "Baptista et al.", "authorsFull": "Baptista Abrahão Fontes; Baltar Adriana; Okano Alexandre Hideki; Moreira Alexandre; Campos Ana Carolina Pinheiro; Fernandes Ana Mércia; Brunoni André Russowsky; Badran Bashar W.; Tanaka Clarice; de Andrade Daniel Ciampi; da Silva Machado Daniel Gomes; Morya Edgard; Trujillo Eduardo; Swami Jaiti K.; Camprodon Joan A.; Monte-Silva Katia; Sá Katia Nunes; Nunes Isadora; Goulardins Juliana Barbosa; Bikson Marom; Sudbrack-Oliveira Pedro; de Carvalho Priscila; Duarte-Moreira Rafael Jardim; Pagano Rosana Lima; Shinjo Samuel Katsuyuki; Zana Yossi", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.573718", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33324324/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "Non-invasive neuromodulation is a toolbox of techniques that based on targeted pathways and empirical evidence (largely in non-COVID-19 patients) can be investigated in the management of patients with COVID-19.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hirobumi-2023-autonomic-nervous", "title": "Autonomic Nervous System Regulation Effects of Epipharyngeal Abrasive Therapy for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Associated With Chronic Epipharyngitis", "authors": "Hirobumi", "authorsFull": "Hirobumi Ito", "journal": "Cureus", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33777", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36655156/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The CFS group had an increased baseline heart rate compared to the control group, and the CFS group had a greater increase in parasympathetic activity and a decrease in heart rate with nasal abrasion.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "akoolo-2022-sciatic-electroacupuncture", "title": "Sciatic-Vagal Nerve Stimulation by Electroacupuncture Alleviates Inflammatory Arthritis in Lyme Disease-Susceptible C3H Mice", "authors": "Akoolo et al.", "authorsFull": "Akoolo Lavoisier; Djokic Vitomir; Rocha Sandra C.; Ulloa Luis; Parveen Nikhat", "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.930287", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35924250/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "However, arthritic manifestations and chronic fatigue syndrome-like symptoms persist long after completion of antibiotic treatment regimens in a significant number of patients.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "iqbal-2025-chronic-inflammation", "title": "Chronic inflammation in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 modulates gut microbiome: a review of literature on COVID-19 sequelae and gut dysbiosis", "authors": "Iqbal et al.", "authorsFull": "Iqbal Najeeha Talat; Khan Hana; Khalid Aqsa; Mahmood Syed Faisal; Nasir Nosheen; Khanum Iffat; de Siqueira Isadora; Van Voorhis Wes", "journal": "Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-024-00986-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39849406/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A review of chronic inflammation and gut-microbiome changes in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "camargo-2024-evidence-bottom", "title": "Evidence of bottom-up homeostatic modulation induced taVNS during emotional and Go/No-Go tasks", "authors": "Camargo et al.", "authorsFull": "Camargo Lucas; Pacheco-Barrios Kevin; Gianlorenço Anna Carolyna; Menacho Maryela; Choi Hyuk; Song Jae-Jun; Fregni Felipe", "journal": "Experimental brain research", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-024-06876-x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38963558/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety; Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An RCT investigating bottom-up homeostatic modulation by taVNS during emotional and Go/No-Go tasks.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "mantilla-2026-gulf-war", "title": "Gulf War Illness: Neurological Impacts, Pathophysiological Insights, and Therapeutic Prospects", "authors": "Mantilla et al.", "authorsFull": "Mantilla Fabian; Patel Nidhi; Cheema Amanpreet K.; Parmar Mayur S.", "journal": "Molecular neurobiology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05708-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41619056/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Evidence implicates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic dysregulation as central mechanisms, with emerging data suggesting early tauopathy and sex-specific immune responses.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "kim-2026-potential-application", "title": "Potential application of brain-gut axis-based treatments in Long COVID and ME/CFS: a case-based systematic review", "authors": "Kim et al.", "authorsFull": "Kim Do-Young; Youn Jaeyoung; Kang Naeun; Cho Sung-Il; Ha In-Hyuk", "journal": "Journal of translational medicine", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-026-07807-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41668172/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 790, "keyFinding": "The patient exhibited a significant reduction in total fatigue, with early improvements in motivation and mental fatigue, and delayed improvement in physical fatigue following transient systemic symptom flares.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yang-2023-complementary-alternative", "title": "Complementary and alternative medicine for long COVID: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Yang et al.", "authorsFull": "Yang Juan; Lim Kia Hui; Lim Kia Teng; Woods Jeffrey T.; Mohabbat Arya B.; Wahner-Roedler Dietlind L.; Ganesh Ravindra; Bauer Brent A.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in chronic disease", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20406223231204727", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37841213/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1195, "keyFinding": "A total of 14 RCTs with 1195 participants were included in this review.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pena-ceballos-2023-adjunctive-cenobamate", "title": "Adjunctive cenobamate in highly active and ultra-refractory focal epilepsy: A \"real-world\" retrospective study", "authors": "Peña-Ceballos et al.", "authorsFull": "Peña‐Ceballos Javier; Moloney Patrick B.; Munteanu Tudor; Doyle Michael; Colleran Niamh; Liggan Brenda; Breen Annette; Murphy Sinead; El‐Naggar Hany; Widdess‐Walsh Peter; Delanty Norman", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17549", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36790345/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Fifty-seven patients received cenobamate for at least 3 months (median duration, 11 months).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "hirobumi-2025-epipharyngeal-abrasive", "title": "Epipharyngeal Abrasive Therapy (EAT) Field Theory: A Clinical Framework for EAT in Modulating Psycho-Neuro-Endocrino-Immune (PNEI) Dynamics", "authors": "Hirobumi", "authorsFull": "Hirobumi Ito", "journal": "Cureus", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.93254", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41024755/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This article is presented as a narrative and conceptual review rather than a systematic review, aiming to synthesize the clinical findings and theoretical perspectives into the proposed EAT field theory.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rodriguez-2023-achieving-symptom", "title": "Achieving symptom relief in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis by targeting the neuro-immune interface and optimizing disease tolerance", "authors": "Rodriguez et al.", "authorsFull": "Rodriguez Lucie; Pou Christian; Lakshmikanth Tadepally; Zhang Jingdian; Mugabo Constantin Habimana; Wang Jun; Mikes Jaromir; Olin Axel; Chen Yang; Rorbach Joanna; Juto Jan-Erik; Li Tie Qiang; Julin Per; Brodin Petter", "journal": "Oxford open immunology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfimm/iqad003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37255930/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A study targeting the neuro-immune axis to relieve symptoms in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hermann-2005-tnf-alpha", "title": "TNF(alpha) modulation of visceral and spinal sensory processing", "authors": "Hermann et al.", "authorsFull": "Hermann G.; Holmes G.; Rogers R.", "journal": "Current pharmaceutical design", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612053507828", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15853670/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We have demonstrated that TNF(alpha) can elicit gastric stasis in a dose-dependent fashion via its interaction with vago-vagal neurocircuitry in the brainstem.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "carraro-2020-thirty-years", "title": "Thirty years of translational research in Mobility Medicine: Collection of abstracts of the 2020 Padua Muscle Days", "authors": "Carraro", "authorsFull": "Carraro Ugo", "journal": "European journal of translational myology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2019.8826", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32499887/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "More than half a century of skeletal muscle research is continuing at Padua University (Italy) under the auspices of the Interdepartmental Research Centre of Myology (CIR-Myo), the European Journal of Translational Myology (EJTM) and recently also with the support of the A&CM-C Foundation for Tra...", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "de-ponti-1987-reflex-gastric", "title": "Reflex gastric relaxation in response to distention of the duodenum", "authors": "De Ponti et al.", "authorsFull": "De Ponti F.; Azpiroz F.; Malagelada J. R.", "journal": "The American journal of physiology", "year": 1987, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1987.252.5.G595", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2883897/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Neither bethanechol nor combined phentolamine and propranolol infused intravenously had any significant effect on gastric relaxation in response to duodenal distention.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "dutordoir-2022-induced-pseudo", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation-Induced Pseudo-Pheochromocytoma", "authors": "Dutordoir et al.", "authorsFull": "Dutordoir Camille; Meurs Alfred", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13511", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35396076/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A case report of VNS-induced pseudo-pheochromocytoma, an adverse event.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "abdullahi-2023-putative-role", "title": "Putative role of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in cancer pathology and immunotherapy: Can this be a hidden treasure, especially for the elderly?", "authors": "Abdullahi et al.", "authorsFull": "Abdullahi Auwal; Wong Thomson W. L.; Ng Shamay S. M.", "journal": "Cancer medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.6466", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37587897/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Cancer is globally a disease of significant public health concern owing to its prevalence, and association with morbidity and mortality.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "brem-2024-novel-concept", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: Novel concept for the treatment of glioblastoma and solid cancers by cytokine (interleukin-6) reduction, attenuating the SASP, enhancing tumor immunity", "authors": "Brem", "authorsFull": "Brem Steven", "journal": "Brain, behavior, & immunity - health", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100859", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39512605/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review proposing VNS as a novel concept for treating glioblastoma and other solid cancers via immune modulation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "liu-2021-neuroanatomical-basis", "title": "A neuroanatomical basis for electroacupuncture to drive the vagal-adrenal axis", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Shenbin; Wang Zhifu; Su Yangshuai; Qi Lu; Yang Wei; Fu Mingzhou; Jing Xianghong; Wang Yanqing; Ma Qiufu", "journal": "Nature", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04001-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34646018/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our studies provide a neuroanatomical basis for the selectivity and specificity of acupoints in driving specific autonomic pathways.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wu-2024-rescues-persistent", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation rescues persistent pain following orthopedic surgery in adult mice", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Pau Yen; Caceres Ana Isabel; Chen Jiegen; Sokoloff Jamie; Huang Mingjian; Baht Gurpreet Singh; Nackley Andrea G.; Jordt Sven-Eric; Terrando Niccolò", "journal": "Pain", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003181", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38422485/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Postoperative pain is a major clinical problem imposing a significant burden on patients and society.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "aktas-2026-cancer-symptom", "title": "Vagus nerve and cancer symptom science", "authors": "Aktas et al.", "authorsFull": "Aktas Aynur; Beeler Dori; Waldman Jake; Walsh Declan", "journal": "BMJ supportive & palliative care", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/spcare-2025-005483", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40316427/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Patients with cancer are often polysymptomatic due to significant disease and treatment-related morbidity.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "reijmen-2018-therapeutic-potential", "title": "Therapeutic potential of the vagus nerve in cancer", "authors": "Reijmen et al.", "authorsFull": "Reijmen Eva; Vannucci Luca; De Couck Marijke; De Grève Jacques; Gidron Yori", "journal": "Immunology letters", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2018.07.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30077536/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found direct evidence in studies using animal cancer models that vagus nerve stimulation alters immunological responses relevant to the tumor microenvironment.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "podell-2016-2015-acvim", "title": "2015 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Seizure Management in Dogs", "authors": "Podell et al.", "authorsFull": "Podell M.; Volk H.A.; Berendt M.; Löscher W.; Muñana K.; Patterson E.E.; Platt S.R.", "journal": "Journal of veterinary internal medicine", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.13841", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26899355/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Ultimately, we hope to provide a foundation for ongoing and future clinical epilepsy research in veterinary medicine.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "baek-2024-analgesic-oxaliplatin", "title": "Analgesic Effect of Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Oxaliplatin-induced Peripheral Neuropathic Pain in a Rodent Model", "authors": "Baek et al.", "authorsFull": "Baek In Seon; Choi Seunghwan; Yoon Heera; Chung Geehoon; Kim Sun Kwang", "journal": "Experimental neurobiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.5607/en24012", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38993080/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated increased c-Fos expression in the locus coeruleus (LC) in the brain of CIPN rats treated with aVNS compared to sham treatment.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "lam-2021-tumor-related", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Tumor-Related Epilepsy: Does It Make Sense?", "authors": "Lam et al.", "authorsFull": "Lam Keng; Hwang Jane Y", "journal": "The Permanente journal", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/20.276", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35348066/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Here we discuss the evidence of using vagus nerve stimulation for refractory tumor-related epilepsy and its challenges and gaps moving forward.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shi-2024-effective-treatment", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation Is Effective for the Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Study", "authors": "Shi et al.", "authorsFull": "Shi Xin; Zhao Lina; Luo Hui; Deng Hui; Wang Xiangping; Ren Gui; Zhang Linhui; Tao Qin; Liang Shuhui; Liu Na; Huang Xiaojun; Zhang Xiaoyin; Yang Xuejuan; Sun Jinbo; Qin Wei; Kang Xiaoyu; Han Ying; Pan Yanglin; Fan Daiming", "journal": "The American journal of gastroenterology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000002548", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37787432/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 300, "keyFinding": "A total of 300 patients were randomized to V10 (n = 101), V25 (n = 99), and sham groups (n = 100).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "savchuk-2023-neuronal-activity", "title": "Neuronal-Activity Dependent Mechanisms of Small Cell Lung Cancer Progression", "authors": "Savchuk et al.", "authorsFull": "Savchuk Solomiia; Gentry Kaylee; Wang Wengang; Carleton Elana; Yalçın Belgin; Liu Yin; Pavarino Elisa C.; LaBelle Jenna; Toland Angus M.; Woo Pamelyn J.; Qu Fangfei; Filbin Mariella G.; Krasnow Mark A.; Sabatini Bernardo L.; Sage Julien; Monje Michelle; Venkatesh Humsa S.", "journal": "bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.19.524430", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36711554/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Taken together, these studies illustrate that neuronal activity plays a crucial role in dictating SCLC pathogenesis in both primary and metastatic sites.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "saibene-2022-vocal-outcomes", "title": "Vocal Outcomes in Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Laryngeal Pattern-Based Objective Analysis", "authors": "Saibene et al.", "authorsFull": "Saibene Alberto Maria; Fuccillo Emanuela; Felisati Giovanni; Pipolo Giorgia Carlotta; Chiesa Valentina; Canevini Maria Paola; Maccari Alberto; De Gasperis Martha; Pizzorni Nicole; Schindler Antonio", "journal": "Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.07.033", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32843258/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A study evaluating objective and subjective vocal outcomes and laryngeal dysmotility patterns in patients on VNS for drug-resistant epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "zuo-2025-efficacy-safety", "title": "Efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation plus pregabalin for radiotherapy-related neuropathic pain in patients with head and neck cancer (RELAX): a phase 2 randomised trial", "authors": "Zuo et al.", "authorsFull": "Zuo Xuzheng; Xu Yongteng; Li Shaojian; Jiang Jingru; Wang Jinyuan; Zhu Yingying; Pan Dong; Li Honghong; Chen Yanting; Chen Yanmin; Rong Xiaoming; Zheng Dong; Lu Kui; Mai Haiqiang; Chen Mingyuan; Chen Pingyan; Li Jinpu; Simone Charles B.; Chua Melvin L.K.; Li Yi; Shen Qingyu; Xiao Songhua; Tang Yamei", "journal": "EClinicalMedicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103345", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40697962/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Between September 16, 2022, and December 1, 2023, 116 eligible patients (mean age, 50.8 [standard deviation (SD), 8.8] years; 40 [34.5%] were women) were randomly assigned into groups.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ru-2023-low-intensity", "title": "Low-intensity transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces postoperative ileus after laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer: a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Ru et al.", "authorsFull": "RU Ouyang; JIN Xianwei; QU Liangchao; LONG Dingde; LIU Mei; CHENG Liqin; JIANG Yao", "journal": "Minerva anestesiologica", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.22.16735-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36326770/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The incidence of POI in the A group was 6.25% and 20% in the B group (P=0.022).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "horn-2021-hydrogel-electrodes", "title": "Hydrogel-based electrodes for selective cervical vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Horn et al.", "authorsFull": "Horn Charles C; Forssell Mats; Sciullo Michael; Harms Jonathan E; Fulton Stephanie; Mou Chenchen; Sun Fan; Simpson Tyler W; Xiao Gutian; Fisher Lee E; Bettinger Christopher; Fedder Gary K", "journal": "Journal of neural engineering", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/abf398", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33784636/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An engineering study of hydrogel-based electrodes for selective cervical VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bosmans-2019-dampens-intestinal", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation dampens intestinal inflammation in a murine model of experimental food allergy", "authors": "Bosmans et al.", "authorsFull": "Bosmans Goele; Appeltans Iris; Stakenborg Nathalie; Gomez‐Pinilla Pedro J.; Florens Morgane V.; Aguilera‐Lizarraga Javier; Matteoli Gianluca; Boeckxstaens Guy E.", "journal": "Allergy", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13790", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30897213/", "condition": "Cancer Support", "conditions": "Cancer Support", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "When compared to control mice, VGX did not significantly affect the development and severity of the disease in our model of food allergy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lopez-blanco-2025-cornerstone-mental", "title": "The vagus nerve: a cornerstone for mental health and performance optimization in recreation and elite sports", "authors": "Lopez Blanco et al.", "authorsFull": "Lopez Blanco Christian; Tyler William J.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1639866", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40718569/", "condition": "Sports Recovery", "conditions": "Sports Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These perspectives suppor recent shifts in sports science toward integrating vagal-centered approaches as scalable, evidence-based strategies that can enhance human performance and wellness.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "cal-2024-single-session", "title": "Effects of a single session of noninvasive auricular vagus nerve stimulation on sports performance in elite athletes: an open-label randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Çalι et al.", "authorsFull": "Çalι Adem; Özden Ali Veysel; Ceylan İsmail", "journal": "Expert review of medical devices", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2023.2299300", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38146234/", "condition": "Sports Recovery", "conditions": "Sports Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In an RCT, a single session of auricular VNS produced small but significant changes in heart rate and balance-test performance in athletes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hackl-2017-peripheral-arterial", "title": "Auricular vagal nerve stimulation in peripheral arterial disease patients", "authors": "Hackl et al.", "authorsFull": "Hackl Gerald; Prenner Andreas; Jud Philipp; Hafner Franz; Rief Peter; Seinost Gerald; Pilger Ernst; Brodmann Marianne", "journal": "VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000660", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28920767/", "condition": "Sports Recovery", "conditions": "Sports Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pernigoni-2025-power-belief", "title": "The Power of Belief: Investigating the Placebo Effect in Post-Exercise Recovery Strategies for Football Players", "authors": "Pernigoni et al.", "authorsFull": "Pernigoni Marco; Alfieri Andrius Osvaldo; Kniubaitė Audinga; Kamandulis Sigitas; Conte Daniele; Lukonaitienė Inga", "journal": "Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14010004", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41516935/", "condition": "Sports Recovery", "conditions": "Sports Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A crossover study of the placebo effect on recovery after a football match.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "di-flumeri-2025-potential-treatment", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation as a potential treatment for acute asthmatic bronchoconstriction: a systematic review", "authors": "Di Flumeri et al.", "authorsFull": "Di Flumeri Elizabeth; Ducharme Francine M.; St-Pierre Joël; Niazi Farbod; Shlobin Nathan A.; Couillard Simon; Praud Jean-Paul; Weil Alexander G.; Iorio-Morin Christian", "journal": "Frontiers in physiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1625871", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40881653/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A total of 2072 articles were identified, of which 1,528 unique articles were screened for inclusion.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "masse-2025-neuromodulation-dyspnea", "title": "Neuromodulation of dyspnea - A literature review", "authors": "Massé et al.", "authorsFull": "Massé Sandrine; St-Pierre Joël; Delisle Tommy; Vézina Félix-Antoine; Iorio-Morin Christian; Couillard Simon", "journal": "Respiratory medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2025.108129", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40306331/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of neuromodulation approaches, including VNS, for dyspnea.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "richards-1983-pharmacological-modulation", "title": "Pharmacological modulation of bronchial hyperreactivity", "authors": "Richards", "authorsFull": "Richards IM", "journal": "European journal of respiratory diseases. Supplement", "year": 1983, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6418560/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In dogs exposed to SO2 gas changes in RL induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine or electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves were significantly increased when compared to the responses in normal dogs.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "st-pierre-2025-neuromodulation-alleviating", "title": "Non-invasive neuromodulation for alleviating dyspnoea: protocol for a feasibility sham-controlled randomised trial", "authors": "St-Pierre et al.", "authorsFull": "St-Pierre Joël; Mailhot-Larouche Samuel; Garand Geneviève; Vézina Félix-Antoine; Léonard Guillaume; Iorio-Morin Christian; Couillard Simon", "journal": "BMJ open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103891", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40701604/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We speculate that non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) and trigeminal transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) could improve dyspnoea management by targeting relevant neural circuits.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "protocol", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schiff-1980-control-breathing", "title": "Control of breathing in asthma", "authors": "Schiff", "authorsFull": "Schiff M", "journal": "Clinics in chest medicine", "year": 1980, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7026150/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Further growth in the applications of knowledge of respiratory control may be expected.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bleecker-1986-cholinergic-neurogenic", "title": "Cholinergic and neurogenic mechanisms in obstructive airways disease", "authors": "Bleecker", "authorsFull": "Bleecker Eugene R.", "journal": "The American journal of medicine", "year": 1986, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(86)90470-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2878614/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Alpha-adrenoreceptors are found in human airways and stimulation of these receptors causes bronchoconstriction.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dicpinigaitis-2018-prevalence-arnold", "title": "Prevalence of Arnold Nerve Reflex in Adults and Children With Chronic Cough", "authors": "Dicpinigaitis et al.", "authorsFull": "Dicpinigaitis Peter V.; Kantar Ahmad; Enilari Oladunni; Paravati Francesco", "journal": "Chest", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2017.11.019", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29197546/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Arnold nerve reflex was present in 25.5% of adults and 3% of children with chronic cough.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "undem-1995-neurophysiology-mast", "title": "Neurophysiology of mast cell-nerve interactions in the airways", "authors": "Undem et al.", "authorsFull": "Undem Bradley J.; Riccio Margerita M.; Weinreich Daniel; Ellis James L.; Myers Allen C.", "journal": "International archives of allergy and immunology", "year": 1995, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000236976", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7542071/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "In addition, we have found that antigen stimulation has direct effects on the excitability of the parasympathetic ganglion neurons.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "undem-2010-targeting-primary", "title": "Targeting primary afferent nerves for novel antitussive therapy", "authors": "Undem et al.", "authorsFull": "Undem Bradley J.; Carr Michael J.", "journal": "Chest", "year": 2010, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-1960", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20051402/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "For the latter category we focus on recent advances in voltage-gated sodium (Na(V)) channel biology.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shaffo-2018-organophosphorus-pesticide", "title": "The Organophosphorus Pesticide Chlorpyrifos Induces Sex-Specific Airway Hyperreactivity in Adult Rats", "authors": "Shaffo et al.", "authorsFull": "Shaffo Frances C; Grodzki Ana Cristina; Schelegle Edward S; Lein Pamela J", "journal": "Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfy158", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939342/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Additionally, sex differences in asthma incidence have been demonstrated in the human population, but whether OP-induced AHR is sex-dependent has not been systematically studied in a preclinical model.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lin-2024-stimulatory-methylglyoxal", "title": "Stimulatory effect of methylglyoxal on capsaicin-sensitive lung vagal afferents in rats: role of TRPA1", "authors": "Lin et al.", "authorsFull": "Lin You Shuei; Chan Nai-Ju; Xiao Pei-Yu; Lai Ching Jung", "journal": "American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00297.2023", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38497128/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our results showed that intravenous injection of MG (25 mg/kg, MG25) in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats elicited pulmonary chemoreflexes characterized by apnea, bradycardia, and hypotension.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "canning-2026-atp-release", "title": "ATP release and metabolism by human and guinea pig airways and P2X receptor-dependent effects on bronchopulmonary vagal afferent nerve subtypes", "authors": "Canning et al.", "authorsFull": "Canning Brendan J.; Yoshihara Midori; Mori Nanako; Tsujimura Takanori; Inoue Makoto; Meeker Sonya; Liu Qi; Undem Bradley J.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.70238", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41178173/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "It is also unclear whether P2X receptor blockade could compromise the essential defensive functions of cough regulated by the vagal Aδ-fibres terminating in the extrapulmonary airways.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kaufman-2011-toll-like", "title": "Toll-like receptor 7 agonists are potent and rapid bronchodilators in guinea pigs", "authors": "Kaufman et al.", "authorsFull": "Kaufman Elad H.; Fryer Allison D.; Jacoby David B.", "journal": "The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.029", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21167577/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "TLR7 agonists acutely inhibited bronchoconstriction in vivo and relaxed contraction of airway smooth muscle in vitro within minutes of administration.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sorkness-1994-virus-induced", "title": "Virus-induced airway obstruction and parasympathetic hyperresponsiveness in adult rats", "authors": "Sorkness et al.", "authorsFull": "Sorkness R; Clough J J; Castleman W L; Lemanske R F", "journal": "American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine", "year": 1994, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.150.1.8025764", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8025764/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Airway responses to vagal parasympathetic nerve stimulation were enhanced markedly at 1 to 4 wk, and significantly at 7 to 8 wk, after viral inoculation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "trankner-2014-population-sensory", "title": "Population of sensory neurons essential for asthmatic hyperreactivity of inflamed airways", "authors": "Tränkner et al.", "authorsFull": "Tränkner Dimitri; Hahne Nadeau; Sugino Ken; Hoon Mark A.; Zuker Charles", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411032111", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25049382/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "These neurons are found in the vagal ganglia and are characterized by the expression of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ryan-2014-arnold-cough", "title": "Arnold's nerve cough reflex: evidence for chronic cough as a sensory vagal neuropathy", "authors": "Ryan et al.", "authorsFull": "Ryan NM; Gibson PG; Birring SS", "journal": "Journal of thoracic disease", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.22", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25383210/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "case report", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A case series presenting chronic cough as a sensory vagal neuropathy via Arnold's ear-cough reflex.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "lotvall-1994-airway-direct", "title": "Airway effects of direct left-sided cervical vagal stimulation in patients with complex partial seizures", "authors": "Lötvall et al.", "authorsFull": "Lötvall Jan; Lunde Helen; Augustinson Lars-Erik; Hedner Thomas; Svedmyr Nils; Ben-Menachem Elinor", "journal": "Epilepsy research", "year": 1994, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-1211(94)90007-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7957037/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We conclude that long-term vagal stimulation in patients without concomitant lung disease does not induce any significant changes in FEV1.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "nie-2011-role-tnf", "title": "Role of TNF-α in virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and neuronal M₂ muscarinic receptor dysfunction", "authors": "Nie et al.", "authorsFull": "Nie Zhenying; Scott Gregory D; Weis Patrick D; Itakura Asako; Fryer Allison D; Jacoby David B", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01393.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21457223/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Here we test whether virus-induced M₂ receptor dysfunction and airway hyperresponsiveness are tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) dependent.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "meeseen-1995-histamine-induced", "title": "Histamine-induced end-tidal inspiratory activity and lung receptors in cats", "authors": "Meeseen et al.", "authorsFull": "Meeseen NE; van der Grinten CP; Folgering HT; Luijendijk SC", "journal": "The European respiratory journal", "year": 1995, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.95.08122094", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8666106/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This suggests that hyperinflation in acute asthma might be due, at least in part, to ETIA resulting from an imbalance between SAR and RAR activity.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "birrell-2002-dopamine-receptor", "title": "Effect of dopamine receptor agonists on sensory nerve activity: possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of asthma and COPD", "authors": "Birrell et al.", "authorsFull": "Birrell Mark A; Crispino Natascia; Hele David J; Patel Hema J; Yacoub Magdi H; Barnes Peter J; Belvisi Maria G", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "year": 2002, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704758", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12055141/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Evidence suggests that dopamine receptor agonists may inhibit sensory nerve-mediated responses.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ritz-2001-experimentally-induced", "title": "Experimentally induced emotions, facial muscle activity, and respiratory resistance in asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals", "authors": "Ritz et al.", "authorsFull": "Ritz T; Claussen C; Dahme B", "journal": "The British journal of medical psychology", "year": 2001, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11453169/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Significant increases of respiratory resistance were observed in asthmatic patients following depressing stimulation.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pisarri-1992-afferent-reflex", "title": "Vagal afferent and reflex responses to changes in surface osmolarity in lower airways of dogs", "authors": "Pisarri et al.", "authorsFull": "Pisarri T. E.; Jonzon A.; Coleridge H. M.; Coleridge J. C.", "journal": "Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)", "year": 1992, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.6.2305", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1490937/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our results suggest that non-isosmotic fluid in the lower airways initiates defense reflexes by stimulating pulmonary and bronchial C-fibers and rapidly adapting receptors.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "mann-1985-adenosine-induced", "title": "Adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Role of parasympathetic stimulation and adrenergic inhibition", "authors": "Mann et al.", "authorsFull": "Mann JS; Cushley MJ; Holgate ST", "journal": "The American review of respiratory disease", "year": 1985, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1985.132.1.1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2990269/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An early study of cholinergic/parasympathetic mechanisms in adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma (marginal relevance to VNS).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "lee-2003-mechanisms-bronchopulmonary", "title": "Mechanisms of bronchopulmonary C-fiber hypersensitivity induced by cationic proteins", "authors": "Lee et al.", "authorsFull": "Lee Lu-Yuan; Gu Qihai", "journal": "Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S1094-5539(02)00174-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12657496/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Although an involvement of bronchopulmonary C-fiber afferents in the cationic protein-induced airway hyperresponsiveness has been suggested, direct electrophysiological evidence has not been established.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "canning-2011-encoding-cough", "title": "Encoding of the cough reflex in anesthetized guinea pigs", "authors": "Canning et al.", "authorsFull": "Canning Brendan J.; Mori Nanako", "journal": "American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00044.2010", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20926760/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We found that cough requires sustained, high-frequency (≥8-Hz) afferent nerve activation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hazari-2007-growth-factor", "title": "Nerve growth factor acutely potentiates synaptic transmission in vitro and induces dendritic growth in vivo on adult neurons in airway parasympathetic ganglia", "authors": "Hazari et al.", "authorsFull": "Hazari Mehdi S.; Pan Jenny H.; Myers Allen C.", "journal": "American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology", "year": 2007, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00216.2006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17158596/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Such effects may indicate a new role for NGF in the regulation of parasympathetic tone in the diseased or inflamed lower airways.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "bethel-1990-cyclooxygenase-inhibitors", "title": "Cyclooxygenase inhibitors increase canine tracheal muscle response to parasympathetic stimuli in situ", "authors": "Bethel et al.", "authorsFull": "Bethel R. A.; McClure C. L.", "journal": "Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)", "year": 1990, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.6.2597", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2117009/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An early study in dogs of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and parasympathetic control of airway smooth muscle (marginal relevance to VNS).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "hirayama-1993-two-novel", "title": "Effects of two novel tachykinin antagonists, FK224 and FK888, on neurogenic airway plasma exudation, bronchoconstriction and systemic hypotension in guinea-pigs in vivo", "authors": "Hirayama et al.", "authorsFull": "Hirayama Yoshitaka; Lei Yu‐Hong; Barnes Peter. J.; Rogers Duncan F.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "year": 1993, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb12888.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7682142/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "[Sar]SP induced a small but significant bronchoconstriction which was completely inhibited by both tachykinin antagonists.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bleecker-1976-mechanism-rapid", "title": "The mechanism of rapid, shallow breathing after inhaling histamine aerosol in exercising dogs", "authors": "Bleecker et al.", "authorsFull": "Bleecker ER; Cotton DJ; Fischer SP; Graf PD; Gold WM; Nadel JA", "journal": "The American review of respiratory disease", "year": 1976, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1976.114.5.909", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/984583/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "We concluded that histamine stimulates breathing by stimulation of receptors whose afferent pathways are in the vagus nerves; the effective stimulus is not bronchoconstriction but is presumably due to direct stimulation of airway receptors.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "aboussafy-2005-airflow-autonomic", "title": "Airflow and autonomic responses to stress and relaxation in asthma: the impact of stressor type", "authors": "Aboussafy et al.", "authorsFull": "Aboussafy David; Campbell Tavis S.; Lavoie Kim; Aboud Frances E.; Ditto Blaine", "journal": "International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.02.004", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15975675/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The cold pressor test, asthma interview and progressive muscle relaxation produced significant decreases in airflow compared to the baseline period.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "laucius-2021-aging-somatosensory", "title": "Effect of aging on vagus somatosensory evoked potentials and ultrasonographic parameters of the vagus nerve", "authors": "Laucius et al.", "authorsFull": "Laucius Ovidijus; Gabrinovičienė Radvilė; Jucevičiūtė Neringa; Vaitkus Antanas; Balnytė Renata; Petrikonis Kęstutis; Rastenytė Daiva", "journal": "Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2021.03.048", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34275575/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 20, "keyFinding": "A pilot study of how ageing affects vagus somatosensory evoked potentials and ultrasound measures of the vagus nerve.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "lee-2023-exploratory-investigation", "title": "Exploratory Investigation of the Effects of Tactile Stimulation Using Air Pressure at the Auricular Vagus Nerve on Heart Rate Variability", "authors": "Lee et al.", "authorsFull": "Lee Hyun Jeong; Wi Soohyun; Park Sungwoo; Oh Byung-Mo; Seo Han Gil; Lee Woo Hyung", "journal": "Annals of rehabilitation medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.22119", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36599294/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Two-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant main effect of time on HR (p=0.001), SDNN (p=0.003), and RMSSD (p<0.001).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "fallgatter-2005-age-far", "title": "Age effect on far field potentials from the brain stem after transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Fallgatter et al.", "authorsFull": "Fallgatter Andreas J.; Ehlis Ann-Christine; Ringel Thomas M.; Herrmann Martin J.", "journal": "International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15725488/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Latencies were significantly longer in the elderly as compared to the younger participants, while no clear age effects on amplitudes were identified.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jiang-2022-role-age", "title": "The role of age-associated autonomic dysfunction in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction", "authors": "Jiang et al.", "authorsFull": "Jiang Yunqiu; Yabluchanskiy Andriy; Deng Jielin; Amil Faris A.; Po Sunny S.; Dasari Tarun W.", "journal": "GeroScience", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-022-00616-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35773441/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A narrative review of age-associated autonomic dysfunction in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "sadoughi-2022-evaluation-laryngeal", "title": "Evaluation of Laryngeal Motor Neuropathy Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Mediated Evoked Potentials", "authors": "Sadoughi et al.", "authorsFull": "Sadoughi Babak; Andreadis Katerina", "journal": "The Laryngoscope", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.30062", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35166372/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 5, "keyFinding": "Enrolled subjects included 19 healthy volunteers, 5 subjects with VFP, and 4 subjects with VFPa.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rabbette-1991-persistence-hering", "title": "Persistence of the Hering-Breuer reflex beyond the neonatal period", "authors": "Rabbette et al.", "authorsFull": "Rabbette P. S.; Costeloe K. L.; Stocks J.", "journal": "Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)", "year": 1991, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.2.474", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1938718/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "There was a significant increase in TE during each occlusion in every infant irrespective of age at measurement.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "brown-2003-age-cardiac", "title": "Effects of age on the cardiac and vascular limbs of the arterial baroreflex", "authors": "Brown et al.", "authorsFull": "Brown C. M.; Hecht M. J.; Weih A.; Neundörfer B.; Hilz M. J.", "journal": "European journal of clinical investigation", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01093.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12492447/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Resting low- and high-frequency powers of the RR interval decreased significantly with age (P < 0.01).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wecht-2009-cold-face", "title": "Cold face test in persons with spinal cord injury: age versus inactivity", "authors": "Wecht et al.", "authorsFull": "Wecht Jill M.; Weir Joseph P.; DeMeersman Ronald E.; Schilero Gregory J.; Handrakis John P.; LaFountaine Michael F.; Cirnigliaro Christopher M.; Kirshblum Steven C.; Bauman William A.", "journal": "Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society", "year": 2009, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-009-0009-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19418115/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The HR response to the CFT differed significantly among the SCI group (4.1 +/- 8.8 bpm) and the young (-7.7 +/- 5.9 bpm; P \\ 0.001) and old (-6.8 +/- 10.7 bpm; P \\ 0.01).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "turner-1999-age-gender", "title": "Effects of age and gender on cardiovascular responses to phenylephrine", "authors": "Turner et al.", "authorsFull": "Turner M. J.; Mier C. M.; Spina, R. J.; Ehsani A. A.", "journal": "The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences", "year": 1999, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/54.1.m17", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10026658/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The young subjects exhibited a paradoxical increase in heart rate in response to alpha-adrenergic stimulation, but the older subjects did not (p < .01).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "white-1999-age-hypertension", "title": "Effects of age and hypertension on cardiac responses to the alpha1-agonist phenylephrine in humans", "authors": "White et al.", "authorsFull": "White M", "journal": "American journal of hypertension", "year": 1999, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00220-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10090342/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An animal study of the effects of ageing versus hypertension on cardiac responses to an α1-agonist (marginal relevance to VNS).", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bramann-1992-changes-autonomic", "title": "[Changes in autonomic cardiovascular control in biological aging--studies using orthostatic provocation and analysis of heart rate profiles in long-term ECG]", "authors": "Bramann", "authorsFull": "Bramann HU", "journal": "Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie", "year": 1992, "doi": null, "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1609542/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A down-regulation of the beta-receptors as a consequence of the permanent sympathetic drive is probable.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cuberos-paredes-2025-inhibits-mental", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation inhibits mental stress-induced cortisol release-Potential implications for inflammatory conditions", "authors": "Cuberos Paredes et al.", "authorsFull": "Cuberos Paredes Ely; Goyes Domenica; Mak Sadie; Yardimian Raffi; Ortiz Nickolas; McLaren Ayana; Stauss Harald M.", "journal": "Physiological reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70251", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39936474/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "Elevated glucocorticoid levels with reduced glucocorticoid responsiveness have been reported in chronic inflammatory conditions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "doerr-2023-stress-reactive", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on stress-reactive neuroendocrine measures in a sample of persons with temporal lobe epilepsy", "authors": "Doerr et al.", "authorsFull": "Doerr Johanna M.; Juenemann Martin; Hakel Lukas; Schmidt Laura; Menzler Katja; Krause Kristina; Linka Louise; Skoluda Nadine; Nater Urs M.; Knake Susanne", "journal": "Epilepsia open", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/epi4.12774", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37310988/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "There was a dampened salivary cortisol (sCort) decrease during tVNS (time × condition effect: F[2.38, 38.15]  = 6.50, P = 0.002, partial η2  = 0.29).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schiweck-2025-heart-knows", "title": "The heart knows best: baseline heart rate variability as guide to transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in depression", "authors": "Schiweck et al.", "authorsFull": "Schiweck Carmen; Aichholzer Mareike; Brandt Emily; Schneider Moritz; Meyer Konrad; Hamzehloiya Tirage; Qubad Mishal; Uckermark Carmen; Jacobsen Leona; Amaral Kevin; Auer Joyce; Bruno Gianluca; Zhao Tong; Bouzouina Aicha; Schillo Susanne; Hanssen Ruth; Hahn Tim; Repple Jonathan; Matura Silke; Kingslake Jonathan; Reif Andreas; Edwin Thanarajah Sharmili", "journal": "Translational psychiatry", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03780-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41353184/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 110, "keyFinding": "Analyses split by RMSSD group, however, showed that for those with low RMSSD, taVNS restored the blunted cardiac stress response and numerically decreased TNF-α levels.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "roberts-2025-trigeminal-biomarker", "title": "The Effect of Transcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation and Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation on the Biomarker Response to Stress", "authors": "Roberts et al.", "authorsFull": "Roberts Brandon M.; Conn Katelyn M.; Hildebrandt Audrey; Connor K. Riley; Lange Emily; Geddis Alyssa V.; Taylor Andrea; Ekon Nicole; Heaton Kristin J.; Ridgewell Caitlin; Neumeier William H.", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2025.05.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40600860/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The TSST induced a stress response by increasing levels of cortisol, DHEA-s, prolactin, IGF-I, and NE relative to baseline.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tona-2020-noradrenergic-regulation", "title": "Noradrenergic Regulation of Cognitive Flexibility: No Effects of Stress, Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation, and Atomoxetine on Task-switching in Humans", "authors": "Tona et al.", "authorsFull": "Tona Klodiana-Daphne; Revers Hans; Verkuil Bart; Nieuwenhuis Sander", "journal": "Journal of cognitive neuroscience", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01603", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644883/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 48, "keyFinding": "Participants showed typical switch costs, which decreased with the time available for preparation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "hua-2025-inflammatory-parameters", "title": "Effects of Auricular Stimulation on Inflammatory Parameters: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "authors": "Hua et al.", "authorsFull": "Hua Kevin; Cummings Mike; Bernatik Miriam; Brinkhaus Benno; Usichenko Taras; Willich Stefan N.; Scheibenbogen Carmen; Dietzel Joanna", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2024.12.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39998453/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1122, "keyFinding": "A total of 1122 patients and healthy volunteers from 27 RCTs were included in this systematic review; 81% of the participants were female, with a median age of 51 years.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "elbanna-2025-adding-exercise", "title": "Effect of adding noninvasive auricular Vagal nerve stimulation to exercise program on emotional eating and stress responsiveness in patient with metabolic syndrome", "authors": "Elbanna et al.", "authorsFull": "Elbanna Rana Hesham Mohamed; Elabd Sherif Osama Abdelsalam; Saleh Marwa Shafiek Mustafa; Alghitany Salma Ibrahim Abdelmohsen", "journal": "Disability and rehabilitation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2025.2506824", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40382680/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "There was a significant change in EES and SAPS scale scores in both groups post-intervention; however, the study group showed higher scores than the control group.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "okeane-2005-changes-hypothalamic", "title": "Changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis measures after vagus nerve stimulation therapy in chronic depression", "authors": "O'Keane et al.", "authorsFull": "O’Keane Veronica; Dinan Ted G.; Scott Lucinda; Corcoran Ciaran", "journal": "Biological psychiatry", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.049", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16005439/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "There were significant reductions in depression scores over the study period.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "singh-2002-brain-heart", "title": "Brain-heart connection and the risk of heart attack", "authors": "Singh et al.", "authorsFull": "Singh R.B.; Kartik C.; Otsuka K.; Pella D.; Pella J.", "journal": "Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie", "year": 2002, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00300-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12653178/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": 202, "keyFinding": "Dietary n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 have been found to prevent the increased circadian occurrence of cardiac events in our randomized controlled trials, possibly by increasing HRV.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "la-marca-2011-association-between", "title": "Association between Cold Face Test-induced vagal inhibition and cortisol response to acute stress", "authors": "La Marca et al.", "authorsFull": "Marca Roberto La; Waldvogel Patricia; Thörn Hanna; Tripod Mélanie; Wirtz Petra H.; Pruessner Jens C.; Ehlert Ulrike", "journal": "Psychophysiology", "year": 2011, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01078.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20667035/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The stress task induced a significant increase in cortisol and HR, a decrease in RSA, and a worsening of mood.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "carnevali-2020-prefrontal-transcranial", "title": "Effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to psychosocial stress in healthy humans", "authors": "Carnevali et al.", "authorsFull": "Carnevali Luca; Pattini Elena; Sgoifo Andrea; Ottaviani Cristina", "journal": "Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2019.1625884", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31177885/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "A study of prefrontal transcranial direct-current stimulation (not VNS) on autonomic and neuroendocrine stress responses.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "bueno-1989-vagally-mediated", "title": "Vagally mediated inhibition of acoustic stress-induced cortisol release by orally administered kappa-opioid substances in dogs", "authors": "Bueno et al.", "authorsFull": "BUENO L.; GUE M.; FARGEAS M. J.; ALVINERIE M.; JUNIEN J. L.; FIORAMONTI J.", "journal": "Endocrinology", "year": 1989, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-124-4-1788", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2924723/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "An animal study of vagally-mediated inhibition of acoustic-stress cortisol release by opioid agonists.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "peng-2026-stress-inflammation", "title": "Stress, inflammation, and resilience among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma undergoing multimodal therapy: Current knowledge and future directions", "authors": "Peng et al.", "authorsFull": "Peng Tai-Chu; Huang Chun-Hou; Chou Yu-Fu; Chen Peir-Rong", "journal": "Tzu chi medical journal", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_208_25", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41669332/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Oral squamous cell carcinoma represents a significant public health challenge in Asia, where multimodal therapies, while extending survival, impose substantial biologic and psychosocial stress.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "feldman-2010-touch-attenuates", "title": "Touch attenuates infants' physiological reactivity to stress", "authors": "Feldman et al.", "authorsFull": "Feldman Ruth; Singer Magi; Zagoory Orna", "journal": "Developmental science", "year": 2010, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00890.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20136923/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Vagal tone showed a greater suppression when SF was not accompanied by maternal touch.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "brunoni-2013-polarity-valence", "title": "Polarity- and valence-dependent effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on heart rate variability and salivary cortisol", "authors": "Brunoni et al.", "authorsFull": "Brunoni Andre R.; Vanderhasselt Marie-Anne; Boggio Paulo S.; Fregni Felipe; Dantas Eduardo Miranda; Mill José G.; Lotufo Paulo A.; Benseñor Isabela M.", "journal": "Psychoneuroendocrinology", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.020", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22626867/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Our findings showed that excitability enhancing left anodal tDCS induced a decrease in cortisol levels.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "agorastos-2019-endocrine-hpa", "title": "Vagal effects of endocrine HPA axis challenges on resting autonomic activity assessed by heart rate variability measures in healthy humans", "authors": "Agorastos et al.", "authorsFull": "Agorastos Agorastos; Heinig Alexandra; Stiedl Oliver; Hager Torben; Sommer Anne; Müller Jana C.; Schruers Koen R.; Wiedemann Klaus; Demiralay Cüneyt", "journal": "Psychoneuroendocrinology", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30579237/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Findings indicated significant effects of metyrapone, but not dexamethasone on autonomic activity at rest based on HRV measures.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2013-electroacupuncture-concha", "title": "Effects of electroacupuncture at auricular concha region on the depressive status of unpredictable chronic mild stress rat models", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Ru-Peng; Fang Ji-Liang; Rong Pei-Jing; Zhao Yufeng; Meng Hong; Ben Hui; Li Liang; Huang Zhan-Xia; Li Xia; Ma Ying-Ge; Zhu Bing", "journal": "Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/789674", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23431349/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "The results showed that blood pressure and heart rate were significantly reduced in the EA-ACR group than in the UCMS alone group or the EA-ear-tip group.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "souza-2026-neuromodulation-heart", "title": "Neuromodulation of heart rate variability: a systematic review", "authors": "Souza et al.", "authorsFull": "Souza Rodrigo; Souza Irinaldo Capítulino de; Andrade Suellen Mary Marinho do Santos; Ferreira Marcelo Rodrigo Portela", "journal": "Autonomic Neuroscience", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2026.103379", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41506123/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Across randomised trials, transcutaneous VNS showed no significant effect on time- or frequency-domain heart rate variability, indicating the evidence for an HRV benefit is limited and inconsistent.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ackland-2025-exercise-capacity", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation and exercise capacity in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial", "authors": "Ackland et al.", "authorsFull": "Ackland Gareth L; Patel Amour B U; Miller Stuart; Gutierrez del Arroyo Ana; Thirugnanasambanthar Jeeveththaa; Ravindran Jeuela I; Schroth Johannes; Boot James; Caton Laura; Mein Chas A; Abbott Tom E F; Gourine Alexander V", "journal": "European Heart Journal", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf037", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39969124/", "condition": "Sports Recovery", "conditions": "Sports Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 28, "keyFinding": "Seven days of transcutaneous auricular VNS increased peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) by 1.04 mL/kg/min versus no change with sham, alongside a reduced inflammatory response, in healthy volunteers.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hatik-2023-cycling-ergometry", "title": "The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cycling ergometry and recovery in healthy young individuals", "authors": "Hatik et al.", "authorsFull": "Hatik Sefa Haktan; Arslan Mesut; Demirbilek Ömer; Özden Ali Veysel", "journal": "Brain and Behavior", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.3332", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37974551/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 90, "keyFinding": "Bilateral taVNS reduced post-exercise pain, fatigue, and blood lactate versus control, but did not improve cycling performance (distance covered).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "shahmandi-2026-percutaneous-fatigue", "title": "Effect of Percutaneous Auricular Nerve Stimulation on Fatigue in Adults with Post-COVID Fatigue (PAuSing-pCF): Results of a Randomised, Sham-Controlled Trial", "authors": "Shahmandi et al.", "authorsFull": "Shahmandi Marzieh; Cherlin Svetlana; Germann Maria; Maffitt Natalie J.; Burton Olivia A.; Ashhad Amn; Baker Anne M. E.; Charlton Norman; Baker Aidan S.; Zaaimi Boubker; Ng Wan-Fai; Soteropoulos Demetris S.; Baker Stuart N.; Wason James M.S.; Baker Mark R.", "journal": "NIHR Open Research", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.14236.1", "sourceUrl": "https://openresearch.nihr.ac.uk/articles/6-35/v1", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 114, "keyFinding": "In a three-arm randomised trial, auricular nerve stimulation produced no significant difference in post-COVID fatigue versus sham or placebo at eight weeks; fatigue fell similarly across all arms.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "balan-2026-post-covid", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal of Clinical Evidence", "authors": "Balan et al.", "authorsFull": "Balan Adrian; Graham Giles; Herban Sorin; Marcu Marius; Gheorghe Nini; Mara Gabriela; Rasinar Florin Claudiu; Lascu Ana; Mot Cristian Ion; Dan Traian Flavius; Mihaicuta Stefan; Frent Stefan Marian", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Medicine", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15114247", "sourceUrl": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/11/4247", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Systematic review of taVNS for post-COVID-19 condition rated the efficacy evidence as very low certainty (GRADE); the only adequately blinded RCT found no significant between-group benefit.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "smith-2005-electrical-enhances", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve enhances cognitive and motor recovery following moderate fluid percussion injury in the rat", "authors": "Smith et al.", "authorsFull": "Smith Douglas C.; Modglin Arlene A.; Roosevelt Rodney W.; Neese Steven L.; Jensen Robert A.; Browning Ronald A.; Clough Richard W.", "journal": "Journal of Neurotrauma", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2005.22.1485", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16379585/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "preclinical", "studyTypeNorm": "Preclinical", "evidenceStrength": 1, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS begun shortly after experimental TBI accelerated motor and cognitive recovery in rats without changing lesion size, implying a plasticity mechanism.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ament-2025-associated-reduction", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation is associated with the reduction in persistent post-concussion symptoms: an observational study", "authors": "Ament et al.", "authorsFull": "Ament Michael; Leonard Emily; Staats Peter S.; Ingram Norianne T.", "journal": "Frontiers in Neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1642034", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40937177/", "condition": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "conditions": "Traumatic Brain Injury", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 102, "keyFinding": "Retrospective cohort of 102 mTBI patients found adjunctive non-invasive VNS associated with improvement in most post-concussion symptom domains (uncontrolled, industry-affiliated).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "natelson-2021-possible-treatment", "title": "Vagal nerve stimulation as a possible non-invasive treatment for chronic widespread pain in Gulf veterans with Gulf War Illness", "authors": "Natelson et al.", "authorsFull": "Natelson Benjamin H.; Stegner Aaron J.; Lange Gudrun; Khan Sarah; Blate Michelle; Sotolongo Anays; DeLuca Michelle; Van Doren William W.; Helmer Drew A.", "journal": "Life Sciences", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119805", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34237313/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 27, "keyFinding": "Double-blind RCT in Gulf War Illness found non-invasive VNS produced NO improvement in widespread pain or migraine versus sham (null result).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "tarn-2023-fatigue-participants", "title": "The effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on fatigue in participants with primary Sjogren's syndrome", "authors": "Tarn et al.", "authorsFull": "Tarn J; Evans E; Traianos E; Collins A; Stylianou M; Parikh J; Bai Y; Guan Y; Frith J; Lendrem D; Macrae V; McKinnon I; Simon BS; Blake J; Baker MR; Taylor JP; Watson S; Gallagher P; Blamire A; Newton J; Ng WF", "journal": "Neuromodulation", "year": 2023, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37032583/", "condition": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "conditions": "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 40, "keyFinding": "Small double-blind RCT in Sjogren's syndrome found active non-invasive VNS improved several fatigue measures versus sham (fatigue in an autoimmune disease, not ME/CFS).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "borges-2020-may-enhance", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation may enhance only specific aspects of the core executive functions: a randomized crossover trial", "authors": "Borges et al.", "authorsFull": "Borges Uirassu; Knops Laura; Laborde Sylvain; Klatt Stefanie; Raab Markus", "journal": "Frontiers in Neuroscience", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00523", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32523510/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 32, "keyFinding": "Sham-controlled crossover trial in healthy adults found taVNS selectively improved set-shifting but not inhibition or selective attention.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sommer-2023-cognitive-control", "title": "The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cognitive control in multitasking", "authors": "Sommer et al.", "authorsFull": "Sommer Aldo; Fischer Rico; Borges Uirassu; Laborde Sylvain; Achtzehn Silvia; Liepelt Roman", "journal": "Neuropsychologia", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108614", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37295553/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Sham-controlled study in healthy adults found taVNS increased early integrative processing between concurrent tasks — a transient effect, not a clear multitasking benefit.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "jost-2026-may-improve", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation may improve cognitive deficits in neuropsychiatric diseases: a systematic review", "authors": "Jost et al.", "authorsFull": "Jost Stefanie Theresa; Happe Fabienne; Koenig Julian; Dafsari Haidar S.", "journal": "Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2026.1735787", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41717223/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Systematic review (15 studies) found 8 reported taVNS improvements in attention, executive function or memory, but evidence was heterogeneous and at high risk of bias.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "black-2023-remotely-supervised", "title": "Remotely supervised at-home delivery of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for autism spectrum disorder: feasibility and initial efficacy", "authors": "Black et al.", "authorsFull": "Black Benjamin; Hunter Samantha; Cottrell Hannah; Dar Roee; Takahashi Nicole; Ferguson Bradley J.; Valter Yishai; Porges Eric; Datta Abhishek; Beversdorf David Q.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1238328", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1238328", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 11, "keyFinding": "Open-label home-based taVNS pilot in 11 autistic children/adolescents was feasible and tolerable, with preliminary uncontrolled improvements in anxiety and sleep.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "park-2003-therapy-intractable", "title": "The effects of vagus nerve stimulation therapy on patients with intractable seizures and either Landau-Kleffner syndrome or autism", "authors": "Park et al.", "authorsFull": "Park Yong D.", "journal": "Epilepsy & Behavior", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1525-5050(03)00080-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12791330/", "condition": "Autism", "conditions": "Autism", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 59, "keyFinding": "Case series found over half of autistic patients with intractable seizures had >=50% seizure reduction at 12 months with reported quality-of-life improvements (seizure, not autism-symptom, data).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yi-2026-postoperative-pain", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for postoperative pain after laparoscopic gastrointestinal tumour surgery: a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Yi et al.", "authorsFull": "Yi Yu; Li Yongjie; Luo Ge; Fang Yiqi; He Lin; Ni Hongjin; Wu Hongming; Li Meihui; Xia Suyun; Wu Weidong; Ma Longfei; Yu Lina", "journal": "Pain and Therapy", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-026-00825-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41824217/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Blinded RCT found taVNS reduced 24-hour pain scores and postoperative opioid use and shortened time to first flatus after laparoscopic GI surgery.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "salama-2020-attenuates-acute", "title": "Auricular vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the acute inflammatory response after lung lobectomy", "authors": "Salama et al.", "authorsFull": "Salama Mohamed; Akan Ahmet; Mueller Michael Rolf", "journal": "World Journal of Surgery", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-020-05543-w", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-020-05543-w", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 100, "keyFinding": "RCT found perioperative auricular VNS modulated IL-6 and IL-10 and was associated with reduced postoperative pneumonia and shorter hospital stay after lobectomy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shi-2026-reduces-postoperative", "title": "Auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces postoperative delirium after major non-cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Shi et al.", "authorsFull": "Shi Jinyun; Gao Dapeng; Hu Xiaoyi; Zhang Yue; Guo Ting; Mao Qinghong; Liu Qingren; Ji Muhuo", "journal": "Clinical Interventions in Aging", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S558395", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S558395", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 150, "keyFinding": "Sham-controlled RCT in older patients found taVNS reduced postoperative delirium (12% vs 25.3%), partly mediated by improved postoperative sleep.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rush-2000-treatment-resistant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depressions: a multicenter study", "authors": "Rush et al.", "authorsFull": "Rush A.John; George Mark S; Sackeim Harold A; Marangell Lauren B; Husain Mustafa M; Giller Cole; Nahas Ziad; Haines Stephen; Simpson Richard K; Goodman Robert", "journal": "Biological psychiatry", "year": 2000, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00304-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10686262/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "Open-label pilot in 30 treatment-resistant patients showed a 40% response rate on the HDRS-28, suggesting an antidepressant effect of VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sackeim-2001-treatment-resistant", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depression: efficacy, side effects, and predictors of outcome", "authors": "Sackeim et al.", "authorsFull": "Sackeim H", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology", "year": 2001, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00271-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11682255/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "Across 60 patients the HRSD-28 response rate was 30.5%; patients never treated with ECT were ~3.9x more likely to respond and extreme treatment resistance predicted non-response.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "marangell-2002-major-depressive", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for major depressive episodes: one year outcomes", "authors": "Marangell et al.", "authorsFull": "Marangell Lauren B; Rush A.John; George Mark S; Sackeim Harold A; Johnson Christopher R; Husain Mustafa M; Nahas Ziad; Lisanby Sarah H", "journal": "Biological psychiatry", "year": 2002, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01343-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11958778/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "At one year the response rate was sustained at ~46% and remission improved from 17% to 29% over the additional 9 months of stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rush-2005-months-treatment", "title": "Effects of 12 months of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: a naturalistic study", "authors": "Rush et al.", "authorsFull": "Rush A. John; Sackeim Harold A.; Marangell Lauren B.; George Mark S.; Brannan Stephen K.; Davis Sonia M.; Lavori Phil; Howland Robert; Kling Mitchel A.; Rittberg Barry; Carpenter Linda; Ninan Philip; Moreno Francisco; Schwartz Thomas; Conway Charles; Burke Michael; Barry John J.", "journal": "Biological psychiatry", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.024", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16139581/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 205, "keyFinding": "Over 12 months of open follow-up of the D-02 cohort, HRSD-24 scores fell significantly with a 27.2% response rate and 15.8% remission rate.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "george-2005-one-year", "title": "A one-year comparison of vagus nerve stimulation with treatment as usual for treatment-resistant depression", "authors": "George et al.", "authorsFull": "George Mark S.; Rush A. John; Marangell Lauren B.; Sackeim Harold A.; Brannan Stephen K.; Davis Sonia M.; Howland Robert; Kling Mitchel A.; Moreno Francisco; Rittberg Barry; Dunner David; Schwartz Thomas; Carpenter Linda; Burke Michael; Ninan Philip; Goodnick Paul", "journal": "Biological psychiatry", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.028", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16139582/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 329, "keyFinding": "Nonrandomized comparison of VNS plus treatment-as-usual (n=205) vs treatment-as-usual alone (n=124) showed higher 12-month HRSD-24 response (27% vs 13%) for VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "nahas-2005-two-year", "title": "Two-year outcome of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment of major depressive episodes", "authors": "Nahas et al.", "authorsFull": "Nahas Ziad; Marangell Lauren B.; Husain Mustafa M.; Rush A. John; Sackeim Harold A.; Lisanby Sarah H.; Martinez James M.; George Mark S.", "journal": "The Journal of clinical psychiatry", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v66n0902", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16187765/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 59, "keyFinding": "In 59 patients, response rates were 31% at 3 months, 44% at 1 year and 42% at 2 years, indicating benefit sustained over 24 months.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schlaepfer-2008-depression-efficacy", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for depression: efficacy and safety in a European study", "authors": "Schlaepfer et al.", "authorsFull": "Schlaepfer T. E.; Frick C.; Zobel A.; Maier W.; Heuser I.; Bajbouj M.; O'Keane V.; Corcoran C.; Adolfsson R.; Trimble M.; Rau H.; Hoff H.-J.; Padberg F.; Müller-Siecheneder F.; Audenaert K.; Van den Abbeele D.; Matthews K.; Christmas D.; Stanga Z.; Hasdemir M.", "journal": "Psychological medicine", "year": 2008, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707001924", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18177525/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 74, "keyFinding": "In an open European multicentre study (D03), response rose to 53% and remission to 33% after 1 year of VNS added to stable pharmacotherapy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bajbouj-2010-two-year", "title": "Two-year outcome of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression", "authors": "Bajbouj et al.", "authorsFull": "Bajbouj Malek; Merkl Angela; Schlaepfer Thomas E.; Frick Caroline; Zobel Astrid; Maier Wolfgang; O'Keane Veronica; Corcoran Ciaran; Adolfsson Rolf; Trimble Michael; Rau Harald; Hoff Hans-Joachim; Padberg Frank; Müller-Siecheneder Florian; Audenaert Kurt; van den Abbeele Dirk; Matthews Keith; Christmas David; Eljamel Sam; Heuser Isabella", "journal": "Journal of clinical psychopharmacology", "year": 2010, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181db8831", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20473062/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 74, "keyFinding": "Of 49 European patients completing 2-year follow-up, 53.1% met response and 38.9% met remission criteria on the HRSD-28.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "berry-2013-patient-level", "title": "A patient-level meta-analysis of studies evaluating vagus nerve stimulation therapy for treatment-resistant depression", "authors": "Berry et al.", "authorsFull": "Olin Bryan; Berry; Broglio; Bunker; Jayewardene; Rush", "journal": "Medical devices (Auckland, N.Z.)", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/mder.s41017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23482508/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1460, "keyFinding": "Patient-level Bayesian meta-analysis (1,035 VNS+TAU vs 425 TAU) found VNS superior, with 96-week response 32% vs 14% and remission 14% vs 4%.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "christmas-2013-chronic-major", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for chronic major depressive disorder: 12-month outcomes in highly treatment-refractory patients", "authors": "Christmas et al.", "authorsFull": "Christmas David; Steele J. Douglas; Tolomeo Serenella; Eljamel M. Sam; Matthews Keith", "journal": "Journal of affective disorders", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.080", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23816447/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 41, "keyFinding": "Across the D03 cohort (n=28) and a Dundee case series (n=13), 12-month response rates were 35.7% and 30.8%, at least double that expected with treatment-as-usual.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "aaronson-2013-therapy-different", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy Randomized to Different Amounts of Electrical Charge for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Acute and Chronic Effects", "authors": "Aaronson et al.", "authorsFull": "Aaronson Scott T.; Carpenter Linda L.; Conway Charles R.; Reimherr Frederick W.; Lisanby Sarah H.; Schwartz Thomas L.; Moreno Francisco A.; Dunner David L.; Lesem Michael D.; Thompson Peter M.; Husain Mustafa; Vine Craig J.; Banov Michael D.; Bernstein Lawrence P.; Lehman Robert B.; Brannon Guy E.; Keepers George A.; O'Reardon John P.; Rudolph Richard L.; Bunker Mark", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2012.09.013", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23122916/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 331, "keyFinding": "Higher electrical-charge VNS doses produced significantly greater durability of antidepressant response than the low dose, with no acute-phase difference between dose groups.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "conway-2026-durability-benefit", "title": "Durability of the benefit of vagus nerve stimulation in markedly treatment-resistant major depression: a RECOVER trial report", "authors": "Conway et al.", "authorsFull": "Conway Charles R; Rush Augustus John; Aaronson Scott T; Bunker Mark T; Gordon Charles; George Mark S; Riva-Posse Patricio; Allen Rebecca M; Nahas Ziad; Kriedt Christopher L; Zajecka John; Dunner David L; Quevedo João; Sheline Yvette; Duffy Walter; Mickey Brian J; Stedman Mary; Alva Gustavo; Manu Lucian; Tran Quyen; Zorumski Charles F; Macaluso Matthew; Banov Michael; Cusin Cristina; Bennett Jeffrey I; Brown Hunter; Way Jeffrey; Shy Olivia; Lee Ying-Chieh (Lisa); McAllister-Williams Richard Hamish; McIntyre Roger S; Sackeim Harold A", "journal": "The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaf080", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41529263/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 493, "keyFinding": "Across 24-month RECOVER follow-up, about two-thirds of participants who reached meaningful benefit at 12 months sustained it at 24 months, with roughly one-third progressing to full response.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "aaronson-2025-prognostic-prescriptive", "title": "Prognostic and Prescriptive Predictors of Treatment Response to Adjunctive VNS Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder: A RECOVER Trial Report", "authors": "Aaronson et al.", "authorsFull": "Aaronson Scott T.; Conway Charles R.; Gordon Charles; Lee Ying-Chieh (Lisa); George Mark S.; Zajecka John; Riva-Posse Patricio; Dunner David L.; Macaluso Matthew; Rosenquist Peter B.; Mickey Brian J.; Sheline Yvette I.; Hristidis Vasilis C.; Brown Hunter; Kriedt Christopher L.; Tran Quyen; Bunker Mark T.; Sackeim Harold A.; Rush A. 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Hamish; Sousa Soraia; Kumar Arun; Greco Teresa; Bunker Mark T.; Aaronson Scott T.; Conway Charles R.; Rush A. John", "journal": "International journal of bipolar disorders", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-020-0178-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32358769/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 156, "keyFinding": "In bipolar treatment-resistant depression, adjunctive VNS plus treatment as usual (n=97) produced better 5-year response and remission outcomes than treatment as usual alone (n=59).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "muller-2017-efficacy-long", "title": "Efficacy and long-term tuning parameters of vagus nerve stimulation in long-term treated depressive patients", "authors": "Muller et al.", "authorsFull": "Müller Helge H.O.; Lücke Caroline; Moeller Sebastian; Philipsen Alexandra; Sperling Wolfgang", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Neuroscience", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2017.06.020", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2017.06.020", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 18, "keyFinding": "In long-term VNS-treated depressive patients, stimulation settings of 0.5-2.0 mA and 20-25 Hz were associated with the best remission outcomes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tisi-2014-therapy-treatment", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in treatment-resistant depression: A series report", "authors": "Tisi et al.", "authorsFull": "Tisi Giuseppe; Franzini Angelo; Messina Giuseppe; Savino Mario; Gambini Orsola", "journal": "Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12166", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25215365/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 27, "keyFinding": "In an Italian case series of unipolar treatment-resistant depression, at 1 year ~20% remitted and ~22% responded after VNS implantation, with mean HAM-D improving by 10.3 points.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "martin-2012-treatment-depression", "title": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depression: variable results based on study designs", "authors": "Martin & Martin-Sanchez", "authorsFull": "Martin J.L.R.; Martín-Sánchez E.", "journal": "European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.07.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22137776/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Meta-analysis of 14 studies found significant HAMD reduction and ~31.8% response in uncontrolled studies, but the single sham-controlled RCT (n=235) showed no significant difference versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "daban-2008-safety-efficacy", "title": "Safety and efficacy of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. A systematic review", "authors": "Daban et al.", "authorsFull": "Daban Claire; Martinez-Aran Anabel; Cruz Nuria; Vieta Eduard", "journal": "Journal of affective disorders", "year": 2008, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.012", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18374988/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Systematic review of 18 add-on studies suggested VNS may be efficacious in treatment-resistant depression, though only one double-blind randomised study was available.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lv-2019-depression", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Depression: A Systematic Review", "authors": "Lv et al.", "authorsFull": "Lv Hang; Zhao Yan-hua; Chen Jian-guo; Wang Dong-yan; Chen Hao", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00064", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30766497/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 255, "keyFinding": "Systematic review of two sham-controlled add-on RCTs (255 patients) found no significant difference between active and sham VNS on HAMD24, MADRS, or IDS-SR30.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "rosson-2026-long-term", "title": "Long-term efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review", "authors": "Rosson et al.", "authorsFull": "Rosson Stella; Bresolin Nicola; D'Amico Alberto; Denaro Luca; Landi Andrea; Sambataro Fabio; Pigato Giorgio", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120483", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120483", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "PRISMA systematic review of 10 cohort studies and 8 case series (>900 cases) found adjunctive VNS provided sustained response and remission over 2 or more years in treatment-resistant depression.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "liu-2016-modulates-amygdala", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates amygdala functional connectivity in patients with depression", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Jun; Fang Jiliang; Wang Zengjian; Rong Peijing; Hong Yang; Fan Yangyang; Wang Xiaoling; Park Joel; Jin Yu; Liu Chunhong; Zhu Bing; Kong Jian", "journal": "Journal of affective disorders", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27559632/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 49, "keyFinding": "One month of taVNS significantly reduced 24-item HAMD versus sham, accompanied by increased amygdala-dorsolateral prefrontal connectivity correlating with symptom improvement.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "trevizol-2016-major-depressive", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) for Major Depressive Disorder: An Open Label Proof-of-Concept Trial", "authors": "Trevizol et al.", "authorsFull": "Trevizol Alisson P.; Shiozawa Pedro; Taiar Ivan; Soares Amanda; Gomes July S.; Barros Mirna D.; Liquidato Bianca M.; Cordeiro Quirino", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2016.02.001", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26944188/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "Open-label proof-of-concept report indicating taVNS over 10 sessions was feasible and associated with reduced HAM-D scores in major depressive disorder.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tu-2018-distinct-biomarker", "title": "A distinct biomarker of continuous transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation treatment in major depressive disorder", "authors": "Tu et al.", "authorsFull": "Tu Yiheng; Fang Jiliang; Cao Jin; Wang Zengjian; Park Joel; Jorgenson Kristen; Lang Courtney; Liu Jun; Zhang Guolei; Zhao Yanping; Zhu Bing; Rong Peijing; Kong Jian", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.01.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29398576/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 41, "keyFinding": "In mild-to-moderate MDD, treatment-induced insula connectivity changes after real versus sham taVNS correlated with and predicted improvement in 24-item HAMD scores.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yi-2022-neural-activity", "title": "Neural activity changes in first-episode, drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder after transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation treatment: A resting-state fMRI study", "authors": "Yi et al.", "authorsFull": "Yi Sijie; Wang Zhi; Yang Wenhan; Huang Chuxin; Liu Ping; Chen Yanjing; Zhang Huiting; Zhao Guangju; Li Weihui; Fang Jiliang; Liu Jun", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.1018387", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36312012/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 20, "keyFinding": "In 20 first-episode, drug-naive MDD patients, 4 weeks of taVNS significantly reduced HAMD scores from 20.11 to 9.83, alongside regional homogeneity changes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "deligiannidis-2022-major-depressive", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on major depressive disorder with peripartum onset: A multicenter, open-label, controlled proof-of-concept clinical trial (DELOS-1)", "authors": "Deligiannidis et al.", "authorsFull": "Deligiannidis Kristina M.; Robakis Thalia; Homitsky Sarah C.; Ibroci Erona; King Bridget; Jacob Sunu; Coppola Diana; Raines Shane; Alataris Konstantinos", "journal": "Journal of affective disorders", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.068", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35932937/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 25, "keyFinding": "In 25 women with peripartum-onset MDD, 6 weeks of open-label taVNS yielded 74% response and 61% remission with a mean HAM-D reduction of ~9.7 points and no serious adverse events.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2022-prolonged-longitudinal", "title": "Prolonged Longitudinal Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Effect on Striatal Functional Connectivity in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang Shuai; He Jia-Kai; Zhong Gang-Liang; Wang Yu; Zhao Ya-Nan; Wang Lei; Li Shao-Yuan; Xiao Xue; Yang Zheng-Yi; Zhao Bin; Zhang Jin-Ling; Jiang Tian-Zi; Fang Ji-Liang; Rong Pei-Jing", "journal": "Brain sciences", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121730", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36552189/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "Eight weeks of taVNS significantly reduced HAMD (16.6 to 6.5) and altered striatal functional connectivity in MDD patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "he-2023-mapping-modulating", "title": "Mapping the modulating effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on voxel-based analyses in patients with first-episode major depressive disorder: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study", "authors": "He et al.", "authorsFull": "He Jia-Kai; Li Shao-Yuan; Wang Yu; Zhao Bin; Xiao Xue; Hou Xiao-Bing; Zhang Shuai; Zhao Ya-Nan; Zhai Wei-Hang; Fang Ji-Liang; Rong Pei-Jing", "journal": "Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2788", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2788", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 22, "keyFinding": "In first-episode MDD, eight weeks of taVNS reduced HAM-D from 16.68 to 6.14 and normalised abnormal spontaneous brain activity.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kaczmarczyk-2021-use-treatment", "title": "Use of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of drug-resistant depression - a pilot study, presentation of five clinical cases", "authors": "Kaczmarczyk et al.", "authorsFull": "Kaczmarczyk Mateusz; Antosik-Wójcińska Anna; Dominiak Monika; Święcicki Łukasz", "journal": "Psychiatria polska", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/115191", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460881/", "condition": "Depression", "conditions": "Depression", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 5, "keyFinding": "In five treatment-resistant depression patients, taVNS added to pharmacotherapy was safe and associated with symptom improvement in this small pilot case series.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ramsay-1994-treatment-partial", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 2. Safety, side effects, and tolerability (First International VNS Study Group)", "authors": "Ramsay et al.", "authorsFull": "Ramsay RE; Uthman BM; Augustinsson LE; Upton AR; Naritoku D; Willis J; Treig T; Barolat G; Wernicke JF", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 1994, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8026409/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 67, "keyFinding": "VNS was well tolerated, with hoarseness, throat discomfort and coughing during stimulation the most common adverse effects and no serious safety concerns.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "george-1994-treatment-partial", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 3. Long-term follow-up on first 67 patients exiting a controlled study", "authors": "George et al.", "authorsFull": "George R; Salinsky M; Kuzniecky R; Rosenfeld W; Bergen D; Tarver WB; Wernicke JF", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 1994, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8026410/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 67, "keyFinding": "Seizure reduction with VNS was maintained or improved over long-term follow-up in the first 67 patients exiting the controlled trial.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "vagus-nerve-stimulation-study-group-1995-chronic-treatment", "title": "A randomized controlled trial of chronic vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of medically intractable seizures", "authors": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group", "authorsFull": "", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 1995, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.45.2.224", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.45.2.224", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 114, "keyFinding": "Mean seizure frequency fell 24.5% with high stimulation versus 6.1% with low stimulation in patients with intractable partial seizures.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ben-menachem-1999-evaluation-refractory", "title": "Evaluation of refractory epilepsy treated with vagus nerve stimulation for up to 5 years", "authors": "Ben-Menachem et al.", "authorsFull": "Ben-Menachem E; Hellström K; Waldton C; Augustinsson LE", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 1999, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10214754/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 64, "keyFinding": "Seizure control with VNS was sustained over up to 5 years of follow-up in patients with refractory epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "murphy-1999-left-children", "title": "Left vagal nerve stimulation in children with medically refractory epilepsy (Pediatric VNS Study Group)", "authors": "Murphy et al.", "authorsFull": "Murphy JV", "journal": "The Journal of pediatrics", "year": 1999, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10228290/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "VNS was safe and effective in children with medically refractory epilepsy, producing meaningful seizure-frequency reductions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "morris-1999-long-term", "title": "Long-term treatment with vagus nerve stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy (VNS Study Group E01-E05)", "authors": "Morris et al.", "authorsFull": "Morris GL 3rd; Mueller WM", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 1999, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10563620/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 440, "keyFinding": "A 50% or greater seizure reduction occurred in 36.8% of patients at 1 year, 43.2% at 2 years and 42.7% at 3 years of VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "degiorgio-2000-prospective-long", "title": "Prospective long-term study of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of refractory seizures (E04)", "authors": "DeGiorgio et al.", "authorsFull": "DeGiorgio CM; Schachter SC; Handforth A; Salinsky M; Thompson J; Uthman B; Reed R; Collins S; Tecoma E; Morris GL; Vaughn B; Naritoku DK; Henry T; Labar D; Gilmartin R; Labiner D; Osorio I; Ristanovic R; Jones J; Murphy J; Ney G; Wheless J; Lewis P; Heck C", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2000, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10999559/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 195, "keyFinding": "Median seizure reduction reached roughly 45% at 12 months, with efficacy increasing over the first year of VNS therapy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "helmers-2001-therapy-pediatric", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy: retrospective study", "authors": "Helmers et al.", "authorsFull": "Helmers SL; Wheless JW; Frost M; Gates J; Levisohn P; Tardo C; Conry JA; Yalnizoglu D; Madsen JR", "journal": "Journal of child neurology", "year": 2001, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11732771/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 125, "keyFinding": "Mean seizure reduction was 36.1% at 3 months and 44.7% at 6 months in children with refractory epilepsy treated with VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ng-2004-refractory-idiopathic", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory idiopathic generalised epilepsy", "authors": "Ng et al.", "authorsFull": "Ng M; Devinsky O", "journal": "Seizure", "year": 2004, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15010055/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 165, "keyFinding": "VNS reduced seizure frequency in patients with refractory idiopathic generalised epilepsy, supporting use beyond partial epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "labar-2004-year-269", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for 1 year in 269 patients on unchanged antiepileptic drugs", "authors": "Labar et al.", "authorsFull": "Labar D", "journal": "Seizure", "year": 2004, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15276142/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 269, "keyFinding": "With antiepileptic drugs held constant, median seizure frequency fell about 26% at 3 months and 30% at 1 year, attributing benefit to VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "degiorgio-2005-epilepsy-comparison", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: randomized comparison of three stimulation paradigms", "authors": "DeGiorgio et al.", "authorsFull": "DeGiorgio C; Heck C; Bunch S; Britton J; Green P; Lancman M; Murphy J; Olejniczak P; Shih J; Arrambide S; Soss J", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2005, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16043810/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 61, "keyFinding": "Three VNS duty-cycle paradigms were equally effective, supporting standard duty cycles as initial therapy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "klinkenberg-2012-children-intractable", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation in children with intractable epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Klinkenberg et al.", "authorsFull": "KLINKENBERG SYLVIA; AALBERS MARLIEN W; VLES JOHAN S H; CORNIPS ERWIN M J; RIJKERS KIM; LEENEN LOES; KESSELS FONS G H; ALDENKAMP ALBERT P; MAJOIE MARIAN", "journal": "Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04305.x", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04305.x", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 41, "keyFinding": "No significant difference in seizure frequency between high- and low-output stimulation during the blinded phase, but 26% of children were responders after subsequent high-output treatment.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "stefan-2012-pharmacoresistant-epilepsies", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (t-VNS) in pharmacoresistant epilepsies: a proof of concept trial", "authors": "Stefan et al.", "authorsFull": "Stefan H; Kreiselmeyer G; Kerling F; Kurzbuch K; Rauch C; Heers M; Kasper BS; Hammen T; Rzonsa M; Pauli E; Ellrich J; Graf W; Hopfengärtner R", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2012, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22554199/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous auricular VNS over 9 months was safe and tolerable and reduced seizures in some patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "he-2013-complementary-therapy", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a complementary therapy for pediatric epilepsy: a pilot trial", "authors": "He et al.", "authorsFull": "He W; Jing X; Wang X; Rong P; Li L; Shi H; Shang H; Wang Y; Zhang J; Zhu B", "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B", "year": 2013, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23820114/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 14, "keyFinding": "Mean seizure frequency fell by about 54% over weeks 9-24 of auricular taVNS in children with intractable epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cukiert-2013-long-term", "title": "Long-term outcome after callosotomy or vagus nerve stimulation in consecutive prospective cohorts of children with Lennox-Gastaut or Lennox-like syndrome", "authors": "Cukiert et al.", "authorsFull": "Cukiert A; Cukiert CM; Burattini JA; Lima AM; Forster CR; Baise C; Argentoni-Baldochi M", "journal": "Seizure", "year": 2013, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23490456/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 20, "keyFinding": "In children with Lennox-Gastaut/Lennox-like syndrome, VNS produced seizure reductions over at least 2 years, though callosotomy yielded higher rates of marked atonic-seizure control.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "morris-2013-evidence-guideline", "title": "Evidence-based guideline update: vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy (American Academy of Neurology)", "authors": "Morris et al.", "authorsFull": "Morris GL 3rd; Gloss D; Buchhalter J; Mack KJ; Nickels K; Harden C", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2013, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23986299/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "VNS was associated with a 50% or greater seizure reduction in 55% of children and 55% of Lennox-Gastaut patients, supporting a Level C recommendation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "aihua-2014-treatment-pharmacoresistant", "title": "A controlled trial of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy", "authors": "Aihua et al.", "authorsFull": "Aihua L; Lu S; Liping L; Xiuru W; Hua L; Yuping W", "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B", "year": 2014, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25240121/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "Auricular taVNS produced significantly greater seizure-frequency reduction and quality-of-life improvement than control stimulation in pharmacoresistant epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ryvlin-2014-long-term", "title": "The long-term effect of vagus nerve stimulation on quality of life in patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy: the PuLsE trial", "authors": "Ryvlin et al.", "authorsFull": "Ryvlin Philippe; Gilliam Frank G.; Nguyen Dang K.; Colicchio Gabriella; Iudice Alfonso; Tinuper Paolo; Zamponi Nelia; Aguglia Umberto; Wagner Louis; Minotti Lorella; Stefan Hermann; Boon Paul; Sadler Mark; Benna Paolo; Raman Pradheep; Perucca Emilio", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12611", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24754318/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 112, "keyFinding": "VNS plus best medical practice improved health-related quality of life and reduced seizures versus best medical practice alone over 12 months.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bauer-2016-treatment-drug", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) for Treatment of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial (cMPsE02)", "authors": "Bauer et al.", "authorsFull": "Bauer S; Baier H; Baumgartner C; Bohlmann K; Fauser S; Graf W; Hillenbrand B; Hirsch M; Last C; Lerche H; Mayer T; Schulze-Bonhage A; Steinhoff BJ; Weber Y; Hartlep A; Rosenow F; Hamer HM", "journal": "Brain stimulation", "year": 2016, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27033012/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 76, "keyFinding": "Patients completing 20 weeks of 25 Hz taVNS achieved a 34.2% seizure reduction, though the primary superiority endpoint over 1 Hz control was not met.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "englot-2016-rates-predictors", "title": "Rates and Predictors of Seizure Freedom With Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Intractable Epilepsy", "authors": "Englot et al.", "authorsFull": "Englot DJ; Rolston JD; Wright CW; Hassnain KH; Chang EF", "journal": "Neurosurgery", "year": 2016, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26645965/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 5554, "keyFinding": "Across the VNS outcome registry and literature, about 8% of patients achieved seizure freedom and roughly 60% responded after 2-4 years of therapy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gottfried-blackmore-2020-open-label", "title": "Open-label pilot study: Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation improves symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with idiopathic gastroparesis", "authors": "Gottfried-Blackmore et al.", "authorsFull": "Gottfried‐Blackmore Andres; Adler Emerald P.; Fernandez‐Becker Nielsen; Clarke John; Habtezion Aida; Nguyen Linda", "journal": "Neurogastroenterology and motility", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13769", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31802596/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "Four weeks of self-administered cervical non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation improved cardinal symptoms and accelerated gastric emptying in idiopathic gastroparesis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "paulon-2017-proof-concept", "title": "Proof of concept: short-term non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation in patients with drug-refractory gastroparesis", "authors": "Paulon et al.", "authorsFull": "Paulon Emma; Nastou Despoina; Jaboli Francesca; Marin Juana; Liebler Eric; Epstein Owen", "journal": "Frontline gastroenterology", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/flgastro-2017-100809", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29067158/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 35, "keyFinding": "Short-term non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation reduced symptom scores in patients with drug-refractory gastroparesis, with some continuing treatment beyond the study.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "li-2026-improves-functional", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation improves functional dyspepsia with sleep disturbance via enhanced vagal activity: a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Li Jingyao; Wang Lianli; Zhang Yue; Meng Ruiting; Zhu Boxu; Chen Jiande D.Z.; Dai Fei", "journal": "International journal of surgery (London, England)", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/js9.0000000000003296", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40905853/", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 54, "keyFinding": "Auricular vagus nerve stimulation lowered dyspepsia and sleep-quality scores and reduced anxiety/depression versus non-vagal stimulation in functional dyspepsia with sleep disturbance.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mion-2020-treatment-irritable", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Pilot, Open-Label Study", "authors": "Mion et al.", "authorsFull": "Mion François; Pellissier Sonia; Garros Aurélien; Damon Henri; Roman Sabine; Bonaz Bruno", "journal": "Bioelectronics in Medicine", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2217/bem-2020-0004", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.2217/bem-2020-0004", "condition": "Gut Health", "conditions": "Gut Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "Six months of self-administered auricular vagus nerve stimulation significantly improved symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome in an open-label pilot.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "corcoran-2005-pro-anti", "title": "The effects of vagus nerve stimulation on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in humans: a preliminary report", "authors": "Corcoran et al.", "authorsFull": "Corcoran Ciaran; Connor Thomas J.; O’Keane Veronica; Garland Malcolm R.", "journal": "Neuroimmunomodulation", "year": 2005, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000087109", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16166810/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "In implanted depression patients, VNS produced marked peripheral increases in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-herdt-2009-pro-anti", "title": "Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine induction in patients with refractory epilepsy", "authors": "De Herdt et al.", "authorsFull": "De Herdt Veerle; Bogaert Sara; Bracke Ken R.; Raedt Robrecht; De Vos Martine; Vonck Kristl; Boon Paul", "journal": "Journal of neuroimmunology", "year": 2009, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.06.008", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19608283/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "After 6 months of VNS, LPS-stimulated PBMCs showed a significant decrease in IL-8 induction, with no significant change in IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 or IL-10.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lerman-2016-decreases-whole", "title": "Noninvasive Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Decreases Whole Blood Culture-Derived Cytokines and Chemokines: A Randomized, Blinded, Healthy Control Pilot Trial", "authors": "Lerman et al.", "authorsFull": "Lerman Imanuel; Hauger Richard; Sorkin Linda; Proudfoot James; Davis Bryan; Huang Andy; Lam Katie; Simon Bruce; Baker Dewleen G.", "journal": "Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12398", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26990318/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 20, "keyFinding": "In healthy volunteers, a single noninvasive cervical VNS session significantly reduced whole-blood culture-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kox-2015-transvenous-does", "title": "Transvenous vagus nerve stimulation does not modulate the innate immune response during experimental human endotoxemia: a randomized controlled study", "authors": "Kox et al.", "authorsFull": "Kox Matthijs; van Eijk Lucas T.; Verhaak Tim; Frenzel Tim; Kiers Harmke D.; Gerretsen Jelle; van der Hoeven Johannes G.; Kornet Lilian; Scheiner Avram; Pickkers Peter", "journal": "Arthritis research & therapy", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-015-0667-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26049730/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 20, "keyFinding": "In healthy men given LPS, transvenous VNS was feasible and safe but did not modulate the endotoxemia-induced cytokine response (null result).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-moraes-2023-brief-periods", "title": "Brief periods of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improve autonomic balance and alter circulating monocytes and endothelial cells in patients with metabolic syndrome: a pilot study", "authors": "de Moraes et al.", "authorsFull": "de Moraes Tercio Lemos; Costa Fernando Oliveira; Cabral Danielly Gomes; Fernandes Daniella Marques; Sangaleti Carine Teles; Dalboni Maria Aparecida; Motta e Motta Josiane; de Souza Liliane Appratto; Montano Nicola; Irigoyen Maria Claudia; Brines Michael; J. Tracey Kevin; Pavlov Valentin A.; Consolim Colombo Fernanda M.", "journal": "Bioelectronic medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00109-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36998060/", "condition": "Inflammation", "conditions": "Inflammation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "Eight weeks of taVNS shifted circulating monocytes toward an anti-inflammatory profile (increased classical CD14+, decreased non-classical CD16+) in metabolic syndrome patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "capone-2017-combined-robotic", "title": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Combined with Robotic Rehabilitation Improves Upper Limb Function after Stroke", "authors": "Capone et al.", "authorsFull": "Capone Fioravante; Miccinilli Sandra; Pellegrino Giovanni; Zollo Loredana; Simonetti Davide; Bressi Federica; Florio Lucia; Ranieri Federico; Falato Emma; Di Santo Alessandro; Pepe Alessio; Guglielmelli Eugenio; Sterzi Silvia; Di Lazzaro Vincenzo", "journal": "Neural plasticity", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7876507", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29375915/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 14, "keyFinding": "In a small double-blind sham-controlled pilot, transcutaneous auricular VNS paired with robotic rehabilitation produced significantly better Fugl-Meyer upper-limb scores than sham in chronic stroke.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "redgrave-2018-concurrent-upper", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation with Concurrent Upper Limb Repetitive Task Practice for Poststroke Motor Recovery: A Pilot Study", "authors": "Redgrave et al.", "authorsFull": "Redgrave Jessica N.; Moore Lucy; Oyekunle Tosin; Ebrahim Maryam; Falidas Konstantinos; Snowdon Nicola; Ali Ali; Majid Arshad", "journal": "Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.02.056", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29580658/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 13, "keyFinding": "A pilot study found taVNS with concurrent upper-limb repetitive task practice feasible and well-attended after stroke, with mild fatigue the main side effect.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wu-2020-safety-recovery", "title": "Effect and Safety of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Recovery of Upper Limb Motor Function in Subacute Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Randomized Pilot Study", "authors": "Wu et al.", "authorsFull": "Wu Dandong; Ma Jingxi; Zhang Liping; Wang Sanrong; Tan Botao; Jia Gongwei", "journal": "Neural plasticity", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8841752", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32802039/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 21, "keyFinding": "A randomised pilot found taVNS added to conventional rehabilitation benefited upper-limb motor recovery in subacute ischaemic stroke without notable adverse effects.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "li-2022-efficacy-safety", "title": "Efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation combined with conventional rehabilitation training in acute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial conducted for 1 year involving 60 patients", "authors": "Li et al.", "authorsFull": "Niu Ling-Chuan; Li Jia-Ni; Xie Chen-Chen; Li Chang-Qing; Zhang Gui-Fang; Tang Hao; Jin Chuan-Na; Ma Jing-Xi; Wen Lan; Zhang Ke-Ming", "journal": "Neural regeneration research", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.332155", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35017442/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "In an acute-stroke RCT, taVNS plus conventional rehabilitation improved limb motor function and activities of daily living more than rehabilitation alone, and was safe.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "roy-2025-paired-rehabilitation", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for post-stroke recovery: A single center experience of patient satisfaction and outcomes", "authors": "Roy et al.", "authorsFull": "Roy Joanna M.; Musmar Basel; Ritz Caitlin; Sizdahkhani Saman; Karadimas Spyridon; Papadopoulos Eleni; Patel Shray; Wu Chengyuan; Jabbour Pascal; Rosenwasser Robert H.; Tjoumakaris Stavropoula I.; Gooch M. Reid", "journal": "Clinical neurology and neurosurgery", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2025.109043", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40633249/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 18, "keyFinding": "In a single-centre real-world cohort, paired VNS with intensive rehabilitation yielded an 8.9-point mean FMA-UE improvement and high patient-reported quality-of-life benefit after ischaemic stroke.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "hays-2026-closed-loop", "title": "Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation Delivered With a Miniaturized System Produces Lasting Recovery in Individuals With Chronic Stroke", "authors": "Hays et al.", "authorsFull": "Hays Seth A.; Adehunoluwa Emmanuel A.; Epperson Joseph D.; Malley Kaitlyn M.; Porter Amy L.; Gallaway Holle L.; Swank Chad; Carrera Álvaro J.; Stevens Christi; Gillespie Jaime; Arnold Dannae; Kian Saeid; Bynum Zachary S.; Meyers Eric C.; Bleker Nate; Naftalis Richard C.; Foreman Michael L.; Hamilton Rita G.; Rennaker Robert L.; Kilgard Michael P.; Wigginton Jane G.", "journal": "Stroke", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.125.052937", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41054846/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "A randomised sham-controlled trial of a miniaturised closed-loop VNS system found it safe and feasible, producing lasting upper-limb recovery in chronic stroke.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2026-effectiveness-stroke", "title": "Effectiveness of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wan Shuaijing; Liu Xiaolu; Jiang Wenjing; Li Zesen; Yan Zhexuan; Yin Yu; Li Weibo", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1786103", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42222529/", "condition": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "conditions": "Stroke Rehabilitation", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Meta-analysis of RCTs found taVNS produced superior upper-limb motor scores versus control (SMD 1.35) and benefited post-stroke functional recovery.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "steyn-2013-treatment-acute", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations - results from an initial case series", "authors": "Steyn et al.", "authorsFull": "Steyn Elmin; Mohamed Zunaid; Husselman Carla", "journal": "International journal of emergency medicine", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1865-1380-6-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23510361/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 4, "keyFinding": "In a prospective study terminated early, three of four asthmatics with acute bronchoconstriction had treatment success with improved FEV1 and dyspnoea scores and no device-related adverse events.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "marzec-2003-sleep-related", "title": "Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on sleep-related breathing in epilepsy patients", "authors": "Marzec et al.", "authorsFull": "Marzec Mary; Edwards Jonathan; Sagher Oren; Fromes Gail; Malow Beth A.", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.56202.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12823576/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 16, "keyFinding": "Polysomnography before and after implanted VNS showed respiratory events were more frequent during stimulation-on periods, with five of 16 patients developing a mildly elevated apnea-hypopnea index.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "salvade-2018-impact-sleep", "title": "Impact of vagus nerve stimulation on sleep-related breathing disorders in adults with epilepsy", "authors": "Salvade et al.", "authorsFull": "Salvadé Aude; Ryvlin Philippe; Rossetti Andrea O.", "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.10.040", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29287215/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 18, "keyFinding": "VNS-induced or aggravated sleep apnea occurred in 5 of 18 adults (27.8%) with refractory epilepsy, all successfully managed with CPAP, positional therapy or VNS parameter changes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "oh-2019-treatment-stimulator", "title": "Treatment of vagus nerve stimulator-induced sleep-disordered breathing: A case series", "authors": "Oh et al.", "authorsFull": "Oh Daniel M.; Johnson Jacklyn; Shah Bankim; Bhat Sushanth; Nuoman Rolla; Ming Xue", "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior reports", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebr.2019.100325", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31497754/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 4, "keyFinding": "All four epilepsy patients had VNS-induced sleep-disordered breathing that decreased dose-dependently with reduced VNS settings and was unresponsive to positive airway pressure alone.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kim-2022-sleep-disordered", "title": "Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Daytime Sleepiness, and Sleep Quality in Patients With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy", "authors": "Kim et al.", "authorsFull": "Kim Jeong Sik; Lee Do Eon; Bae Hyoeun; Song Joo Yeon; Yang Kwang Ik; Hong Seung Bong", "journal": "Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea)", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2022.18.3.315", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35589319/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 24, "keyFinding": "After VNS, drug-resistant epilepsy patients showed significant increases in apnea-hypopnea index, respiratory disturbance index and oxygen desaturation index and a lower SaO2 nadir, indicating worsened obstructive sleep apnea.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "lamagrande-casanova-2026-obstructive-sleep", "title": "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Associated With Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Children With Drug Resistant Epilepsy: A Retrospective Case Series", "authors": "Lamagrande-Casanova et al.", "authorsFull": "Lamagrande-Casanova Nuria; Romero-Adújar Francisca; Lloris Azucena; Sifontes Karina; González-Alguacil Elena; Cantarín Verónica; Bascuas Marta; Benítez Cristina; Ballará María; García-Peñas Juan José; Duat-Rodríguez Anna; Soto-Insuga Víctor", "journal": "Pediatric neurology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2025.12.010", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41576521/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 14, "keyFinding": "OSA was identified in 11 of 14 children with new-onset snoring after VNS, with obstructive events synchronised to stimulation cycles and resolved by nighttime VNS parameter adjustment in 67%.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "verma-2025-prevalence-stimulator", "title": "The prevalence of vagus nerve stimulator-induced sleep disordered breathing in children with refractory Epilepsy: A retrospective cohort study", "authors": "Verma et al.", "authorsFull": "Verma Rahul; Fishman Haley; Jain Puneet; McRae Lyndsey; Flynn Kaitlin; Yau Ivanna; Go Cristina; Narang Indra; Chiang Jackie; Bola Sundeep; Rutka James; Ibrahim George; Amin Reshma", "journal": "Sleep medicine", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106790", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40886654/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 27, "keyFinding": "In 27 children with paired pre- and post-implant polysomnography, VNS was associated with increased sleep-disordered breathing, supporting routine PSG screening after VNS insertion.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "massa-2026-fast-cycle", "title": "Fast cycle of vagus nerve stimulation is associated with increased sleep-related breathing disorder in patients with epilepsy", "authors": "Massa et al.", "authorsFull": "Massa Jacques‐François; El Youssef Nada; Carron Romain; Garcia Pauline; Trebuchon Agnès; Giusiano Bernard; Bartolomei Fabrice; Marchi Angela; Lambert Isabelle", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/epi.70147", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41685701/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 22, "keyFinding": "Among 22 epilepsy patients, a fast VNS cycle (shorter interval between stimulations) was independently associated with a higher apnea-hypopnea index on polysomnography.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "sharma-2023-stimulator-associated", "title": "Vagal nerve stimulator-associated sleep disordered breathing secondary to vagal-induced laryngospasm in pediatric populations: Case presentation and systematic review", "authors": "Sharma et al.", "authorsFull": "Sharma Shreya; Nouri Maryam Nabavi; St-Laurent Aaron; Wiedermann Joshua", "journal": "International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111701", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37643554/", "condition": "Respiratory", "conditions": "Respiratory", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "A systematic review of seven pediatric studies confirmed VNS-associated sleep-disordered breathing from obstructive laryngeal contraction, with apnea/hypopnea correlating with stimulation and improving when settings were lowered.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "oliveira-santos-2020-complex-sleep", "title": "Complex sleep-disordered breathing after vagus nerve stimulation: broadening the spectrum of adverse events of special interest", "authors": "Oliveira Santos et al.", "authorsFull": "Oliveira Santos Miguel; Bentes Carla; Teodoro Tiago; Moreira Susana; Marques Marta; Tomé Diogo; Peralta Ana Rita", "journal": "Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1684/epd.2020.1223", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33337335/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "case report", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 2, "keyFinding": "Two epilepsy patients developed complex VNS-related sleep-disordered breathing (obstructive and central apnoea, stridor, catathrenia) coincident with stimulation-on time, reversed by VNS parameter adjustment.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "joutsa-2015-respiratory-disturbance", "title": "Respiratory disturbance during sleep induced by vagus nerve stimulator", "authors": "Joutsa et al.", "authorsFull": "Joutsa J; Suomela M; Jutila L; Erkinjuntti M; Soilu-Hänninen M; Müller M", "journal": "Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja", "year": 2015, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26638666/", "condition": "Epilepsy", "conditions": "Epilepsy", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "case report", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 2, "keyFinding": "Two epilepsy patients developed VNS-induced sleep apnea that was resolved by changing stimulator settings, highlighting sleep apnea as a treatment consideration.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "wittbrodt-2020-decreases-brain", "title": "Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation decreases brain activity during trauma scripts", "authors": "Wittbrodt et al.", "authorsFull": "Wittbrodt Matthew T.; Gurel Nil Z.; Nye Jonathon A.; Ladd Stacy; Shandhi Md Mobashir H.; Huang Minxuan; Shah Amit J.; Pearce Bradley D.; Alam Zuhayr S.; Rapaport Mark H.; Murrah Nancy; Ko Yi-An; Haffer Ammer A.; Shallenberger Lucy H.; Vaccarino Viola; Inan Omer T.; Bremner J. Douglas", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2020.07.002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32659483/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "Active non-invasive cervical VNS reduced activity in stress-responsive brain regions during personalized trauma-script exposure compared with sham in trauma-exposed individuals.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bremner-2026-brain-correlates", "title": "A pilot study of brain correlates of long-term treatment with transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation in posttraumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Bremner et al.", "authorsFull": "Bremner J. Douglas; Wittbrodt Matthew T.; Gurel Nil Z.; Nye Jonathon A.; Shandhi Md Mobashir H.; Gazi Asim H.; Shah Amit J.; Amorim Victoria; Pearce Bradley D.; Vaccarino Viola; Inan Omer T.", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders Reports", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2025.101014", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42312122/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 11, "keyFinding": "Three months of active tcVNS reduced activation in fear-mediating brain regions during trauma-script exposure relative to sham in PTSD patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "debnath-2026-posttraumatic-stress", "title": "Effects of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in World Trade Center Responders: A Feasibility and Acceptability Study", "authors": "Debnath et al.", "authorsFull": "Debnath Shubham; Cook Haley M.; Shaam Pooja; Ryniker Laura; Fylaktou Fylaktis; Lieberman Lynne; McCann Pineo Molly; Deligiannidis Kristina M.; Zanos Theodoros P.; Schwartz Rebecca M.", "journal": "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23030401", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41899778/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 32, "keyFinding": "At-home taVNS for 8 weeks was feasible and acceptable in WTC responders (90.6% retention), with 40% of the active group showing >=10-point CAPS-5 reductions in this feasibility-focused randomized sham-controlled trial.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "benzouak-2025-treatment-trauma", "title": "Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation for the treatment of trauma- and stressor-related disorders: systematic review of randomised controlled studies", "authors": "Benzouak et al.", "authorsFull": "Benzouak Tarek; Danyluck Chad; Gunpat Sasha; Amougou Steve E.; Hamoudeh Rami A.; Prudencio-Brunello Michael A.; Nachabe Jude; Edwin Febin; Kisely Steve; Rao Sanjay", "journal": "BJPsych Open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10057", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40746136/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Systematic review of randomised transcutaneous VNS studies found very low certainty evidence with no clear clinical efficacy for trauma- and stressor-related disorders, though signals for reduced anger and hyperarousal were noted.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "burger-2016-conditioned-fear", "title": "The effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on conditioned fear extinction in humans", "authors": "Burger et al.", "authorsFull": "Burger Andreas M.; Verkuil Bart; Van Diest Ilse; Van der Does Willem; Thayer Julian F.; Brosschot Jos F.", "journal": "Neurobiology of Learning and Memory", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2016.05.007", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27222436/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 31, "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS enhanced conditioned fear extinction in humans, consistent with a memory-consolidation mechanism.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "burger-2017-mixed-evidence", "title": "Mixed evidence for the potential of non-invasive transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation to improve the extinction and retention of fear", "authors": "Burger et al.", "authorsFull": "Burger A.M.; Verkuil B.; Fenlon H.; Thijs L.; Cools L.; Miller H.C.; Vervliet B.; Van Diest I.", "journal": "Behaviour Research and Therapy", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28719827/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 42, "keyFinding": "In an RCT, tVNS showed only mixed evidence for accelerating fear extinction or reducing spontaneous recovery.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "burger-2018-extinction-prepared", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and extinction of prepared fear: A conceptual non-replication", "authors": "Burger et al.", "authorsFull": "Burger Andreas M.; Van Diest Ilse; van der Does Willem; Hysaj Marsida; Thayer Julian F.; Brosschot Jos F.; Verkuil Bart", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29561-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30065275/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 85, "keyFinding": "The expected acceleration of fear extinction by taVNS was not observed, a null finding that failed to replicate earlier results.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "burger-2019-fear-generalization", "title": "The effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on fear generalization and subsequent fear extinction", "authors": "Burger et al.", "authorsFull": "Burger A.M.; Van Diest I.; Van der Does W.; Korbee J.N.; Waziri N.; Brosschot J.F.; Verkuil B.", "journal": "Neurobiology of Learning and Memory", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2019.04.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30986531/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 58, "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS affected fear generalisation and subsequent extinction (detailed outcomes not in the indexed abstract).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "szeska-2020-promoting-long", "title": "Promoting long-term inhibition of human fear responses by non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation during extinction training", "authors": "Szeska et al.", "authorsFull": "Szeska Christoph; Richter Jan; Wendt Julia; Weymar Mathias; Hamm Alfons O.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58412-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32001763/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 80, "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS promoted longer-term inhibition of human fear responses, engaging ventromedial-prefrontal mechanisms.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "dagostini-2025-does-not", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Does Not Accelerate Fear Extinction", "authors": "D'Agostini et al.", "authorsFull": "D'Agostini Martina; Vanden Bossche Lucas; Burger Andreas M.; Van Diest Ilse", "journal": "Psychophysiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14754", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39775931/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 79, "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS did NOT accelerate fear extinction, contrasting with some earlier reports (4 of 6 prior studies were positive).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "szeska-2025-ready-translation", "title": "Ready for translation: non-invasive auricular vagus nerve stimulation inhibits psychophysiological indices of stimulus-specific fear and facilitates responding to repeated exposure in phobic individuals", "authors": "Szeska et al.", "authorsFull": "Szeska Christoph; Klepzig Kai; Hamm Alfons O.; Weymar Mathias", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03352-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40204704/", "condition": "PTSD", "conditions": "PTSD", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 32, "keyFinding": "In spider-phobic individuals, taVNS inhibited fear responses to previously exposed stimuli and facilitated behavioural improvement across repeated exposure sessions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "premchand-2016-extended-follow", "title": "Extended Follow-Up of Patients With Heart Failure Receiving Autonomic Regulation Therapy in the ANTHEM-HF Study", "authors": "Premchand et al.", "authorsFull": "Premchand Rajendra K.; Sharma Kamal; Mittal Sanjay; Monteiro Rufino; Dixit Satyajit; Libbus Imad; DiCarlo Lorenzo A.; Ardell Jeffrey L.; Rector Thomas S.; Amurthur Badri; KenKnight Bruce H.; Anand Inder S.", "journal": "Journal of Cardiac Failure", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.11.002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26576716/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 49, "keyFinding": "Improvements in cardiac function and heart failure symptoms seen at 6 months of autonomic regulation therapy were maintained at 12 months in patients with HFrEF.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "sharma-2021-long-term", "title": "Long-term Follow-Up of Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction Receiving Autonomic Regulation Therapy in the ANTHEM-HF Pilot Study", "authors": "Sharma et al.", "authorsFull": "Sharma Kamal; Premchand Rajendra K.; Mittal Sanjay; Monteiro Rufino; Libbus Imad; DiCarlo Lorenzo A.; Ardell Jeffrey L.; Amurthur Badri; KenKnight Bruce H.; Anand Inder S.", "journal": "International Journal of Cardiology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.09.072", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33038408/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "Long-term autonomic regulation therapy with vagus nerve stimulation remained well tolerated and was associated with sustained improvement in cardiac function and heart failure symptoms over multi-year follow-up.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "nearing-2021-provides-multiyear", "title": "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Provides Multiyear Improvements in Autonomic Function and Cardiac Electrical Stability in the ANTHEM-HF Study", "authors": "Nearing et al.", "authorsFull": "Nearing Bruce D.; Anand Inderjit S.; Libbus Imad; Dicarlo Lorenzo A.; Kenknight Bruce H.; Verrier Richard L.", "journal": "Journal of Cardiac Failure", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.10.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33049374/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 25, "keyFinding": "Chronic vagus nerve stimulation produced sustained multiyear improvements in autonomic function and reduced T-wave alternans, indicating enhanced cardiac electrical stability in heart failure patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-ferrari-2017-long-term", "title": "Long-term vagal stimulation for heart failure: Eighteen month results from the NEural Cardiac TherApy foR Heart Failure (NECTAR-HF) trial", "authors": "De Ferrari et al.", "authorsFull": "De Ferrari Gaetano M.; Stolen Craig; Tuinenburg Anton E.; Wright D. Jay; Brugada Josep; Butter Christian; Klein Helmut; Neuzil Petr; Botman Cornelis; Castel Maria Angeles; D'Onofrio Antonio; de Borst Gert J.; Solomon Scott; Stein Kenneth M.; Schubert Bernd; Stalsberg Kevin; Wold Nicholas; Ruble Stephen; Zannad Faiez", "journal": "International Journal of Cardiology", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.06.036", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28663046/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 96, "keyFinding": "At 18 months, vagal nerve stimulation did not produce significant improvement in echocardiographic remodelling endpoints, although improvements in quality of life and symptoms persisted.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "konstam-2026-heart-failure", "title": "Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: The ANTHEM-HFrEF Trial", "authors": "Konstam et al.", "authorsFull": "Konstam Marvin A.; Udelson James E.; Mann Douglas L.; DiCarlo Lorenzo; Butler Javed; Ardell Jeffrey; De Ferrari Gaetano M.; Klein Helmut U.; Filippatos Gerasimos; Metra Marco; Anand Inder; Close Nicole; Saville Benjamin R.; Detry Michelle A.; Paulon Giorgio; Khandwala Farah; Bosse Anna; KenKnight Bruce; Mindrebo Scott; Rice Perry; Trifunovic Nadezda; Popescu Mircea I.; Apostolovic Svetlana; Adler Alexander; Parker John D.; Teerlink John R.; Trifunovic N.; Popescu M.; Apostolovic S.; Zdravković M.; Dumitrescu S.; Otasevic P.; Velchev V.; Mitrovic V.; Nikolic M.; Osmančik P.; Deutsch A.; Obradović S.; Knapp M.; Adler A.; Mitov V.; Hakim J.; Giamouzis G.; Lamba S.; McLean D.; Nguyen V.; Belohlavek J.; Simonis G.; Asanin M.; Moertl D.; Ninios V.; Adams K.; Nikolic N Markovic; Jumean M.; Valkov V.; Horacek T.; Fucili A.; Gullestad L.; Contreras J.; Long R.; Radojevic J.; Torres P.; George J.; Hattler B.; Jungmair W.; Dhingra R.; Kopec K.; Mizyed A.M.; Swarup V.; Boehmer J.; Butter C.; Senni M.; Tallaj J.; Hodara R.P.; Uretsky B.; Douglas C.; Coletti A.; Yoon A.; Ahsan C.; Ahmed M.; Gelev V.; G deFerrari; Juneman E.; Venesy D.; Oostra C.; Dunlap M.; Kiernan M.; Graham B.; Mody F.; Small R.; Stork S.; Stellbrink C.; Sakac D.; Reimers B.; Jarmukli N.; Genth-Zotz S.; Knebel F.; Vazir A.; Vanduynhoven P.; Nodari S.; Filippatos G.; Ziakas A.; Konstam Marvin A.; Udelson James E.; Anand Inder; Butler Javed; Daubert James; De Ferrari Gaetano; Januzzi James; Klein Helmut; Link Mark; Mann Douglas; Metra Marco; Parker John; Teerlink John; Mody Freny Vaghaiwalla; Filippatos Gerasimos; Carson Peter; Felker G. Michael; Chung Eugene S.; DeVore Adam D.; Hauptman Paul J.; Levy Wayne; O'Neill Blair J.; Oren Ron M.; Patel Ayan R.; Patten Richard D.; Piccini Jonathan P.; Stevenson Lynne W.; Bozkurt Biykem; Cannom David S.; DeMets David L.; Greenberg Barry H.; Teerlink John R.", "journal": "Journal of the American College of Cardiology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2026.03.040", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42159539/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 532, "keyFinding": "In the ANTHEM-HF-2 RCT (532 patients; enrollment terminated early), VNS did NOT meet its primary efficacy endpoint in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, though device safety was high.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "santanna-2021-neuromodulation-chronic", "title": "Vagal Neuromodulation in Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "authors": "Sant'Anna et al.", "authorsFull": "Sant'Anna Lucas Bonacossa; Couceiro Sérgio Lívio Menezes; Ferreira Eduardo Amar; Sant'Anna Mariana Bonacossa; Cardoso Pedro Rey; Mesquita Evandro Tinoco; Sant'Anna Guilherme Mendes; Sant'Anna Fernando Mendes", "journal": "Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.766676", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34901227/", "condition": "Heart Failure", "conditions": "Heart Failure", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Pooled analysis of randomized vagus nerve stimulation trials in HFrEF showed improvements in NYHA class, quality of life, and 6-minute walk distance but no significant effect on mortality or left ventricular remodelling.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kulkarni-2021-low-level", "title": "Low-Level Tragus Stimulation Modulates Atrial Alternans and Fibrillation Burden in Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation", "authors": "Kulkarni et al.", "authorsFull": "Kulkarni Kanchan; Singh Jagmeet P.; Parks Kimberly A.; Katritsis Demosthenes G.; Stavrakis Stavros; Armoundas Antonis A.", "journal": "Journal of the American Heart Association", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.020865", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34075778/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 28, "keyFinding": "Low-level tragus stimulation reduced atrial alternans magnitude, which correlated with the accompanying reduction in atrial fibrillation burden in paroxysmal AF patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "antonino-2017-acutely-improves", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation acutely improves spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in healthy young men: A randomized placebo-controlled trial", "authors": "Antonino et al.", "authorsFull": "Antonino Diego; Teixeira André L.; Maia-Lopes Paulo M.; Souza Mayara C.; Sabino-Carvalho Jeann L.; Murray Aaron R.; Deuchars Jim; Vianna Lauro C.", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2017.05.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28566194/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 13, "keyFinding": "Acute auricular vagus nerve stimulation significantly increased spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity and cardiac vagal modulation versus placebo in healthy young men.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wolf-2021-does-affect", "title": "Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation affect vagally mediated heart rate variability? A living and interactive Bayesian meta-analysis", "authors": "Wolf et al.", "authorsFull": "Wolf Vinzent; Kühnel Anne; Teckentrup Vanessa; Koenig Julian; Kroemer Nils B.", "journal": "Psychophysiology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13933", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34473846/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Pooled evidence provided support for the null hypothesis that acute taVNS does not reliably increase vagally mediated heart rate variability compared with sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mbikyo-2024-low-level", "title": "Low-Level Tragus Stimulation Attenuates Blood Pressure in Young Individuals With Hypertension: Results From a Small-Scale Single-Blind Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial", "authors": "Mbikyo et al.", "authorsFull": "Mbikyo Muisha B.; Wang Ai; Ma Qun; Miao Linlin; Cui Nan; Yang Yiqing; Fu Haoran; Sun Yingxian; Li Zhao", "journal": "Journal of the American Heart Association", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.123.032269", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39291497/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 40, "keyFinding": "Low-level tragus stimulation for 1 hour daily over 3 months significantly reduced blood pressure in young patients with grade 1 essential hypertension versus earlobe control.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "leite-souza-2026-acute-two", "title": "Acute Effect of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Two Different Locations on Blood Pressure and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Healthy and Hypertensive Individuals: Pilot Study of a Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial", "authors": "Leite Souza et al.", "authorsFull": "Leite Souza Paulo Henrique; Ferrari Corrêa João Carlos; Venâncio Bruno Paulino; Buzá Liége Sanches; Oliveira da Silva Gustavo; Fregni Felipe; Consolim‐Colombo Fernanda Marciano; Ritti Dias Raphael Mendes; Corrêa Fernanda Ishida", "journal": "Physiotherapy Research International", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.70209", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41944046/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 28, "keyFinding": "Acute auricular vagus nerve stimulation at the tragus or cymba conchae produced modest changes in blood pressure and cardiac autonomic modulation in healthy and hypertensive individuals.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "nagai-2025-association-between", "title": "Association between non-invasive auricular stimulation and blood pressure lowering: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Nagai et al.", "authorsFull": "Nagai Michiaki; Rommel Karl-Philipp; Nakano Yukiko; Tully Phillip J; Sible Isabel J; Po Sunny; Dasari Tarun W", "journal": "European Heart Journal Open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjopen/oeaf098", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40980724/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 959, "keyFinding": "Across 18 studies, non-invasive auricular stimulation was associated with significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate with no serious adverse events.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2025-tragus-attenuates", "title": "Tragus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome in Post COVID-19 Infection", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Zhuo; Zhu Tongjian; Li Xuping; Lai Xin; Chen Mingxian", "journal": "Clinical Cardiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.70110", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40014480/", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 57, "keyFinding": "Low-level tragus stimulation twice daily for one month attenuated orthostatic tachycardia in patients with post-COVID-19 postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "forte-2022-ear-your", "title": "Ear your heart: transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate variability in healthy young participants", "authors": "Forte et al.", "authorsFull": "Forte Giuseppe; Favieri Francesca; Leemhuis Erik; De Martino Maria Luisa; Giannini Anna Maria; De Gennaro Luigi; Casagrande Maria; Pazzaglia Mariella", "journal": "PeerJ", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14447", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36438582/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 28, "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation acutely modulated heart rate variability indices in healthy young participants compared with sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "tan-2025-cardiovascular-function", "title": "The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cardiovascular function in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: A randomized trial", "authors": "Tan et al.", "authorsFull": "Tan Gansheng; Huguenard Anna L; Donovan Kara M; Demarest Phillip; Liu Xiaoxuan; Li Ziwei; Adamek Markus; Lavine Kory; Vellimana Ananthv K; Kummer Terrance T; Osbun Joshua W; Zipfel Gregory J; Brunner Peter; Leuthardt Eric C", "journal": "eLife", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.100088", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39786346/", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 24, "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modulated cardiac autonomic and cardiovascular function and was well tolerated in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "berger-2026-sustained-blood", "title": "Sustained blood pressure reduction associated with percutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in hypertensive chronic pain patients: a retrospective dual-center analysis", "authors": "Berger et al.", "authorsFull": "Berger Laurenz; Likar Rudolf; Perruchoud Christophe; Kampusch Stefan; Le Van Hoang; Zeiner Klaus; Stremnitzer Caroline; Moscato Francesco; Haberbusch Max", "journal": "Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1736774", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1736774", "condition": "Heart Health", "conditions": "Heart Health", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 24, "keyFinding": "Percutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation was associated with sustained reductions in blood pressure in hypertensive chronic pain patients across two centers.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2024-improves-cognitive", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves cognitive decline by alleviating intradialytic cerebral hypoxia in hemodialysis patients: A fNIRS pilot study", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Meng-Huan; Jin Yi-Jie; He Meng-Fei; Zhou An-Nan; Zhu Mei-Ling; Lin Feng; Li Wen-Wen; Jiang Zhong-Li", "journal": "Heliyon", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39841", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39975458/", "condition": "Kidney Disease", "conditions": "Kidney Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 36, "keyFinding": "In haemodialysis patients, taVNS improved cognitive performance by increasing intradialytic cerebral oxygenation versus sham, with gains correlating to reaction time and MoCA scores.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "chapman-2024-reduce-ileus", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to reduce ileus after colorectal surgery: randomized feasibility trial and efficacy assessment (IDEAL Stage 2B)", "authors": "Chapman et al.", "authorsFull": "Chapman Stephen J.; Kowal Mikolaj; Helliwell Jack A.; Lockwood Sonia; Naylor Maureen; Croft Julie; Farley Katherine; Stocken Deborah D.; Jayne David G.", "journal": "Colorectal Disease", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.17194", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39394910/", "condition": "Postoperative Recovery", "conditions": "Postoperative Recovery", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 97, "keyFinding": "Non-invasive cervical VNS was feasible with high compliance but time to return of gut function was similar between nVNS and sham after colorectal surgery.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cui-2026-pectoral-intercostal", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Pectoral-Intercostal Fascial Block for the Prevention of Chronic Postsurgical Pain in Elderly Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A 2x2 Factorial, Double-Blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial", "authors": "Cui et al.", "authorsFull": "Cui Sichen; Yan Luguang; Huang Peiying; Yang Haitao; Liang Weimin; Huang Lining", "journal": "Clinical Interventions in Aging", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s583971", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42017043/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 260, "keyFinding": "Perioperative taVNS significantly reduced chronic postsurgical pain incidence (28.6% vs 40.9%) and improved recovery quality after off-pump CABG.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "hasani-2025-sleep-quality", "title": "The Effect of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Sleep Quality in Insomnia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "authors": "Hasani et al.", "authorsFull": "Hasani Arian; Sani Sheida Mobader; Kamroo Amirhossein; Parsaei Mohammadamin; Sarvi Mohammad Mahdi; Amirifard Hamed", "journal": "Current Sleep Medicine Reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-025-00350-y", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-025-00350-y", "condition": "Sleep", "conditions": "Sleep", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "systematic review", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "This systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that taVNS significantly improves sleep quality in insomnia as measured by the PSQI.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "camilleri-2008-intra-abdominal", "title": "Intra-abdominal vagal blocking (VBLOC therapy): clinical results with a new implantable medical device", "authors": "Camilleri et al.", "authorsFull": "Camilleri M.; Toouli J.; Herrera M.F.; Kulseng B.; Kow L.; Pantoja J.P.; Marvik R.; Johnsen G.; Billington C.J.; Moody F.G.; Knudson M.B.; Tweden K.S.; Vollmer M.; Wilson R.R.; Anvari M.", "journal": "Surgery", "year": 2008, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.015", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18549888/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 31, "keyFinding": "In this open-label feasibility study, 31 obese subjects implanted with intermittent intra-abdominal vagal blockade achieved a mean excess weight loss of 14.2% at 6 months with reduced appetite and caloric intake.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sarr-2012-empower-prospective", "title": "The EMPOWER study: randomized, prospective, double-blind, multicenter trial of vagal blockade to induce weight loss in morbid obesity", "authors": "Sarr et al.", "authorsFull": "Sarr Michael G.; Billington Charles J.; Brancatisano Roy; Brancatisano Anthony; Toouli James; Kow Lilian; Nguyen Ninh T.; Blackstone Robin; Maher James W.; Shikora Scott; Reeds Dominic N.; Eagon J. Christopher; Wolfe Bruce M.; O’Rourke Robert W.; Fujioka Ken; Takata Mark; Swain James M.; Morton John M.; Ikramuddin Sayeed; Schweitzer Michael; Chand Bipan; Rosenthal Raul", "journal": "Obesity Surgery", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0751-8", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22956251/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 294, "keyFinding": "In 294 implanted morbidly obese patients, vagal blockade produced 17% excess weight loss at 12 months but did not significantly exceed the control group, which experienced an unexpectedly large response from low-level device current.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shikora-2013-blocking-improves", "title": "Vagal blocking improves glycemic control and elevated blood pressure in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus", "authors": "Shikora et al.", "authorsFull": "Shikora S.; Toouli J.; Herrera M. F.; Kulseng B.; Zulewski H.; Brancatisano R.; Kow L.; Pantoja J. P.; Johnsen G.; Brancatisano A.; Tweden K. S.; Knudson M. B.; Billington C. J.", "journal": "Journal of Obesity", "year": 2013, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/245683", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23984050/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 28, "keyFinding": "In 28 obese subjects with type 2 diabetes, open-label vagal blocking therapy produced 25% excess weight loss and a 1.0% reduction in HbA1c at 12 months.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ikramuddin-2014-reversible-intermittent", "title": "Effect of reversible intermittent intra-abdominal vagal nerve blockade on morbid obesity: the ReCharge randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Ikramuddin et al.", "authorsFull": "Ikramuddin Sayeed; Blackstone Robin P.; Brancatisano Anthony; Toouli James; Shah Sajani N.; Wolfe Bruce M.; Fujioka Ken; Maher James W.; Swain James; Que Florencia G.; Morton John M.; Leslie Daniel B.; Brancatisano Roy; Kow Lilian; O’Rourke Robert W.; Deveney Clifford; Takata Mark; Miller Christopher J.; Knudson Mark B.; Tweden Katherine S.; Shikora Scott A.; Sarr Michael G.; Billington Charles J.", "journal": "JAMA", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.10540", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25182100/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 239, "keyFinding": "In 239 patients, vagal nerve block produced 24.4% excess weight loss versus 15.9% with sham at 12 months, meeting the trial's a-priori safety threshold but not its efficacy margin over sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shikora-2015-sustained-weight", "title": "Sustained Weight Loss with Vagal Nerve Blockade but Not with Sham: 18-Month Results of the ReCharge Trial", "authors": "Shikora et al.", "authorsFull": "Shikora Scott A.; Wolfe Bruce M.; Apovian Caroline M.; Anvari Mehran; Sarwer David B.; Gibbons Robert D.; Ikramuddin Sayeed; Miller Christopher J.; Knudson Mark B.; Tweden Katherine S.; Sarr Michael G.; Billington Charles J.", "journal": "Journal of Obesity", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/365604", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26246907/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 239, "keyFinding": "Weight loss with vagal nerve blockade was sustained through 18 months whereas sham participants regained weight between 12 and 18 months, with a low rate of serious adverse events.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "morton-2016-blockade-moderate", "title": "Effect of Vagal Nerve Blockade on Moderate Obesity with an Obesity-Related Comorbid Condition: the ReCharge Study", "authors": "Morton et al.", "authorsFull": "Morton John M.; Shah Sajani N.; Wolfe Bruce M.; Apovian Caroline M.; Miller Christopher J.; Tweden Katherine S.; Billington Charles J.; Shikora Scott A.", "journal": "Obesity Surgery", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2143-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27048437/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 84, "keyFinding": "In the prespecified subgroup of 84 patients with moderate obesity (BMI 35-40), vBloc therapy produced significantly greater excess weight loss than sham at 12 months with a favorable safety profile.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shikora-2016-intermittent-block", "title": "Intermittent Vagal Nerve Block for Improvements in Obesity, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: 2-Year Results of the VBLOC DM2 Study", "authors": "Shikora et al.", "authorsFull": "Shikora Scott A.; Toouli James; Herrera Miguel F; Kulseng Bård; Brancatisano Roy; Kow Lilian; Pantoja Juan P.; Johnsen Gjermund; Brancatisano Anthony; Tweden Katherine S.; Knudson Mark B.; Billingto Charles J.", "journal": "Obesity Surgery", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015-1914-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26471783/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 28, "keyFinding": "In 28 obese type 2 diabetic subjects, vagal blocking therapy sustained 22% excess weight loss (7% total body weight loss) and improvements in glycemic control and blood pressure at 24 months.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "apovian-2017-two-year", "title": "Two-Year Outcomes of Vagal Nerve Blocking (vBloc) for the Treatment of Obesity in the ReCharge Trial", "authors": "Apovian et al.", "authorsFull": "Apovian Caroline M.; Shah Sajani N.; Wolfe Bruce M.; Ikramuddin Sayeed; Miller Christopher J.; Tweden Katherine S.; Billington Charles J.; Shikora Scott A.", "journal": "Obesity Surgery", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2325-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27506803/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 162, "keyFinding": "Among vBloc participants continuing open-label therapy, mean excess weight loss was 21% (8% total weight loss) at 24 months, with 58% achieving at least 5% total weight loss.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "fadel-2023-therapy-management", "title": "Vagal Nerve Therapy in the Management of Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "authors": "Fadel et al.", "authorsFull": "Fadel Michael G.; Fehervari Matyas; Das Bibek; Soleimani-Nouri Payam; Ashrafian Hutan", "journal": "European Surgical Research", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000533358", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37544303/", "condition": "Obesity", "conditions": "Obesity", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 1447, "keyFinding": "Pooling 15 studies (9 RCTs, 1,447 patients), vagal nerve therapy safely produced a mild-to-moderate improvement in weight loss, though the authors concluded further trials are needed to confirm long-term benefit.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "stauss-2019-blood-glucose", "title": "Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on blood glucose concentration in epilepsy patients - Importance of stimulation parameters", "authors": "Stauss et al.", "authorsFull": "Stauss Harald M.; Daman Lucienne M.; Rohlf Megan M.; Sainju Rup K.", "journal": "Physiological Reports", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14169", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31325231/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 40, "keyFinding": "Blood glucose remained stable in epilepsy patients on implanted cervical VNS with standard parameters, but risk of elevation emerged with longer stimulation on-times paired with short off-periods.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "liu-2020-chronic-drug", "title": "Chronic vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy may influence fasting blood glucose concentration", "authors": "Liu et al.", "authorsFull": "Liu Hongyun; Zhan Ping; Meng Fangang; Wang Weidong", "journal": "BioMedical Engineering OnLine", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-020-00784-1", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32471438/", "condition": "Metabolic", "conditions": "Metabolic", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 32, "keyFinding": "Chronic cervical VNS elevated fasting blood glucose after 8 and 12 months in drug-resistant epilepsy patients, though values remained within normal ranges and changes correlated negatively with baseline glucose.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "goadsby-2014-acute-migraine", "title": "Effect of noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation on acute migraine: an open-label pilot study", "authors": "Goadsby et al.", "authorsFull": "Goadsby PJ; Grosberg BM; Mauskop A; Cady R; Simmons KA", "journal": "Cephalalgia", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102414524494", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24607501/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "In 27 patients treating 80 attacks, single-arm cervical nVNS produced pain-free responses in 21% of attacks at 2 hours with good tolerability, supporting feasibility for acute migraine.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "barbanti-2015-acute-treatment", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for acute treatment of high-frequency and chronic migraine: an open-label study", "authors": "Barbanti et al.", "authorsFull": "Barbanti Piero; Grazzi Licia; Egeo Gabriella; Padovan Anna Maria; Liebler Eric; Bussone Gennaro", "journal": "The Journal of Headache and Pain", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0542-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26123825/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 50, "keyFinding": "Across 131 self-treated attacks in high-frequency episodic and chronic migraine, cervical nVNS gave pain relief in 38% and pain freedom in 18% at 1 hour without serious adverse events.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "straube-2015-treatment-chronic", "title": "Treatment of chronic migraine with transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve (auricular t-VNS): a randomized, monocentric clinical trial", "authors": "Straube et al.", "authorsFull": "Straube Andreas; Ellrich J.; Eren O.; Blum B.; Ruscheweyh R.", "journal": "The Journal of Headache and Pain", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0543-3", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26156114/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 46, "keyFinding": "In chronic migraine, 4 hours/day of 1 Hz auricular taVNS reduced monthly headache days significantly more than a 25 Hz comparator over 3 months.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kinfe-2015-nvns-preventive", "title": "Cervical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for preventive and acute treatment of episodic and chronic migraine and migraine-associated sleep disturbance: a prospective observational cohort study", "authors": "Kinfe et al.", "authorsFull": "Kinfe Thomas M.; Pintea Bogdan; Muhammad Sajjad; Zaremba Sebastian; Roeske Sandra; Simon Bruce J.; Vatter Hartmut", "journal": "The Journal of Headache and Pain", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0582-9", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26631234/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 20, "keyFinding": "In 20 treatment-refractory episodic and chronic migraine patients, 3 months of cervical nVNS reduced headache frequency, intensity and migraine-associated sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "grazzi-2017-nvns-symptomatic", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) as symptomatic treatment of migraine in young patients: a preliminary safety study", "authors": "Grazzi et al.", "authorsFull": "Grazzi Licia; Egeo Gabriella; Liebler Eric; Padovan Anna Maria; Barbanti Piero", "journal": "Neurological Sciences", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-2942-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28527086/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 9, "keyFinding": "In adolescents/young patients, cervical nVNS aborted 46.8% of treated attacks (22/47) without rescue medication and produced no device-related adverse events, supporting safety.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "trimboli-2018-management-refractory", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the management of refractory primary chronic headaches: A real-world experience", "authors": "Trimboli et al.", "authorsFull": "Trimboli Michele; Al-Kaisy Adnan; Andreou Anna P; Murphy Madeleine; Lambru Giorgio", "journal": "Cephalalgia", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417731349", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28899205/", "condition": "Migraine", "conditions": "Migraine", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 41, "keyFinding": "In a real-world audit of 41 refractory chronic headache patients, only 2 of 23 chronic migraine patients responded, indicating cervical nVNS offered limited benefit in refractory chronic migraine.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "yu-2017-disorders-consciousness", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in disorders of consciousness monitored by fMRI: The first case report", "authors": "Yu et al.", "authorsFull": "Yu Yu-tian; Yang Yi; Wang Lu-bin; Fang Ji-liang; Chen Yuan-yuan; He Jiang-hong; Rong Pei-jing", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2016.12.004", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28017322/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 1, "keyFinding": "In a single traumatic-brain-injury patient, taVNS induced eye opening and a clearer sleep-wake cycle alongside enhanced default mode network functional connectivity on fMRI.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yu-2021-cerebral-hemodynamic", "title": "Cerebral Hemodynamic Correlates of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Consciousness Restoration: An Open-Label Pilot Study", "authors": "Yu et al.", "authorsFull": "Yu Yutian; Yang Yi; Gan Shuoqiu; Guo Shengnan; Fang Jiliang; Wang Shouyan; Tang Chunzhi; Bai Lijun; He Jianghong; Rong Peijing", "journal": "Frontiers in Neurology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.684791", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34335449/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "In 10 DOC patients, responders to a 4-week taVNS course showed increased cerebral blood flow in multiple regions and CRS-R gains (one case rose from vegetative to minimally conscious state), while non-responders did not.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhang-2026-individual-patient", "title": "An individual patient data meta-analysis on vagal nerve stimulation for recovery from disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Zhang et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhang John JY; Lo Yu Tung; Wee Alina Xiao Qian; Yeo Jessica; Suan Enhui; Zhang Zheting; Lim Mervyn Jun Rui; Chua Karen Sui Geok", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32369-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41688498/", "condition": "Disorders of Consciousness", "conditions": "Disorders of Consciousness", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 112, "keyFinding": "Pooling individual data from 10 studies (112 patients), VNS was associated with a mean CRS-R increase of 2.78 points, with 40.2% exceeding the minimal clinically important difference and greater gains in minimally conscious state patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gaul-2016-prevention-acute", "title": "Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for PREVention and Acute treatment of chronic cluster headache (PREVA): A randomised controlled study", "authors": "Gaul et al.", "authorsFull": "Gaul Charly; Diener Hans-Christoph; Silver Nicholas; Magis Delphine; Reuter Uwe; Andersson Annelie; Liebler Eric J; Straube Andreas", "journal": "Cephalalgia", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102415607070", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26391457/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 97, "keyFinding": "Adjunctive prophylactic nVNS plus standard of care reduced weekly chronic cluster attack frequency significantly more than standard of care alone (-5.9 vs -2.1 attacks/week).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gaul-2017-attack-frequency", "title": "Effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on attack frequency over time and expanded response rates in patients with chronic cluster headache: a post hoc analysis of the randomised, controlled PREVA study", "authors": "Gaul et al.", "authorsFull": "Gaul Charly; Magis Delphine; Liebler Eric; Straube Andreas", "journal": "The Journal of Headache and Pain", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-017-0731-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28197844/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 97, "keyFinding": "Post hoc analysis showed nVNS plus standard of care progressively lowered weekly attack frequency and yielded significantly higher 25%, 50% and 75% responder rates than standard of care alone.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mwamburi-2020-patient-experience", "title": "Patient experience with non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator: gammaCore patient registry", "authors": "Mwamburi et al.", "authorsFull": "Mwamburi M; Liebler EJ; Staats PS", "journal": "The American Journal of Managed Care", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37765/ajmc.2020.42545", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32109020/", "condition": "Cluster Headache", "conditions": "Cluster Headache", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Real-world registry data showed nVNS reduced pain in the majority of episodic cluster attacks within 30 minutes and shortened mean attack duration from 74 to 47 minutes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gierthmuehlen-2026-against-fatigue", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation Against Fatigue Syndrome in Patients with Long COVID: Results of the Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Pilot Trial COVIVA", "authors": "Gierthmuehlen et al.", "authorsFull": "Gierthmuehlen Mortimer; Schmieder Kirsten; Thon Niklas; Gierthmuehlen Petra Christine", "journal": "Neurology and Therapy", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-026-00928-w", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-026-00928-w", "condition": "Long COVID", "conditions": "Long COVID", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 45, "keyFinding": "In 45 patients randomized to sham, sub-threshold or above-threshold taVNS for 4 weeks, taVNS was safe and well-tolerated but showed no superiority over sham stimulation for long COVID fatigue.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cibulcova-2024-influence-week", "title": "Influence of a 2-week transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on memory: findings from a randomized placebo controlled trial in non-clinical adults", "authors": "Cibulcova et al.", "authorsFull": "Cibulcova Veronika; Koenig Julian; Jackowska Marta; Jandackova Vera Kr", "journal": "Clinical Autonomic Research", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-024-01053-0", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39039354/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 76, "keyFinding": "Two weeks of daily active taVNS, but not sham, improved immediate recall and short-term memory scores in non-clinical adults.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ravestein-2025-does-not", "title": "Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) does not enhance learning and memory performance in a visual detection task", "authors": "Ravestein et al.", "authorsFull": "Ravestein Dana; Hendrikse Lucia F.; Veldhuis Gerard J.; Pennings Helena J. M.; Fonken Yvonne M.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-23365-5", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41225018/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 32, "keyFinding": "Active tcVNS failed to improve learning or memory on a visual detection task versus sham, with higher intensities trending toward worse accuracy (inverted-U).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ventura-bort-2025-enhances-emotional", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Enhances Emotional Processing and Long-Term Recognition Memory: Electrophysiological Evidence Across Two Studies", "authors": "Ventura-Bort et al.", "authorsFull": "Ventura‐Bort Carlos; Giraudier Manon; Weymar Mathias", "journal": "Psychophysiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.70034", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40066789/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 89, "keyFinding": "A study finding that continuous taVNS enhanced emotional processing and long-term memory, reflected in the late-positive-potential.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "mena-chamorro-2025-impact-cognitive", "title": "Impact of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on cognitive flexibility as a function of task complexity", "authors": "Mena-Chamorro et al.", "authorsFull": "Mena-Chamorro Patricio; Espinoza-Palavicino Tomás; Barramuño-Medina Mauricio; Romero-Arias Tatiana; Gálvez-García Germán", "journal": "Frontiers in Human Neuroscience", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1569472", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40977857/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 24, "keyFinding": "Active taVNS significantly reduced task-switch costs only in the high-complexity condition, enhancing cognitive flexibility under high demand.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ventura-bort-2021-establishment-emotional", "title": "Establishment of Emotional Memories Is Mediated by Vagal Nerve Activation: Evidence from Noninvasive taVNS", "authors": "Ventura-Bort et al.", "authorsFull": "Ventura-Bort Carlos; Wirkner Janine; Wendt Julia; Hamm Alfons O.; Weymar Mathias", "journal": "Journal of Neuroscience", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2329-20.2021", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34281991/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 37, "keyFinding": "A study providing evidence that vagal activation via non-invasive VNS mediates the formation of emotional memories.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "annaka-2025-associative-memory", "title": "Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on associative memory, event-related potential P300 and P600: a single-blind pilot experiment on healthy adults", "authors": "Annaka et al.", "authorsFull": "Annaka Hiroki; Saitou Misaki; Hiraoka Tamon; Nomura Tomonori", "journal": "Experimental Brain Research", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-025-07171-z", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41046500/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 14, "keyFinding": "A pilot study of taVNS effects on associative memory and event-related potentials.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "ridgewell-2021-cognition-healthy", "title": "The Effects of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation on Cognition in Healthy Individuals: A Meta-Analysis", "authors": "Ridgewell et al.", "authorsFull": "Ridgewell Caitlin; Heaton Kristin J.; Hildebrandt Audrey; Couse Jessica; Leeder Tania; Neumeier William H.", "journal": "Neuropsychology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000735", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34043386/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 718, "keyFinding": "Across 19 studies, taVNS had a small positive effect on overall cognition (weighted ES 0.21), with significant gains in executive function and accuracy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zhao-2023-improves-working", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus stimulation (taVNS) improves human working memory performance under sleep deprivation stress", "authors": "Zhao et al.", "authorsFull": "Zhao Rui; Chang Meng-Ying; Cheng Chen; Tian Qian-Qian; Yang Xue-Juan; Du Meng-Yu; Cui Ya-Peng; He Zhao-Yang; Wang Fu-Min; Kong Yao; Deng Hui; Lu Li-Ming; Tang Chun-Zhi; Xu Neng-Gui; Sun Jin-Bo; Qin Wei", "journal": "Behavioural Brain Research", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114247", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36473677/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 35, "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS improved human working-memory performance, including under sleep-deprivation conditions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "fischer-2018-enhances-conflict", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) enhances conflict-triggered adjustment of cognitive control", "authors": "Fischer et al.", "authorsFull": "Fischer Rico; Ventura-Bort Carlos; Hamm Alfons; Weymar Mathias", "journal": "Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-0596-2", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29693214/", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 21, "keyFinding": "In an RCT, tVNS enhanced conflict-triggered adjustment of cognitive control.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "miyatsu-2024-enhances-second", "title": "Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation enhances second-language vocabulary acquisition while simultaneously mitigating fatigue and promoting focus", "authors": "Miyatsu et al.", "authorsFull": "Miyatsu Toshiya; Oviedo Vanessa; Reynaga Jajaira; Karuzis Valerie P.; Martinez David; O’Rourke Polly; Key Melissa; McIntire Lindsey; Aue William; McKinley Richard; Pirolli Peter; Broderick Timothy", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68015-4", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68015-4", "condition": "Cognitive Function", "conditions": "Cognitive Function", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 36, "keyFinding": "A study of whether transcutaneous cervical VNS enhances second-language vocabulary acquisition (results not in the indexed abstract).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "george-2008-treatment-resistant", "title": "A pilot study of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant anxiety disorders", "authors": "George et al.", "authorsFull": "George Mark S.; Ward Herbert E.; Ninan Philip T.; Pollack Mark; Nahas Ziad; Anderson Berry; Kose Samet; Howland Robert H.; Goodman Wayne K.; Ballenger James C.", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2008, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2008.02.001", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20633378/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 11, "keyFinding": "Implanted VNS over 12 weeks plus long-term follow-up produced modest anxiety improvement, with three acute HAM-A responders and statistically significant reductions at most quarters during extended follow-up.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "austelle-2024-attenuates-early", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Early Increases in Heart Rate Associated With the Cold Pressor Test", "authors": "Austelle et al.", "authorsFull": "Austelle Christopher W.; Sege Christopher T.; Kahn Alex T.; Gregoski Mathew J.; Taylor Danielle L.; McTeague Lisa M.; Short Edward Baron; Badran Bashar W.; George Mark S.", "journal": "Neuromodulation", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2023.07.012", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37642625/", "condition": "Anxiety", "conditions": "Anxiety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 24, "keyFinding": "In a crossover study of healthy adults, taVNS blunted the early heart-rate rise to the cold pressor stressor but did not significantly change self-reported anxiety, stress, or pain ratings versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "vanneste-2017-pairing-sound", "title": "Pairing sound with vagus nerve stimulation modulates cortical synchrony and phase coherence in tinnitus: An exploratory retrospective study", "authors": "Vanneste et al.", "authorsFull": "Vanneste Sven; Martin Jeffrey; Rennaker Robert L.; Kilgard Michael P.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2017, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17750-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29230011/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 18, "keyFinding": "Retrospective EEG analysis found paired VNS-with-tones reduced auditory-cortex gamma synchrony and phase coherence alongside reductions in tinnitus handicap and loudness.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kreuzer-2012-retrospective-assessment", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: retrospective assessment of cardiac safety in a pilot study", "authors": "Kreuzer et al.", "authorsFull": "Kreuzer Peter M.; Landgrebe Michael; Husser Oliver; Resch Markus; Schecklmann Martin; Geisreiter Florian; Poeppl Timm B.; Prasser Sarah Julia; Hajak Goeran; Langguth Berthold", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "year": 2012, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00070", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22891061/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 24, "keyFinding": "Retrospective cardiac assessment of 24 chronic tinnitus patients found taVNS was generally safe, with two cardiac adverse events judged very unlikely to be device-related.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "kreuzer-2014-feasibility-safety", "title": "Feasibility, safety and efficacy of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in chronic tinnitus: an open pilot study", "authors": "Kreuzer et al.", "authorsFull": "Kreuzer Peter M.; Landgrebe Michael; Resch Markus; Husser Oliver; Schecklmann Martin; Geisreiter Florian; Poeppl Timm B.; Prasser Sarah J.; Hajak Goeran; Rupprecht Rainer; Langguth Berthold", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2014, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.05.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24996510/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 50, "keyFinding": "A two-phase open pilot found taVNS alone produced no clinically relevant improvement in tinnitus complaints despite being feasible and safe in non-cardiac patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "shim-2015-feasibility-safety", "title": "Feasibility and Safety of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired with Notched Music Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Tinnitus", "authors": "Shim et al.", "authorsFull": "Shim Hyun Joon; Kwak Min Young; An Yong-Hwi; Kim Dong Hyun; Kim Yun Jin; Kim Hyo Jung", "journal": "Journal of Audiology & Otology", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7874/jao.2015.19.3.159", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26771015/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "In a pilot study, taVNS paired with notched-music therapy relieved symptoms in 50% (15/30) of patients and significantly reduced tinnitus loudness and awareness.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "wichova-2018-tinnitus-perception", "title": "Tinnitus perception in patients after vagal nerve stimulator implantation for epilepsy", "authors": "Wichova et al.", "authorsFull": "Wichova Helena; Alvi Sameer A.; Shew Matthew; Lin James; Sale Keith; Larsen Christopher; Staecker Hinrich", "journal": "American Journal of Otolaryngology", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2018.07.009", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30025741/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 20, "keyFinding": "Retrospective survey of epilepsy patients implanted with VNS found a significant reduction in tinnitus loudness VAS, though tinnitus persisted in all patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gedik-toker-2026-evaluation-chronic", "title": "Pilot evaluation of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in chronic tinnitus: clinical outcomes and DTI insights", "authors": "Gedik Toker et al.", "authorsFull": "Gedik Toker Özge; Hüsam Hilal; Kuru Elif; Balsak Serdar; Bal Nilüfer; Doğan Remzi; Alkan Alpay; Özturan Orhan", "journal": "European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-026-10066-6", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41735554/", "condition": "Tinnitus", "conditions": "Tinnitus", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 13, "keyFinding": "Pilot of taVNS in 13 chronic tinnitus patients reported clinical symptom improvement alongside diffusion-tensor-imaging white-matter changes.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "pacheco-barrios-2024-transauricular-enhances", "title": "Transauricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) enhances Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) in healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Pacheco-Barrios et al.", "authorsFull": "Pacheco-Barrios Kevin; Gianlorenco Anna Carolyna; Camargo Lucas; Andrade Maria Fernanda; Choi Hyuk; Song Jae-Jun; Fregni Felipe", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2024.03.006", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38453004/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 44, "keyFinding": "In 44 healthy adults, active taVNS significantly enhanced conditioned pain modulation compared with sham, supporting an endogenous pain-inhibitory effect.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "huang-2025-alleviates-abdominal", "title": "30 Hz Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Alleviates Abdominal Pain by Modulating EEG Activity in the alpha Frequency Band of the Brain", "authors": "Huang et al.", "authorsFull": "Huang Qinxian; Li Qihan; He Huan; Zhao Qingchuan; Yuan Kai; Cai Suping", "journal": "CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.70641", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41169018/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 52, "keyFinding": "A 20-day course of 30 Hz taVNS significantly alleviated persistent abdominal pain and normalised prefrontal alpha oscillations.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "buchman-2026-pain-severity", "title": "The Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Pain Severity Scores in Patients With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis", "authors": "Buchman et al.", "authorsFull": "Buchman Zachary J; Lorea Josie C; Oar Daniel P; DiSilvestro Dante; Jay Logan F; Lazo Christopher R; Clark Megan", "journal": "Cureus", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.103313", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41835742/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Meta-analysis of six trials found tVNS reduced chronic musculoskeletal pain scores by an amount exceeding the minimal clinically important difference.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "aoyagi-2025-safety-preliminary", "title": "Safety and preliminary efficacy of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on chronic knee pain: A pilot trial", "authors": "Aoyagi et al.", "authorsFull": "Aoyagi Kosaku; Rivas Elias; Shababi Roxanna; Edwards Robert; LaValley Michael; Lechuga Julia; Napadow Vitaly; Neogi Tuhina", "journal": "Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocarto.2024.100545", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39687279/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "In a 30-patient knee osteoarthritis pilot, a single 60-min taVNS session reduced knee pain and improved conditioned pain modulation, though pressure pain threshold and temporal summation were unchanged.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2026-electroencephalography-microstates", "title": "Electroencephalography Microstates Reveal Variability in Efficacy of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Primary Dysmenorrhea", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Chenxi; Xia Jiahui; Li Peng; Feng Xiulong; Yang Likun; Lu Zhongqian; Wang Wen", "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70244", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41824790/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "In 60 women with primary dysmenorrhoea, 10-day taVNS produced variable analgesic efficacy, with EEG microstates reflecting individual treatment response.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2026-home-improves", "title": "Home-based transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) improves motor and non-motor symptoms by improving autonomic and brain functions in patients with Parkinson's disease: A randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Rui; Liu Miaomiao; Liu Quanyuan; You Yifei; Li Xu; Chen Yan; Liu Yuwei; Wang Jing; Wang Man; Wang Xianzhi; Yin Zhijie; Chen Jiande DZ.; Li Xianglin; Wang Hongcai", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2026.e00832", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41549029/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 41, "keyFinding": "Three weeks of home-based taVNS significantly reduced MDS-UPDRS III motor scores versus sham, accompanied by decreased striatal and thalamic glutamate and elevated serum acetylcholine.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "marano-2022-improves-gait", "title": "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Stimulation Improves Gait and Reaction Time in Parkinson's Disease", "authors": "Marano et al.", "authorsFull": "Marano Massimo; Anzini Gaia; Musumeci Gabriella; Magliozzi Alessandro; Pozzilli Valeria; Capone Fioravante; Di Lazzaro Vincenzo", "journal": "Movement Disorders", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.29166", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35861362/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "In a double-blind randomized crossover pilot, taVNS as an add-on to levodopa improved several objective gait parameters and flanker reaction time.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "van-midden-2024-100-parkinson", "title": "The Effect of taVNS at 25 Hz and 100 Hz on Parkinson's Disease Gait-A Randomized Motion Sensor Study", "authors": "van Midden et al.", "authorsFull": "van Midden Vesna; Simončič Urban; Pirtošek Zvezdan; Kojović Maja", "journal": "Movement Disorders", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.29826", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38757756/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "Both 25 Hz and 100 Hz taVNS improved gait measures (stride length, gait speed, arm-swing velocity) versus sham earlobe stimulation in advanced Parkinson's disease.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mondal-2019-improves-gait", "title": "Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation improves gait and reduces freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease", "authors": "Mondal et al.", "authorsFull": "Mondal Banashree; Choudhury Supriyo; Simon Bruce; Baker Mark R.; Kumar Hrishikesh", "journal": "Movement Disorders", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27662", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27662", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "Single-dose cervical nVNS improved gait and reduced freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease patients in an early open-label observation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "evancho-2026-combined-physical", "title": "Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Combined with Physical Therapy for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial", "authors": "Evancho et al.", "authorsFull": "Evancho Alexandra; Dawson Jennifer; Walker Harrison C.; Ballmann Christopher G.; Tyler William J.", "journal": "Neurology International", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint18060118", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint18060118", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 22, "keyFinding": "Bilateral taVNS combined with physical therapy was safe, well tolerated and feasible across 12 sessions in people with Parkinson's disease.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sigurdsson-2025-feasibility-safety", "title": "Feasibility, safety and efficacy of multi-dose vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomised sham-controlled proof-of-concept study", "authors": "Sigurdsson et al.", "authorsFull": "Sigurdsson Hilmar P.; Hunter Heather; Alcock Lisa; Maughan Evangeline E.; Bramley Harvey; Brown Philip; Palermo Giovanni; Baker Mark R.; Taylor John-Paul; Rochester Lynn; Yarnall Alison J.", "journal": "Journal of Neurology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-025-13430-4", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41068419/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 33, "keyFinding": "Multi-dose cervical tcVNS was safe and tolerable but had minimal, non-significant effects on gait and cognition versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "abouelmagd-2025-effectiveness-parkinson", "title": "Effectiveness of non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation in Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": "Abouelmagd et al.", "authorsFull": "Abouelmagd Moaz Elsayed; Yousef Obai; Ibrahim Ismail A.; Elshahat Ahmed", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Neuroscience", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2024.111016", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39733649/", "condition": "Parkinson's Disease", "conditions": "Parkinson's Disease", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "meta-analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis", "evidenceStrength": 6, "subjects": 217, "keyFinding": "Pooling 10 studies (217 patients), nVNS showed a potential benefit for freezing of gait but no significant improvement in other motor symptoms versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "kraus-2013-cns-bold", "title": "CNS BOLD fMRI effects of sham-controlled transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the left outer auditory canal - a pilot study", "authors": "Kraus et al.", "authorsFull": "Kraus T; Kiess O; Hösl K; Terekhin P; Kornhuber J; Forster C", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2013, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23453934/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 16, "keyFinding": "Sham-controlled auricular stimulation modulated BOLD signal in brainstem, prefrontal and limbic regions, with stimulation site (canal vs earlobe) producing distinct central activation patterns.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dietrich-2008-novel-leads", "title": "A novel transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation leads to brainstem and cerebral activations measured by functional MRI", "authors": "Dietrich et al.", "authorsFull": "Dietrich S; Smith J; Scherzinger C; Hofmann-Preiss K; Freitag T; Eisenkolb A; Ringler R", "journal": "Biomedizinische Technik", "year": 2008, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18601618/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 4, "keyFinding": "Auricular taVNS evoked fMRI activation in the brainstem (locus coeruleus, solitary tract region), thalamus and higher cortical and limbic areas in healthy volunteers.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sclocco-2019-influence-respiration", "title": "The influence of respiration on brainstem and cardiovagal response to auricular vagus nerve stimulation: A multimodal ultrahigh-field (7T) fMRI study", "authors": "Sclocco et al.", "authorsFull": "Sclocco Roberta; Garcia Ronald G.; Kettner Norman W.; Isenburg Kylie; Fisher Harrison P.; Hubbard Catherine S.; Ay Ilknur; Polimeni Jonathan R.; Goldstein Jill; Makris Nikos; Toschi Nicola; Barbieri Riccardo; Napadow Vitaly", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30803865/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 16, "keyFinding": "Using 7T fMRI, exhalation-gated auricular taVNS produced stronger nucleus tractus solitarius and brainstem activation and greater cardiovagal modulation than inhalation-gated stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "frangos-2017-access-projections", "title": "Access to vagal projections via cutaneous electrical stimulation of the neck: fMRI evidence in healthy humans", "authors": "Frangos et al.", "authorsFull": "Frangos E; Komisaruk BR", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2017, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28104084/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 13, "keyFinding": "Transcutaneous cervical (neck) vagus stimulation produced fMRI activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius and central vagal afferent network, with deactivation of limbic structures, in healthy adults.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bohning-2001-feasibility-synchronized", "title": "Feasibility of vagus nerve stimulation-synchronized blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI", "authors": "Bohning et al.", "authorsFull": "Bohning DE; Lomarev MP; Denslow S; Nahas Z; Shastri A; George MS", "journal": "Investigative Radiology", "year": 2001, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11500598/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 9, "keyFinding": "Interleaved VNS-synchronized BOLD fMRI was feasible in implanted patients and detected stimulation-locked activation in the thalamus, insula, cingulate and other cortical regions.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "conway-2006-cerebral-blood", "title": "Cerebral blood flow changes during vagus nerve stimulation for depression", "authors": "Conway et al.", "authorsFull": "Conway CR; Sheline YI; Chibnall JT; George MS; Fletcher JW; Mintun MA", "journal": "Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging", "year": 2006, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16510266/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 4, "keyFinding": "PET in depressed patients showed acute VNS produced cerebral blood flow changes in limbic and cortical regions implicated in mood regulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "conway-2012-brain-blood", "title": "Brain blood-flow change with acute vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-refractory major depressive disorder", "authors": "Conway et al.", "authorsFull": "Conway CR; Sheline YI; Chibnall JT; Bucholz RD; Price JL; Gangwani S; Mintun MA", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2012, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22037127/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 13, "keyFinding": "PET imaging during acute VNS in treatment-refractory depression revealed blood-flow changes in the right insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and other mood-relevant regions that related to antidepressant response.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "henry-1998-brain-blood", "title": "Brain blood flow alterations induced by therapeutic vagus nerve stimulation in partial epilepsy: I. Acute effects at high and low levels of stimulation", "authors": "Henry et al.", "authorsFull": "Henry TR; Bakay RA; Votaw JR; Pennell PB; Epstein CM; Faber TL; Grafton ST; Hoffman JM", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 1998, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9738678/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "PET showed acute therapeutic VNS increased blood flow in the thalamus, anterior cingulate, insula and brainstem in patients with partial epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "henry-1999-acute-blood", "title": "Acute blood flow changes and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in partial epilepsy", "authors": "Henry et al.", "authorsFull": "Henry TR; Votaw JR; Pennell PB; Epstein CM; Bakay RA; Faber TL; Grafton ST; Hoffman JM", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 1999, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10214738/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 11, "keyFinding": "PET-measured acute thalamic blood flow increases during VNS correlated with subsequent reduction in seizure frequency in partial epilepsy.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "garcia-2017-modulation-brainstem", "title": "Modulation of brainstem activity and connectivity by respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation in migraine patients", "authors": "Garcia et al.", "authorsFull": "Garcia RG; Lin RL; Lee J; Kim J; Barbieri R; Sclocco R; Wasan AD; Edwards RR; Rosen BR; Hadjikhani N; Napadow V", "journal": "Pain", "year": 2017, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28541256/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 32, "keyFinding": "Respiratory-gated auricular VNS in migraine patients modulated fMRI activity and connectivity of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and pontine brainstem, with exhalation-gating producing the strongest effects.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sharon-2021-humans-induces", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans induces pupil dilation and attenuates alpha oscillations", "authors": "Sharon et al.", "authorsFull": "Sharon O; Fahoum F; Nir Y", "journal": "The Journal of Neuroscience", "year": 2021, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33214317/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 24, "keyFinding": "MEG recordings showed brief taVNS rapidly attenuated occipito-parietal alpha-band oscillatory power and induced pupil dilation, consistent with engagement of central noradrenergic arousal circuits.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sclocco-2020-stimulus-frequency", "title": "Stimulus frequency modulates brainstem response to respiratory-gated transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Sclocco et al.", "authorsFull": "Sclocco R; Garcia RG; Kettner NW; Fisher HP; Isenburg K; Makarovsky M; Stowell JA; Goldstein J; Barbieri R; Napadow V", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2020, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32380448/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "7T fMRI showed that stimulation frequency shaped brainstem (nucleus tractus solitarius) responses to respiratory-gated auricular taVNS, with 100 Hz exhalation-gated stimulation producing the strongest activation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mu-2004-acute-different", "title": "Acute vagus nerve stimulation using different pulse widths produces varying brain effects", "authors": "Mu et al.", "authorsFull": "Mu Q; Bohning DE; Nahas Z; Walker J; Anderson B; Johnson KA; Denslow S; Lomarev M; Moghadam P; Chae JH; George MS", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "year": 2004, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15050863/", "condition": "Neuroimaging", "conditions": "Neuroimaging", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "cohort", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "VNS-synchronized BOLD fMRI in depressed patients showed that different stimulation pulse widths produced varying patterns of cortical and limbic brain activation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "genovese-2020-safety-efficacy", "title": "Safety and efficacy of neurostimulation with a miniaturised vagus nerve stimulation device in patients with multidrug-refractory rheumatoid arthritis: a two-stage multicentre, randomised pilot study", "authors": "Genovese et al.", "authorsFull": "Genovese Mark C; Gaylis Norman B; Sikes David; Kivitz Alan; Lewis Horowitz Diane; Peterfy Charles; Glass Emmett V; Levine Yaakov A; Chernoff David", "journal": "The Lancet Rheumatology", "year": 2020, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30172-7", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30172-7", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 14, "keyFinding": "A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of a miniaturised VNS device in rheumatoid arthritis (detailed outcomes not in the indexed abstract).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "drewes-2021-short-term", "title": "Short-term transcutaneous non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation may reduce disease activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a pilot study", "authors": "Drewes et al.", "authorsFull": "Drewes AM; Brock C; Rasmussen SE; Møller HJ; Brock B; Deleuran BW; Farmer AD; Pfeiffer-Jensen M", "journal": "Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03009742.2020.1764617", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33047630/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 36, "keyFinding": "Four days of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation reduced DAS28-CRP, CRP and interferon-gamma in RA patients with high disease activity in this open-label proof-of-concept study.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gaylis-2025-neuroimmune-modulation", "title": "Neuroimmune Modulation for Drug-Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis: Long-Term Safety and Efficacy in Patients Enrolled in a Pilot Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study", "authors": "Gaylis et al.", "authorsFull": "Gaylis Norman B.; Sikes David; Kivitz Alan; Horowitz Diane Lewis; Evangelista Melissa; Levine Yaakov A.; Chernoff David", "journal": "Rheumatology and Therapy", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-025-00798-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41071520/", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 14, "keyFinding": "In a 36-month open-label extension of an implanted VNS pilot, 64% of completers maintained a clinically meaningful CDAI response with sustained safety in drug-refractory RA.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "parikh-2026-home-respiratory", "title": "Home-based respiratory-gated transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for rheumatoid arthritis—a feasibility study", "authors": "Parikh et al.", "authorsFull": "Parikh Ankit; Lewis Gwyn; GholamHosseini Hamid; Ng Kristine Pek Ling; Kluger Michal; Almesfer Faisal; Chang Wee Leong; Rice David", "journal": "Clinical Rheumatology", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-026-08041-x", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-026-08041-x", "condition": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "conditions": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 12, "keyFinding": "A randomized controlled trial of home-based respiratory-gated transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in people with RA was shown to be feasible and safe.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "xiang-2026-improvement-cognitive", "title": "Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on the improvement of cognitive function in older patients with schizophrenia", "authors": "Xiang et al.", "authorsFull": "Xiang Wei; Yang Junjie; Chen Yan; Pan Shengke; Bai Li; Qian Shixing; Shi Yuchao; Cao Xinyi; Shen Yuan; Tang Xiaochen; Li Wei; Li Chunbo", "journal": "General Psychiatry", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/gps3.70003", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41890165/", "condition": "Schizophrenia", "conditions": "Schizophrenia", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 51, "keyFinding": "In older inpatients with schizophrenia, two weeks of active taVNS improved spatial working memory performance compared with sham stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "revesz-2016-complications-safety", "title": "Complications and safety of vagus nerve stimulation: 25 years of experience at a single center", "authors": "Revesz et al.", "authorsFull": "Révész David; Rydenhag Bertil; Ben-Menachem Elinor", "journal": "Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.1.peds15534", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27015521/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 247, "keyFinding": "In 247 implanted patients, surgical and hardware complications (including infection, vocal cord palsy and lead problems) occurred at modest rates, with infection requiring explantation in a small minority.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "ben-menachem-2015-surgically-implanted", "title": "Surgically implanted and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: a review of efficacy, safety and tolerability", "authors": "Ben-Menachem et al.", "authorsFull": "Ben‐Menachem E.; Revesz D.; Simon B. J.; Silberstein S.", "journal": "European Journal of Neurology", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12629", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25614179/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Review concludes both implanted and non-invasive VNS are generally safe and well tolerated, with the most common effects being voice alteration, cough and throat sensations that diminish over time.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "ben-menachem-2001-side-long", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation, side effects, and long-term safety", "authors": "Ben-Menachem et al.", "authorsFull": "Ben-Menachem Elinor", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology", "year": 2001, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-200109000-00005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11709646/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "narrative review", "studyTypeNorm": "Narrative / Scoping Review", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": "", "keyFinding": "Long-term VNS side effects are dominated by stimulation-related voice alteration, cough and paresthesia that tend to lessen with continued use, with serious adverse events being uncommon.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "spuck-2010-operative-technical", "title": "Operative and technical complications of vagus nerve stimulator implantation", "authors": "Spuck et al.", "authorsFull": "Spuck Sebastian; Tronnier Volker; Orosz Iren; Schönweiler Rainer; Sepehrnia Abolgassem; Nowak Georg; Sperner Jürgen", "journal": "Neurosurgery", "year": 2010, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e3181f88867", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21099577/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "case report", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 105, "keyFinding": "Review of implantation cases documented operative and device-related complications including wound infection, lead fracture and vocal cord palsy, most of which were manageable without long-term sequelae.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "shimogawa-2014-surgical-complications", "title": "Surgical complications of vagal nerve stimulation for intractable epilepsy: findings from 26 cases", "authors": "Shimogawa et al.", "authorsFull": "Shimogawa T; Morioka T; Shimogawa T; Hamamura T; Hashiguchi K; Murakami N", "journal": "No Shinkei Geka", "year": 2014, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24807546/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 26, "keyFinding": "Across 26 implantation cases, surgical complications such as wound infection and hardware-related problems were reported, informing perioperative management of VNS surgery.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "asconape-1999-bradycardia-asystole", "title": "Bradycardia and asystole with the use of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy: a rare complication of intraoperative device testing", "authors": "Asconape et al.", "authorsFull": "Asconapé Jorge J.; Moore David D.; Zipes Douglas P.; Hartman Laura M.; Duffell William H.", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 1999, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02019.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10528943/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "case report", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 1, "keyFinding": "Reported cases of bradycardia and asystole during intraoperative lead testing identify a rare but serious cardiac complication of VNS device activation requiring monitoring during implantation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "schuman-2024-stimulated-vocal", "title": "Stimulated Vocal Fold Immobility After Vagal Nerve Stimulator Placement: A Case Series", "authors": "Schuman et al.", "authorsFull": "Schuman Ari D.; Chapel Alyssa C.; Yan Jennifer; Ali Irfan; Lambert Elton M.; Ongkasuwan Julina", "journal": "Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00034894241266802", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39143660/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 5, "keyFinding": "Case series describes stimulation-induced vocal fold immobility following VNS placement, characterising a laryngeal adverse effect tied to device activation rather than surgical injury.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "zalvan-2003-laryngopharyngeal-dysfunction", "title": "Laryngopharyngeal dysfunction from the implant vagal nerve stimulator", "authors": "Zalvan et al.", "authorsFull": "Zalvan Craig; Sulica Lucian; Wolf Steven; Cohen Jeffrey; Gonzalez‐Yanes Omar; Blitzer Andrew", "journal": "The Laryngoscope", "year": 2003, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200302000-00005", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12567072/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 4, "keyFinding": "Case series documents laryngopharyngeal dysfunction (hoarseness, dysphagia and aspiration) attributable to the implanted VNS, highlighting the need for otolaryngological evaluation in symptomatic patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "iriarte-2009-late-onset", "title": "Late-onset periodic asystolia during vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Iriarte et al.", "authorsFull": "Iriarte Jorge; Urrestarazu Elena; Alegre Manuel; Macías Alfonso; Gómez Asier; Amaro Paola; Artieda Julio; Viteri Cesar", "journal": "Epilepsia", "year": 2009, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01918.x", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19055490/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "case report", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 1, "keyFinding": "Reported late-onset periodic asystole occurring well after implantation, demonstrating that VNS-related cardiac arrhythmia can emerge during chronic therapy and not only at intraoperative testing.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-remediated" }, { "slug": "gonzalez-2026-participant-centered", "title": "Participant-centered tolerability of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation: insights from two crossover studies", "authors": "Gonzalez et al.", "authorsFull": "Gonzalez Gabriel; O’Malley Maximillian; Bolanos Jessica; Taylor Danielle; McTeague Lisa M.; Canepa Adrian; Wong Marlon L.", "journal": "Bioelectronic Medicine", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-026-00206-y", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42098884/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 61, "keyFinding": "Across two crossover studies, taVNS was well tolerated with mild, transient sensations at the ear and high participant acceptability, supporting its suitability for repeated non-invasive use.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "garrett-2023-depicting-defining", "title": "Depicting and defining sleep disturbed breathing associated with vagal nerve stimulation", "authors": "Garrett et al.", "authorsFull": "Garrett Ashley L.; Burch Jason; Zhang Yue; Li Haojia; Sundar Krishna M.; Farney Robert J.", "journal": "Sleep Medicine", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.034", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37542741/", "condition": "Safety", "conditions": "Safety", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "retrospective analysis", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 26, "keyFinding": "Polysomnographic analysis characterises VNS-associated sleep disturbed breathing, showing stimulation-locked respiratory changes that define a distinct sleep-related adverse effect of implanted VNS.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "sanchez-perez-2023-median-reduce", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Median Nerve Stimulation reduce acute stress in young healthy adults: a single-blind sham-controlled crossover study", "authors": "Sanchez-Perez et al.", "authorsFull": "Sanchez-Perez Jesus Antonio; Gazi Asim H.; Rahman Farhan N.; Seith Alexis; Saks Georgia; Sundararaj Srirakshaa; Erbrick Rachel; Harrison Anna B.; Nichols Christopher J.; Modak Mihir; Chalumuri Yekanth R.; Snow Teresa K.; Hahn Jin-Oh; Inan Omer T.", "journal": "Frontiers in Neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1213982", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37746156/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "Active taVNS and median nerve stimulation produced physiological changes indicating reduced sympathetic outflow following an acute stressor compared with sham in young healthy adults.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gurel-2019-quantifying-acute", "title": "Quantifying acute physiological biomarkers of transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation in the context of psychological stress", "authors": "Gurel et al.", "authorsFull": "Gurel Nil Z.; Huang Minxuan; Wittbrodt Matthew T.; Jung Hewon; Ladd Stacy L.; Shandhi Md. Mobashir H.; Ko Yi-An; Shallenberger Lucy; Nye Jonathon A.; Pearce Bradley; Vaccarino Viola; Shah Amit J.; Bremner J. Douglas; Inan Omer T.", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.08.002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31439323/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 24, "keyFinding": "When applied after acute psychological stressors, tcVNS reduced sympathetic activation, increasing cardiac pre-ejection period and peripheral vasodilation relative to sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "mcintire-2021-ctvns-improves", "title": "Cervical transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (ctVNS) improves human cognitive performance under sleep deprivation stress", "authors": "McIntire et al.", "authorsFull": "McIntire Lindsey K.; McKinley R. Andy; Goodyear Chuck; McIntire John P.; Brown Rebecca D.", "journal": "Communications Biology", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02145-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34112935/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 40, "keyFinding": "During 34 hours of sustained wakefulness, active ctVNS significantly improved arousal and multitasking performance and lowered fatigue ratings compared with sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "bottenheft-2025-ctvns-military", "title": "Effects of cervical transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (ctVNS) on military cognitive performance during sleep deprivation", "authors": "Bottenheft et al.", "authorsFull": "Bottenheft C.; Fonken Y. M.; Hendrikse L. F.; Koedijk M.; Landman A.; Binsch O.", "journal": "Frontiers in Physiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1542791", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40078370/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 34, "keyFinding": "In sleep-deprived military operators, a brief ctVNS protocol showed no significant benefit on cognitive task performance or a military operational VR task (null result).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "drost-2025-physiological-responses", "title": "Effects of taVNS on physiological responses and cognitive performance during a mental stressor", "authors": "Drost et al.", "authorsFull": "Drost Lisa; Schulz André; Möck Auriane; Vögele Claus", "journal": "Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01341-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40908377/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 41, "keyFinding": "Although taVNS increased heart rate variability and electrodermal activity during stimulation, it did not modulate physiological or psychological responses to an acute stressor or improve cognitive performance (null result).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "dos-reis-2024-multisession-prefrontal", "title": "Effects of multisession prefrontal cortex tDCS or taVNS on stress, perceived stress and sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized controlled study", "authors": "dos Reis et al.", "authorsFull": "dos Reis Laya Dalila; Pereira Generoso Laura; Pereira Gabrielly Santos; Teixeira Barú João Paulo da Silva; Candido Natalie Lange; Maziero Capello Maria Gabriela; de Castro Renato Ortolani Marcondes; Cardoso Edvaldo José Rodrigues; Scoz Robson Dias; Ferreira Luciano Maia Alves; da Silva Marcelo Lourenço; da Silva Josie Resende Torres", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1343413", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39346507/", "condition": "Stress & Performance", "conditions": "Stress & Performance", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 100, "keyFinding": "Active taVNS significantly reduced stress symptoms and perceived stress versus sham (Cohen's d = 0.68) in a multisession randomized controlled study.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "capone-2015-cortical-excitability", "title": "The effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on cortical excitability", "authors": "Capone et al.", "authorsFull": "Capone Fioravante; Assenza Giovanni; Di Pino Giovanni; Musumeci Gabriella; Ranieri Federico; Florio Lucia; Barbato Carmen; Di Lazzaro Vincenzo", "journal": "Journal of Neural Transmission", "year": 2015, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-014-1299-7", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25182412/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 10, "keyFinding": "An RCT examining the effect of tVNS on cortical excitability.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "st-pierre-2023-nonspecific-timings", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation at nonspecific timings during training can compromise motor adaptation in healthy humans", "authors": "St Pierre et al.", "authorsFull": "St. Pierre Mitchell Adrien; Shinohara Minoru", "journal": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00447.2022", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37377193/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 24, "keyFinding": "Auricular tVNS delivered at nonspecific timings during visuomotor force-trajectory training attenuated motor adaptation relative to sham, showing that poorly timed VNS can impair rather than enhance motor learning in healthy adults.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wang-2023-improved-motor", "title": "Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation improved motor cortex excitability in healthy adults: a randomized, single-blind, self-crossover design study", "authors": "Wang et al.", "authorsFull": "Wang Meng-Xin; Wumiti Aihaiti; Zhang Yao-Wen; Gao Xue-Sheng; Huang Zi; Zhang Meng-Fei; Peng Zhi-Yong; Oku Yoshitaka; Tang Zhi-Ming", "journal": "Frontiers in Neuroscience", "year": 2023, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1234033", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37854293/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 28, "keyFinding": "In an RCT of healthy adults, tcVNS increased motor-cortex excitability, with higher MEP amplitude and shorter latency and motor threshold.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "chen-2024-enhancing-motor", "title": "Enhancing Motor Sequence Learning via Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS): An EEG Study", "authors": "Chen et al.", "authorsFull": "Chen Long; Tang Chenghu; Wang Zhongpeng; Zhang Lei; Gu Bin; Liu Xiuyun; Ming Dong", "journal": "IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3344176", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38109248/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 22, "keyFinding": "A study of taVNS enhancing motor-sequence learning.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "gerges-2025-modifies-cortical", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modifies cortical excitability in middle-aged and older adults", "authors": "Gerges et al.", "authorsFull": "Gerges Ashraf N. H.; Graetz Lynton; Hillier Susan; Uy Jeric; Hamilton Taya; Opie George; Vallence Ann‐Maree; Braithwaite Felicity A.; Chamberlain Saran; Hordacre Brenton", "journal": "Psychophysiology", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14584", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38602055/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 23, "keyFinding": "In an RCT, taVNS modified cortical excitability in middle-aged adults, with effects depending on stimulation duration.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "boscarol-2025-investigating-motor", "title": "Investigating the effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on motor cortex excitability and inhibition through paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation", "authors": "Boscarol et al.", "authorsFull": "Boscarol Sara; Turchi Letizia; Oldrati Viola; Urgesi Cosimo; Finisguerra Alessandra", "journal": "NeuroImage", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121496", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41038597/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 49, "keyFinding": "A study of tVNS effects on motor-cortex excitability and GABAergic transmission.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "obata-2025-reduces-error", "title": "Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces error amplitude during force field learning in healthy adults", "authors": "Obata et al.", "authorsFull": "Obata Hiroki; Sekiguchi Hirofumi", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28152-w", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41444297/", "condition": "Neuroplasticity", "conditions": "Neuroplasticity", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 32, "keyFinding": "A study finding taVNS reduced error amplitude during force-field motor adaptation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "gianlorenco-2024-age-modifier", "title": "Age as an Effect Modifier of the Effects of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) on Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Subjects", "authors": "Gianlorenco et al.", "authorsFull": "Gianlorenço Anna Carolyna; Pacheco-Barrios Kevin; Daibes Marianna; Camargo Lucas; Choi Hyuk; Song Jae-Jun; Fregni Felipe", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Medicine", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144267", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064307/", "condition": "Ageing", "conditions": "Ageing", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 44, "keyFinding": "In an RCT of healthy subjects, participant age modified the effects of bilateral taVNS on heart-rate variability.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "llm-assisted" }, { "slug": "gazi-2022-reduces-behavioral", "title": "Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation reduces behavioral and physiological manifestations of withdrawal in patients with opioid use disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled pilot study", "authors": "Gazi et al.", "authorsFull": "Gazi Asim H.; Harrison Anna B.; Lambert Tamara P.; Obideen Malik; Alavi Parvaneh; Murrah Nancy; Shallenberger Lucy; Driggers Emily G.; Ortega Rebeca Alvarado; Washington Brianna P.; Walton Kevin M.; Welsh Justine W.; Vaccarino Viola; Shah Amit J.; Tang Yi-Lang; Gupta Rahul; Back Sudie E.; Inan Omer T.; Bremner J. Douglas", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2022.08.017", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36041704/", "condition": "Addiction", "conditions": "Addiction", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 21, "keyFinding": "Active tcVNS during opioid cue exposure significantly reduced subjective withdrawal, pain, distress, and heart rate versus sham, though craving did not differ significantly.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "gazi-2022-reduces-respiratory", "title": "Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Respiratory Variability in the Context of Opioid Withdrawal", "authors": "Gazi et al.", "authorsFull": "Gazi Asim H.; Harrison Anna B.; Lambert Tamara P.; Obideen Malik; Welsh Justine W.; Vaccarino Viola; Shah Amit J.; Back Sudie E.; Rozell Christopher J.; Bremner J. Douglas; Inan Omer T.", "journal": "IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics", "year": 2022, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/bhi56158.2022.9926787", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37143708/", "condition": "Addiction", "conditions": "Addiction", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 21, "keyFinding": "In opioid use disorder patients undergoing withdrawal, active tcVNS significantly reduced respiratory inspiratory-time variability compared with sham stimulation.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "klaming-2025-reduces-withdrawal", "title": "Noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation reduces withdrawal-related affective distress and improves functional outcomes in alcohol use disorder - A feasibility and acceptability pilot study", "authors": "Klaming et al.", "authorsFull": "Klaming Ruth; Harlé Katia M.; Lerman Imanuel R.; Norman Sonya B.; Strigo Irina A.; Simmons Alan N.; Spadoni Andrea D.", "journal": "Neuromodulation", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2025.08.413", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41003459/", "condition": "Addiction", "conditions": "Addiction", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 19, "keyFinding": "Self-administered cervical nVNS was feasible and acceptable in Veterans with alcohol use disorder and reduced withdrawal-related affective distress with improved functional outcomes versus sham.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "treiber-2024-pupillary-response", "title": "Pupillary response to percutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: A pilot trial", "authors": "Treiber et al.", "authorsFull": "Treiber M.C.; Grünberger J.; Vyssoki B.; Szeles J.C.; Kaniusas E.; Kampusch S.; Stöhr H.; Walter H.; Lesch O.M.; König D.; Kraus C.", "journal": "Alcohol", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.08.009", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37661002/", "condition": "Addiction", "conditions": "Addiction", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 30, "keyFinding": "In patients undergoing alcohol withdrawal, percutaneous auricular VNS enhanced parasympathetic tone, roughly halving tropicamide-induced pupillary dilation in this open-label pilot.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "erturk-2026-post-exercise", "title": "Post-exercise auricular vagus nerve stimulation modulates autonomic and recovery responses in physically inactive young adults: a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Ertürk et al.", "authorsFull": "Ertürk Çağıl; Mutuş Rıfat", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2026, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-47143-z", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-47143-z", "condition": "Sports Recovery", "conditions": "Sports Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 60, "keyFinding": "Twenty minutes of post-treadmill bilateral taVNS produced greater reductions in blood lactate, perceived fatigue and blood pressure and a larger rise in the parasympathetic index than a matched control recovery period.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "yoshida-2025-hemodynamics-autonomic", "title": "Effects of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Hemodynamics and Autonomic Function During Exercise Stress Tests in Healthy Volunteers", "authors": "Yoshida et al.", "authorsFull": "Yoshida Yosuke; Okayama Satoshi; Fujihara Daisuke; Taniyama Midori; Yamada Ayami; Fukui Megumi; Doi Naoki; Takahashi Runa; Tanabe Akihiro; Ogaki Shingo; Hattori Satoharu; Iwai Atsushi; Nakamura Michitaka; Doi Naofumi; Saito Yoshihiko", "journal": "Circulation Reports", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1253/circrep.cr-24-0136", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40352124/", "condition": "Sports Recovery", "conditions": "Sports Recovery", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "During maximal exercise stress testing, taVNS lowered heart rate with minimal effect on blood pressure by inducing parasympathetic dominance in a randomized crossover trial.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "marangell-2008-year-treatment", "title": "A 1-year pilot study of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant rapid-cycling bipolar disorder", "authors": "Marangell et al.", "authorsFull": "Marangell Lauren B.; Suppes Trisha; Zboyan Holly A.; Prashad Sandhya J.; Fischer Grace; Snow Diane; Sureddi Suresh; Allen John C.", "journal": "The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry", "year": 2008, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0203", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18211128/", "condition": "Bipolar Disorder", "conditions": "Bipolar Disorder", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 9, "keyFinding": "Open-label adjunctive VNS over 12 months produced a 38.1% mean improvement in overall illness and was well tolerated in treatment-resistant rapid-cycling bipolar disorder.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "nierenberg-2008-year-outcomes", "title": "Vagus nerve stimulation: 2-year outcomes for bipolar versus unipolar treatment-resistant depression", "authors": "Nierenberg et al.", "authorsFull": "Nierenberg Andrew A.; Alpert Jonathan E.; Gardner-Schuster Erica E.; Seay Sheila; Mischoulon David", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "year": 2008, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.036", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18571625/", "condition": "Bipolar Disorder", "conditions": "Bipolar Disorder", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 235, "keyFinding": "Acute, 1-year and 2-year VNS outcomes were similar for the 25 bipolar and the unipolar treatment-resistant depression patients.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "melis-2020-trans-treatment", "title": "Trans-auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Recovered Patients Affected by Eating and Feeding Disorders and Their Comorbidities", "authors": "Melis et al.", "authorsFull": "Melis Y; Apicella E; Macario M; Dozio E; Bentivoglio G; Mendolicchio L", "journal": "Psychiatria Danubina", "year": 2020, "doi": "", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32890361/", "condition": "Eating Disorders", "conditions": "Eating Disorders", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 15, "keyFinding": "In 15 women with anorexia, bulimia or binge eating disorder, 9 weeks of trans-auricular VNS significantly reduced depression and anxiety scores and improved BMI.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "cai-2024-effectiveness-possible", "title": "Effectiveness and possible brain mechanisms of cervical invasive vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS) intervention for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: a case report", "authors": "Cai et al.", "authorsFull": "Cai Suping; Wang Yihan; Zhao Bofeng; Li Xiaoliang; He Huan; Yuan Kai; Zhao Qingchuan; Huang Qinxian; Yang Bin; Ji Gang", "journal": "Psychoradiology", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/psyrad/kkae016", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39539529/", "condition": "Eating Disorders", "conditions": "Eating Disorders", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Case Report / Series", "evidenceStrength": 2, "subjects": 1, "keyFinding": "In a patient with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, 18 days of cervical invasive VNS significantly improved anxiety and depression and produced rapid 5 kg weight gain alongside normalised orbitofrontal connectivity.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "de-vloo-2018-long-term", "title": "Long-term relief of intractable hiccups with vagal nerve stimulation", "authors": "De Vloo et al.", "authorsFull": "De Vloo Philippe; Dallapiazza Robert F.; Lee Darrin J.; Zurowski Mateusz; Peng Philip W.; Chen Robert; Hodaie Mojgan", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "year": 2018, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.08.002", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30146427/", "condition": "Hiccups", "conditions": "Hiccups", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "long-term study", "studyTypeNorm": "Observational / Cohort", "evidenceStrength": 3, "subjects": 1, "keyFinding": "In a patient with intractable hiccups after a posterior fossa stroke, an implanted vagus nerve stimulator produced complete, durable resolution of the hiccup spasms.", "isPublic": false, "recordType": "commentary", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "wong-2024-feasibility-black", "title": "Feasibility of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in Black and Hispanic/Latino people with peripheral neuropathy", "authors": "Wong et al.", "authorsFull": "Wong Marlon L.; Widerström-Noga Eva; Bolanos Jessica L.; Gonzalez Gabriel; Penedo Frank J.; Hosein Peter J.; Tovin Melissa M.; Gonzalez Juan P.; McTeague Lisa M.", "journal": "Frontiers in Pain Research", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2024.1516196", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39896735/", "condition": "Peripheral Neuropathy", "conditions": "Peripheral Neuropathy", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 28, "keyFinding": "In a pilot sham-controlled trial in diabetic and chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, taVNS was well tolerated and partially reduced neuropathic tingling and pain with increased heart-rate variability.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "brock-2021-modulation-anti", "title": "Vagal Nerve Stimulation-Modulation of the Anti-Inflammatory Response and Clinical Outcome in Psoriatic Arthritis or Ankylosing Spondylitis", "authors": "Brock et al.", "authorsFull": "Brock C.; Rasmussen S. E.; Drewes A. M.; Møller H. J.; Brock B.; Deleuran B.; Farmer A. D.; Pfeiffer-Jensen M.", "journal": "Mediators of Inflammation", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9933532", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135691/", "condition": "Psoriatic Arthritis & Spondyloarthritis", "conditions": "Psoriatic Arthritis & Spondyloarthritis", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 40, "keyFinding": "Open-label cervical VNS reduced disease activity and CRP in psoriatic arthritis and lowered pro-inflammatory cytokines while raising cardiac vagal tone in ankylosing spondylitis.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "muthulingam-2021-neuromodulation-chronic", "title": "Cervical transcutaneous vagal neuromodulation in chronic pancreatitis patients with chronic pain: A randomised sham controlled clinical trial", "authors": "Muthulingam et al.", "authorsFull": "Muthulingam Janusiya Anajan; Olesen Søren Schou; Hansen Tine Maria; Brock Christina; Drewes Asbjørn Mohr; Frøkjær Jens Brøndum", "journal": "PLoS One", "year": 2021, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247653", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33635894/", "condition": "Pancreatitis", "conditions": "Pancreatitis", "stimulationType": "tcVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 28, "keyFinding": "In a sham-controlled crossover trial, two weeks of cervical VNS did not relieve chronic pancreatitis pain over sham, though heart rate decreased with active stimulation (negative clinical result).", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "manning-2016-novel-insights", "title": "Novel insights into maladaptive behaviours in Prader-Willi syndrome: serendipitous findings from an open trial of vagus nerve stimulation", "authors": "Manning et al.", "authorsFull": "Manning K. E.; McAllister C. J.; Ring H. A.; Finer N.; Kelly C. L.; Sylvester K. P.; Fletcher P. C.; Morrell N. W.; Garnett M. R.; Manford M. R. A.; Holland A. J.", "journal": "Journal of Intellectual Disability Research", "year": 2016, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12203", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26018613/", "condition": "Prader-Willi Syndrome", "conditions": "Prader-Willi Syndrome", "stimulationType": "iVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 3, "keyFinding": "In three adults with PWS given implanted VNS, effects on hyperphagia were equivocal while two of three showed consistent improvement in maladaptive behaviour and temper outbursts.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "manning-2019-novel-effective", "title": "Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (t-VNS): A novel effective treatment for temper outbursts in adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome indicated by results from a non-blind study", "authors": "Manning et al.", "authorsFull": "Manning Katherine E.; Beresford-Webb Jessica A.; Aman Lucie C. S.; Ring Howard A.; Watson Peter C.; Porges Stephen W.; Oliver Chris; Jennings Sally R.; Holland Anthony J.", "journal": "PLoS One", "year": 2019, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223750", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31794560/", "condition": "Prader-Willi Syndrome", "conditions": "Prader-Willi Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "clinical trial", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 5, "keyFinding": "Four of five adults completing about nine months of daily taVNS showed significant reductions in the number and severity of temper outbursts.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "schmausser-2024-long-term", "title": "Effects of long-term transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on circadian vagal activity in people with Prader-Willi Syndrome: A case-series", "authors": "Schmausser et al.", "authorsFull": "Schmausser Maximilian; Holland Anthony; Beresford-Webb Jessica; Eglen Stephen J.; Manning Katie; Aman Lucie; Kronhaus Dina; Koenig Julian", "journal": "Research in Developmental Disabilities", "year": 2024, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104855", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39405838/", "condition": "Prader-Willi Syndrome", "conditions": "Prader-Willi Syndrome", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "pilot", "studyTypeNorm": "Controlled Clinical Trial", "evidenceStrength": 4, "subjects": 5, "keyFinding": "Twelve months of daily taVNS significantly increased circadian heart-rate-variability amplitude, and higher HRV predicted fewer emotional outbursts.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" }, { "slug": "percin-2025-women-temporomandibular", "title": "The effect of auricular vagus nerve stimulation in women with temporomandibular joint disorders: a randomized controlled study", "authors": "Percin et al.", "authorsFull": "Percin Alper; Basat Hande; Ozden Ali Veysel; Yenisehir Semiha", "journal": "Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira", "year": 2025, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.20241739", "sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40465996/", "condition": "Pain", "conditions": "Pain", "stimulationType": "taVNS", "studyType": "RCT", "studyTypeNorm": "Randomised Controlled Trial", "evidenceStrength": 5, "subjects": 50, "keyFinding": "In 50 women with myofascial temporomandibular disorder, adding auricular VNS to manual therapy and exercise significantly raised masseter, trapezius and levator scapulae pressure pain thresholds.", "isPublic": true, "recordType": "study", "reviewed": false, "reviewMethod": "auto-extracted" } ] }